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Jangra S, Gulia H, Singh J, Dang AS, Giri SK, Singh G, Priya K, Kumar A. Chemical leukoderma: An insight of pathophysiology and contributing factors. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:479-495. [PMID: 38814634 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241257273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Chemical leukoderma, or chemical-based vitiligo, is a dermal disease triggered by exposure to chemicals and characterized by the emergence of depigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin. The etiology of this condition is associated with exposure to various chemical substances present in both occupational and non-occupational settings. The precise mechanism that underlies chemical leukoderma remains elusive and is believed to result from the demise of melanocytes, which are responsible for producing skin pigments. This condition has gained particular prominence in developing countries like India. An interesting connection between chemical leukoderma and vitiligo has been identified; studies suggest that exposure to many household chemicals, which are derivatives of phenols and catechol, may serve as a primary etiological factor for the condition. Similar to autoimmune diseases, its pathogenesis involves contributions from both genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, over the last few decades, various studies have demonstrated that exposure to chemicals plays a crucial role in initiating and progressing chemical leukoderma, including cases stemming from occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Jangra
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Heena Gulia
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Jagphool Singh
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Amita S Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Shiv K Giri
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, India
| | - Gulab Singh
- Department of Bioscience, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University, Lakshmangarh, India
| | - Kanu Priya
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Ismail M, Hassan MHA, Mohamed EIA, Azmy AF, Moawad A, Mohammed R, Zaki MA. New insights into the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanoma mechanisms of action of azelaic acid and other Fusarium solani metabolites via in vitro and in silico studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14370. [PMID: 38909081 PMCID: PMC11193793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites exploration of the ethyl acetate extract of Fusarium solani culture broth that was isolated from Euphorbia tirucalli root afforded five compounds; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), tyrosol (3), azelaic acid (4), malic acid (5), and fusaric acid (6). Fungal extract as well as its metabolites were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperpigmentation potential via in vitro cyclooxygenases and tyrosinase inhibition assays, respectively. Azelaic acid (4) exhibited powerful and selective COX-2 inhibition followed by fusaric acid (6) with IC50 values (2.21 ± 0.06 and 4.81 ± 0.14 μM, respectively). As well, azelaic acid (4) had the most impressive tyrosinase inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 8.75 ± 0.18 μM compared to kojic acid (IC50 = 9.27 ± 0.19 μM). Exclusive computational studies of azelaic acid and fusaric acid with COX-2 were in good accord with the in vitro results. Interestingly, this is the first time to investigate and report the potential of compounds 3-6 to inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes. One of the most invasive forms of skin cancer is melanoma, a molecular docking study using a set of enzymes related to melanoma suggested pirin to be therapeutic target for azelaic acid and fusaric acid as a plausible mechanism for their anti-melanoma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ismail
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Marwa H A Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Enas I A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Azmy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Rabab Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
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Kim M, Lim KM. Melanocytotoxic chemicals and their toxic mechanisms. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:417-435. [PMID: 36277364 PMCID: PMC9532501 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte cell death can lead to various melanocyte-related skin diseases including vitiligo and leukoderma. Melanocytotoxic chemicals are one of the most well-known causes of nongenetic melanocyte-related diseases, which induce melanocyte cell death through apoptosis. Various chemicals used in cosmetics, medicine, industry and food additives are known to induce melanocyte cell death, which poses a significant risk to the health of consumers and industrial workers. This review summarizes recently reported melanocytotoxic chemicals and their mechanisms of toxicity in an effort to provide insight into the development of safer chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
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Li D, Zhou X, Zhang W, Xu H, Xiao B, Xu X, Shi X, Wang R, Yao S, Zhou Z, Gao J, Hu H, Shen Y, Slater NKH, Tang J. A tyrosinase-responsive tumor-specific cascade amplification drug release system for melanoma therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9406-9412. [PMID: 34746946 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-selective drug delivery could enhance anticancer efficacy and avoid drug side effects. However, because of tumor heterogeneity, current nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems rarely improve clinical outcomes significantly, commonly only reducing systemic toxicity. In this work, a new tumor-specific, tyrosinase-responsive cascade amplification release nanoparticle (TR-CARN) was developