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Wu Y, Fan L, Bai L, Li Q, Gu H, Sun C, Jiang T, Feng J. Ambush predation and the origin of euprimates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6248. [PMID: 36103535 PMCID: PMC9473580 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primates of modern aspect (euprimates) are characterized by a suite of characteristics (e.g., convergent orbits, grasping hands and feet, reduced claws, and leaping), but the selective pressures responsible for the evolution of these euprimate characteristics have long remained controversial. Here, we used a molecular phyloecological approach to determine the diet of the common ancestor of living primates (CALP), and the results showed that the CALP had increased carnivory. Given the carnivory of the CALP, along with the general observation that orbital convergence is largely restricted to ambush predators, our study suggests that the euprimate characteristics could have been more specifically adapted for ambush predation. In particular, our behavior experiment further shows that nonclaw climbing can significantly reduce noises, which could benefit the ancestral euprimates' stalking to ambush their prey in trees. Therefore, our study suggests that the distinctive euprimate characteristics may have evolved as their specialized adaptation for ambush predation in arboreal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Longcheng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lu Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Congnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, China
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2
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Aibara D, Matsuo K, Matsusue K. Lipase family member N is a novel target gene for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α in type 2 diabetic model mouse liver. Endocr J 2022; 69:567-575. [PMID: 35082200 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) is a transcription factor abundantly expressed in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which C/EBPα regulates the lipase family member N (Lipn) gene in the mouse liver. Mouse Lipn consists of non-coding exon 1 and the translation start site located in exon 2. Lipn expression in the fatty liver of ob/ob mice was significantly higher than that in OB/OB mice and was significantly repressed by liver-specific C/EBPα deficiency. Lipn expression in ob/ob mice was detected in the liver, epididymal WAT (eWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle, but not in the kidney, brain, and heart. Lipn expression in the liver, eWAT, and sWAT of wild-type mice was undetectable, although C/EBPα was highly expressed in these tissues. The database analysis revealed four putative C/EBP-responsive elements (CEBPREs), highly homologous with the typical CEBPRE consensus sequence at positions -2,686/-2,678, -1,364/-1,356, -106/-98, and -45/-37 from the transcription start site (+1) of Lipn. Reporter assays using reporter constructs with serial or internal deletions of the 5'-flanking regions of Lipn showed that two functional CEBPREs (-106/-98 and -45/-37) in the Lipn promoter region are essential for enhancing Lipn transcriptional activity by C/EBPα. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that C/EBPα/β binds to CEBPRE (-106/-98). These results suggest that C/EBPα and type 2 diabetic environment may be required for hepatic Lipn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Matsusue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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3
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Liu YX, Ma XM, Xiong L, Wu XY, Liang CN, Bao PJ, Yu QL, Yan P. Effects of Intensive Fattening With Total Mixed Rations on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Meat Chemical Composition of Yak and Mechanism Based on Serum and Transcriptomic Profiles. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:599418. [PMID: 33553278 PMCID: PMC7859351 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.599418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of intensive fattening with total mixed rations (TMR) on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and chemical composition of the yak meat. Theoretical data has been provided for evaluating the quality of yak meat during natural grazing and short-term fattening. Based on the analysis, we found that in fattening yak, the carcass weight (CWT) was increased by 106.43%, whereas the cooking loss, tenderness, and drop loss were significantly improved due to higher intramuscular fat content and lower moisture (P < 0.05). Protein, fat, calcium, and amino acids were also much higher (P < 0.01) in fattening yak compared with the grazing yak. The levels of albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglyceride (TRIG), and amylase (AMYL) in serum indicated better nutritional status for fattening yaks. The transcriptomics analysis showed that the high expression of ACSL1 and ACACB genes improved the synthesis and deposition of fat in fattening yak, whereas the regulation of SLC7A8, ATP1A4, ATP1A1, SLC3A2, and CPA3 gene expression weakened the proteolysis. These results indicated that fattening with TMR improves the yield and quality of the yak meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ma
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Nian Liang
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Jia Bao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qun-Li Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Praggastis SA, Lam G, Horner MA, Nam HJ, Thummel CS. The Drosophila E78 nuclear receptor regulates dietary triglyceride uptake and systemic lipid levels. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:640-651. [PMID: 33368768 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid levels are maintained by balancing lipid uptake, synthesis, and mobilization. Although many studies have focused on the control of lipid synthesis and mobilization, less is known about the regulation of lipid digestion and uptake. RESULTS Here we show that the Drosophila E78A nuclear receptor plays a central role in intestinal lipid homeostasis through regulation of the CG17192 digestive lipase. E78A mutant adults fail to maintain proper systemic lipid levels following eclosion, with this effect largely restricted to the intestine. Transcriptional profiling by RNA-seq revealed a candidate gene for mediating this effect, encoding the predicted adult intestinal lipase CG17192. Intestine-specific disruption of CG17192 results in reduced lipid levels similar to that seen in E78A mutants. In addition, dietary supplementation with free fatty acids, or intestine-specific expression of either E78A or CG17192, is sufficient to restore lipid levels in E78A mutant adults. CONCLUSION These studies support the model that E78A is a central regulator of adult lipid homeostasis through its effects on CG17192 expression and lipid digestion. This work also provides new insights into the control of intestinal lipid uptake and demonstrate that nuclear receptors can play an important role in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geanette Lam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael A Horner
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Crumrine D, Khnykin D, Krieg P, Man MQ, Celli A, Mauro TM, Wakefield JS, Menon G, Mauldin E, Miner JH, Lin MH, Brash AR, Sprecher E, Radner FPW, Choate K, Roop D, Uchida Y, Gruber R, Schmuth M, Elias PM. Mutations in Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses Illuminate the Origin and Functions of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:760-768. [PMID: 30471252 PMCID: PMC11249047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides whose function(s) remain(s) uncertain, is absent in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses with mutations in enzymes that regulate epidermal lipid synthesis. Secreted lipids fail to transform into lamellar membranes in certain autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis epidermis, suggesting the CLE provides a scaffold for the extracellular lamellae. However, because cornified envelopes are attenuated in these autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses, the CLE may also provide a scaffold for subjacent cornified envelope formation, evidenced by restoration of cornified envelopes after CLE rescue. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the CLE originates as lamellar body-limiting membranes fuse with the plasma membrane: (i) ABCA12 patients and Abca12-/- mice display normal CLEs; (ii) CLEs are normal in Netherton syndrome, despite destruction of secreted LB contents; (iii) CLEs are absent in VSP33B-negative patients; (iv) limiting membranes of lamellar bodies are defective in lipid-synthetic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses; and (v) lipoxygenases, lipase activity, and LIPN co-localize within putative lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Krieg
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Keith Choate
- Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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6
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Shi L, Han B, Liu L, Lv X, Ma Z, Li C, Xu L, Li Y, Zhao F, Yang Y, Sun D. Determination of Genetic Effects of LIPK and LIPJ Genes on Milk Fatty Acids in Dairy Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020086. [PMID: 30696079 PMCID: PMC6409763 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) on milk fatty acids (FAs) in Chinese Holstein, we discovered 83 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with milk FAs. Two of them were close to lipase family member K (LIPK) and lipase family member J (LIPJ), respectively. Hence, this study is a follow-up to verify whether the LIPK and LIPJ have significant genetic effects on milk FAs in dairy cattle. By re-sequencing the entire exons, and 3 kb of 5′ and 3′ flanking regions, two and seven SNPs were identified in LIPK and LIPJ, respectively, including a novel SNP, ss158213049726. With the Haploview 4.1 software, we found that five of the SNPs in LIPJ formed a haplotype block (D′ = 0.96 ~ 1.00). Single-locus association analyses revealed that each SNP in LIPK and LIPJ was significantly associated with at least one milk FA (p = < 1.00 × 10−4 ~ 4.88 × 10−2), and the haplotype-based association analyses showed significant genetic effects on nine milk FAs (p = < 1.00 × 10−4 ~ 3.98 × 10−2). Out of these SNPs, the missense mutation in LIPK gene, rs42774527, could change the protein secondary structure and function predicted by SOPMA, SIFT, and PROVEAN softwares. With the Genomatix software, we predicted that two SNPs, rs110322221 in LIPK and rs211373799 in LIPJ, altered the transcription factors binding sites (TFBSs), indicating their potential regulation on promoter activity of the genes. Furthermore, we found that both LIPK and LIPJ had relatively high expressions in the mammary gland. In conclusion, our research is the first to demonstrate that LIPK and LIPJ genes have significant associations with milk FAs, and the identified SNPs might be served as genetic markers to optimize breeding programs for milk FAs in dairy cattle. This research deserves in-depth verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Qinghe'nanzhen Deshengmenwai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Qinghe'nanzhen Deshengmenwai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Zhu Ma
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Qinghe'nanzhen Deshengmenwai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lingna Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Qinghe'nanzhen Deshengmenwai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Qinghe'nanzhen Deshengmenwai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Yuze Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, N0.96 Huizhongsi, Yayun Village, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zan X, Tang X, Chu L, Song Y. Dual Functions of Lip6 and Its Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2796-2804. [PMID: 29486557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple roles of lipases have been reported in yeasts and microalgae, the functions of lipases have not been studied in oleaginous filamentous fungi. Lipase Lip6 has been reported in the oleaginous filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides with the consensus lipase motif GXSXG and the typical acyltransferase motif of H-(X)4-D. To demonstrate that Lip6 might play dual roles as a lipase and an acyltransferase, we performed site-directed mutagenesis in the lipase motif and the acyltransferase motif of Lip6. Mutation in the lipase motif increased cell biomass by 12%-18% and promoted lipid accumulation by 9%-24%, while mutation in the acyltransferase motif induced lipid degradation. In vitro, purified Lip6 had a slight lipase activity but had a stronger phospholipid:DAG acyltransferase activity. Enzyme activity assays in vivo and phospholipid synthesis pathway analysis suggested that phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine can be the supplier of a fatty acyl moiety to form TAG in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Linfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255000 , P.R. China
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Sams L, Amara S, Chakroun A, Coudre S, Paume J, Giallo J, Carrière F. Constitutive expression of human gastric lipase in Pichia pastoris and site-directed mutagenesis of key lid-stabilizing residues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1025-1034. [PMID: 28694218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding human gastric lipase (HGL) was integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris using the pGAPZα A transfer vector. The HGL signal peptide was replaced by the yeast α-factor to achieve an efficient secretion. Active rHGL was produced by the transformed yeast but its levels and stability were dependent on the pH. The highest activity was obtained upon buffering the culture medium at pH5, a condition that allowed preserving enzyme activity over time. A large fraction (72±2%) of secreted rHGL remained however bound to the yeast cells, and was released by washing the cell pellet with an acid glycine-HCl buffer (pH2.2). This procedure allowed establishing a first step of purification that was completed by size exclusion chromatography. N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry revealed that rHGL was produced in its mature form, with a global mass of 50,837±32Da corresponding to a N-glycosylated form of HGL polypeptide (43,193Da). rHGL activity was characterized as a function of pH, various substrates and in the presence of bile salts and pepsin, and was found similar to native HGL, except for slight changes in pH optima. We then studied by site-directed mutagenesis the role of three key residues (K4, E225, R229) involved in salt bridges stabilizing the lid domain that controls the access to the active site and is part of the interfacial recognition site. Their substitution has an impact on the pH-dependent activity of rHGL and its relative activities on medium and long chain triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sams
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France; GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Sawsan Amara
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France; Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Almahdi Chakroun
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Sébastien Coudre
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Julie Paume
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jacqueline Giallo
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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9
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Bohn T, Desmarchelier C, Dragsted LO, Nielsen CS, Stahl W, Rühl R, Keijer J, Borel P. Host-related factors explaining interindividual variability of carotenoid bioavailability and tissue concentrations in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600685. [PMID: 28101967 PMCID: PMC5516247 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid dietary intake and their endogenous levels have been associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. There are indications that carotenoid bioavailability depends, in addition to the food matrix, on host factors. These include diseases (e.g. colitis), life-style habits (e.g. smoking), gender and age, as well as genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms that govern carotenoid metabolism. These are expected to explain interindividual differences that contribute to carotenoid uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and therefore possibly also their association with disease risk. For instance, digestion enzymes fostering micellization (PNLIP, CES), expression of uptake/efflux transporters (SR-BI, CD36, NPC1L1), cleavage enzymes (BCO1/2), intracellular transporters (FABP2), secretion into chylomicrons (APOB, MTTP), carotenoid metabolism in the blood and liver (LPL, APO C/E, LDLR), and distribution to target tissues such as adipose tissue or macula (GSTP1, StARD3) depend on the activity of these proteins. In addition, human microbiota, e.g. via altering bile-acid concentrations, may play a role in carotenoid bioavailability. In order to comprehend individual, variable responses to these compounds, an improved knowledge on intra-/interindividual factors determining carotenoid bioavailability, including tissue distribution, is required. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on factors that may explain such intra-/interindividual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of HealthStrassenLuxembourg
| | | | - Lars O. Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Charlotte S. Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BTDebrecenHungary
- MTA‐DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesFaculty of Public HealthUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Borel
- NORT, Aix‐Marseille Université, INRAINSERMMarseilleFrance
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Lipase genes in Mucor circinelloides: identification, sub-cellular location, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling during growth and lipid accumulation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1467-80. [PMID: 27535142 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipases or triacylglycerol hydrolases are widely spread in nature and are particularly common in the microbial world. The filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides is a potential lipase producer, as it grows well in triacylglycerol-contained culture media. So far only one lipase from M. circinelloides has been characterized, while the majority of lipases remain unknown in this fungus. In the present study, 47 potential lipase genes in M. circinelloides WJ11 and 30 potential lipase genes in M. circinelloides CBS 277.49 were identified by extensive bioinformatics analysis. An overview of these lipases is presented, including several characteristics, sub-cellular location, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the lipase genes during growth and lipid accumulation. All of these proteins contained the consensus sequence for a classical lipase (GXSXG motif) and were divided into four types including α/β-hydrolase_1, α/β-hydrolase_3, class_3 and GDSL lipase (GDSL) based on gene annotations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that class_3 family and α/β-hydrolase_3 family were the conserved lipase family in M. circinelloides. Additionally, some lipases also contained a typical acyltransferase motif of H-(X) 4-D, and these lipases may play a dual role in lipid metabolism, catalyzing both lipid hydrolysis and transacylation reactions. The differential expression of all lipase genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, and the expression profiling were analyzed to predict the possible biological roles of these lipase genes in lipid metabolism in M. circinelloides. We preliminarily hypothesized that lipases may be involved in triacylglycerol degradation, phospholipid synthesis and beta-oxidation. Moreover, the results of sub-cellular localization, the presence of signal peptide and transcriptional analyses of lipase genes indicated that four lipase in WJ11 most likely belong to extracellular lipases with a signal peptide. These findings provide a platform for the selection of candidate lipase genes for further detailed functional study.
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11
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Argikar UA, Potter PM, Hutzler JM, Marathe PH. Challenges and Opportunities with Non-CYP Enzymes Aldehyde Oxidase, Carboxylesterase, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase: Focus on Reaction Phenotyping and Prediction of Human Clearance. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1391-1405. [PMID: 27495117 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, significant progress has been made in reducing metabolic instability due to cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. High-throughput metabolic stability screening has enabled the advancement of compounds with little to no oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, high lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility of presently pursued chemotypes reduces the probability of renal excretion. As such, these low microsomal turnover compounds are often substrates for non-CYP-mediated metabolism. UGTs, esterases, and aldehyde oxidase are major enzymes involved in catalyzing such metabolism. Hepatocytes provide an excellent tool to identify such pathways including elucidation of major metabolites. To predict human PK parameters for P450-mediated metabolism, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation using hepatic microsomes, hepatocytes, and intestinal microsomes has been actively investigated. However, such methods have not been sufficiently evaluated for non-P450 enzymes. In addition to the involvement of the liver, extrahepatic enzymes (intestine, kidney, lung) are also likely to contribute to these pathways. While there has been considerable progress in predicting metabolic pathways and clearance primarily mediated by the liver, progress in characterizing extrahepatic metabolism and prediction of clearance has been slow. Well-characterized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models to assess drug-drug interaction potential and intersubject variability due to polymorphism are not available. Here we focus on the utility of appropriate in vitro studies to characterize non-CYP-mediated metabolism and to understand the enzymes involved followed by pharmacokinetic studies in the appropriately characterized surrogate species. The review will highlight progress made in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, predicting human clearance and avoiding costly clinical failures when non-CYP-mediated metabolic pathways are predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Matthew Hutzler
- Q2 Solutions, Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Punit H Marathe
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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12
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Yue Y, Guo T, Liu J, Guo J, Yuan C, Feng R, Niu C, Sun X, Yang B. Exploring Differentially Expressed Genes and Natural Antisense Transcripts in Sheep (Ovis aries) Skin with Different Wool Fiber Diameters by Digital Gene Expression Profiling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129249. [PMID: 26076016 PMCID: PMC4468096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool fiber diameter (WFD) is the most important economic trait of wool. However, the genes specifically controlling WFD remain elusive. In this study, the expression profiles of skin from two groups of Gansu Alpine merino sheep with different WFD (a super-fine wool group [FD = 18.0 ± 0.5 μm, n=3] and a fine wool group [FD=23.0 ± 0.5 μm, n=3]) were analyzed using next-generation sequencing-based digital gene expression profiling. A total of 40 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 9 up-regulated genes and 31 down-regulated genes. Further expression profile analysis of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) showed that more than 30% of the genes presented in sheep skin expression profiles had NATs. A total of 7 NATs with significant differential expression were detected, and all were down-regulated. Among of 40 DEGs, 3 DEGs (AQP8, Bos d2, and SPRR) had significant NATs which were all significantly down-regulated in the super-fine wool group. In total of DEGs and NATs were summarized as 3 main GO categories and 38 subcategories. Among the molecular functions, cellular components and biological processes categories, binding, cell part and metabolic process were the most dominant subcategories, respectively. However, no significant enrichment of GO terms was found (corrected P-value >0.05). The pathways that were significantly enriched with significant DEGs and NATs were mainly the lipoic acid metabolism, bile secretion, salivary secretion and ribosome and phenylalanine metabolism pathways (P < 0.05). The results indicated that expression of NATs and gene transcripts were correlated, suggesting a role in gene regulation. The discovery of these DEGs and NATs could facilitate enhanced selection for super-fine wool sheep through gene-assisted selection or targeted gene manipulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Feng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chune Niu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Voigt N, Stein J, Galindo MM, Dunkel A, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W, Hofmann T, Behrens M. The role of lipolysis in human orosensory fat perception. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:870-82. [PMID: 24688103 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste perception elicited by food constituents and facilitated by sensory cells in the oral cavity is important for the survival of organisms. In addition to the five basic taste modalities, sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, orosensory perception of stimuli such as fat constituents is intensely investigated. Experiments in rodents and humans suggest that free fatty acids represent a major stimulus for the perception of fat-containing food. However, the lipid fraction of foods mainly consists of triglycerides in which fatty acids are esterified with glycerol. Whereas effective lipolysis by secreted lipases (LIPs) liberating fatty acids from triglycerides in the rodent oral cavity is well established, a similar mechanism in humans is disputed. By psychophysical analyses of humans, we demonstrate responses upon stimulation with triglycerides which are attenuated by concomitant LIP inhibitor administration. Moreover, lipolytic activities detected in minor salivary gland secretions directly supplying gustatory papillae were correlated to individual sensitivities for triglycerides, suggesting that differential LIP levels may contribute to variant fat perception. Intriguingly, we found that the LIPF gene coding for lingual/gastric LIP is not expressed in human lingual tissue. Instead, we identified the expression of other LIPs, which may compensate for the absence of LIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Voigt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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14
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Balwani M, Breen C, Enns GM, Deegan PB, Honzík T, Jones S, Kane JP, Malinova V, Sharma R, Stock EO, Valayannopoulos V, Wraith JE, Burg J, Eckert S, Schneider E, Quinn AG. Clinical effect and safety profile of recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase in patients with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Hepatology 2013; 58:950-7. [PMID: 23348766 PMCID: PMC3728169 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), an inherited deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), is an underappreciated cause of progressive liver disease with no approved therapy. Presenting features include dyslipidemia, elevated transaminases, and hepatomegaly. To assess the clinical effects and safety of the recombinant human LAL, sebelipase alfa, nine patients received four once-weekly infusions (0.35, 1, or 3 mg·kg(-1) ) in LAL-CL01, which is the first human study of this investigational agent. Patients completing LAL-CL01 were eligible to enroll in the extension study (LAL-CL04) in which they again received four once-weekly infusions of sebelipase alfa (0.35, 1, or 3 mg·kg(-1) ) before transitioning to long-term every-other-week infusions (1 or 3 mg·kg(-1) ). Sebelipase alfa was well tolerated, with mostly mild adverse events unrelated to sebelipase alfa. No antidrug antibodies were detected. Transaminases decreased in patients in LAL-CL01 and increased between studies. In seven patients receiving ongoing sebelipase alfa treatment in LAL-CL04, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) decreases for alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase at week 12 compared to the baseline values in LAL-CL01 were 46 ± 21 U/L (-52%) and 21 ± 14 U/L (-36%), respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Through week 12 of LAL-CL04, these seven patients also showed mean decreases from baseline in total cholesterol of 44 ± 41 mg/dL (-22%; P = 0.047), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol of 29 ± 31 mg/dL (-27%; P = 0.078), and triglycerides of 50 ± 38 mg/dL (-28%, P = 0.016) and increases in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol of 5 mg/dL (15%; P = 0.016). CONCLUSION These data establish that sebelipase alfa, an investigational enzyme replacement, in patients with CESD is well tolerated, rapidly decreases serum transaminases, and that these improvements are sustained with long-term dosing and are accompanied by improvements in serum lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Breen
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Tomas Honzík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John P Kane
- Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism (JPK) and Cardiology (EOS), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vera Malinova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Reena Sharma
- Salford Royal Hospital Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Eveline O Stock
- Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism (JPK) and Cardiology (EOS), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - J Edmond Wraith
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Jennifer Burg
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Eckert
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anthony G Quinn
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Laulederkind SJF, Hayman GT, Wang SJ, Smith JR, Lowry TF, Nigam R, Petri V, de Pons J, Dwinell MR, Shimoyama M, Munzenmaier DH, Worthey EA, Jacob HJ. The Rat Genome Database 2013--data, tools and users. Brief Bioinform 2013; 14:520-6. [PMID: 23434633 PMCID: PMC3713714 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rat Genome Database (RGD) was started >10 years ago to provide a core genomic resource for rat researchers. Currently, RGD combines genetic, genomic, pathway, phenotype and strain information with a focus on disease. RGD users are provided with access to structured and curated data from the molecular level through the organismal level. Those users access RGD from all over the world. End users are not only rat researchers but also researchers working with mouse and human data. Translational research is supported by RGD’s comparative genetics/genomics data in disease portals, in GBrowse, in VCMap and on gene report pages. The impact of RGD also goes beyond the traditional biomedical researcher, as the influence of RGD reaches bioinformaticians, tool developers and curators. Import of RGD data into other publicly available databases expands the influence of RGD to a larger set of end users than those who avail themselves of the RGD website. The value of RGD continues to grow as more types of data and more tools are added, while reaching more types of end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley J F Laulederkind
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226-3548, USA.
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16
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Ataya FS. Cloning, phylogenetic analysis and 3D modeling of a putative lysosomal acid lipase from the camel, Camelus dromedarius. Molecules 2012; 17:10399-413. [PMID: 22936112 PMCID: PMC6268779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid lipase belongs to a family of enzymes that is mainly present in lysosomes of different organs and the stomach. It is characterized by its capacity to withstand acidic conditions while maintaining high lipolytic activity. We cloned for the first time the full coding sequence of camel’s lysosomal acid lipase, cLIPA using RT-PCR technique (Genbank accession numbers JF803951 and AEG75815, for the nucleotide and aminoacid sequences respectively). The cDNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1,197 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 399 aminoacids which was similar to that from other related mammalian species. Bioinformatic analysis was used to determine the aminoacid sequence, 3D structure and phylogeny of cLIPA. Bioinformatics analysis suggested the molecular weight of the translated protein to be 45.57 kDa, which could be decreased to 43.16 kDa after the removal of a signal peptide comprising the first 21 aminoacids. The deduced cLIPA sequences exhibited high identity with Equus caballus (86%), Numascus leucogenys (85%), Homo sapiens (84%), Sus scrofa (84%), Bos taurus (82%) and Ovis aries (81%). cLIPA shows high aminoacid sequence identity with human and dog-gastric lipases (58%, and 59% respectively) which makes it relevant to build a 3D structure model for cLIPA. The comparison confirms the presence of the catalytic triad and the oxyanion hole in cLIPA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that camel cLIPA is grouped with monkey, human, pig, cow and goat. The level of expression of cLIPA in five camel tissues was examined using Real Time-PCR. The highest level of cLIPA transcript was found in the camel testis (162%), followed by spleen (129%), liver (100%), kidney (20.5%) and lung (17.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Bld #5, Room 2A26, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Kooistra MK, Leduc RYM, Dawe CE, Fairbridge NA, Rasmussen J, Man JHY, Bujold M, Juriloff D, King-Jones K, McDermid HE. Strain-specific modifier genes of Cecr2-associated exencephaly in mice: genetic analysis and identification of differentially expressed candidate genes. Physiol Genomics 2011; 44:35-46. [PMID: 22045912 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neural tube defects (NTDs) are common in humans, little is known about their multifactorial genetic causes. While most mouse models involve NTDs caused by a single mutated gene, we have previously described a multigenic system involving susceptibility to NTDs. In mice with a mutation in Cecr2, the cranial NTD exencephaly shows strain-specific differences in penetrance, with 74% penetrance in BALB/cCrl and 0% penetrance in FVB/N. Whole genome linkage analysis showed that a region of chromosome 19 was partially responsible for this difference in penetrance. We now reveal by genetic analysis of three subinterval congenic lines that the chromosome 19 region contains more than one modifier gene. Analysis of embryos showed that although a Cecr2 mutation causes wider neural tubes in both strains, FVB/N embryos overcome this abnormality and close. A microarray analysis comparing neurulating female embryos from both strains identified differentially expressed genes within the chromosome 19 region, including Arhgap19, which is expressed at a lower level in BALB/cCrl due to a stop codon specific to that substrain. Modifier genes in this region are of particular interest because a large portion of this region is syntenic to human chromosome 10q25, the site of a human susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Kooistra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Holmes RS, VandeBerg JL, Cox LA. Genomics and proteomics of vertebrate cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). 3 Biotech 2011; 1:99-109. [PMID: 22582164 PMCID: PMC3324826 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA; EC 3.1.1.13) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H; EC 1.14.99.48) play essential role in cholesterol metabolism in the body by hydrolysing cholesteryl esters and triglycerides within lysosomes (LIPA) and catalysing the formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol (CH25H) which acts to repress cholesterol biosynthesis. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, structures and genomic features of several vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes and proteins, and to examine the phylogeny of vertebrate LIPA. Amino acid sequence alignments and predicted subunit structures enabled the identification of key sequences previously reported for human LIPA and CH25H and transmembrane structures for vertebrate CH25H sequences. Vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes were located in tandem on all vertebrate genomes examined and showed several predicted transcription factor binding sites and CpG islands located within the 5′ regions of the human genes. Vertebrate LIPA genes contained nine coding exons, while all vertebrate CH25H genes were without introns. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the distinct nature of the vertebrate LIPA gene and protein family in comparison with other vertebrate acid lipases and has apparently evolved from an ancestral LIPA gene which predated the appearance of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S. Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD Australia
| | - John L. VandeBerg
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Laura A. Cox
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
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Israeli S, Khamaysi Z, Fuchs-Telem D, Nousbeck J, Bergman R, Sarig O, Sprecher E. A mutation in LIPN, encoding epidermal lipase N, causes a late-onset form of autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyosis. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:482-7. [PMID: 21439540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyoses represent a large and heterogeneous group of disorders of epidermal cornification. Recent data suggest that most of these disorders might result from defective lipid transport and metabolism. In the present study, we describe a late-onset form of recessive ichthyosis in a large consanguineous pedigree. By using a combination of homozygosity mapping and positional candidate-gene screening, we identified a 2 bp deletion in LIPN that segregated with the disease phenotype throughout the family. LIPN encodes one of six acid lipases known to be involved in triglyceride metabolism in mammals . LIPN was found to be exclusively expressed in the epidermis and to be strongly induced during keratinocyte differentiation.
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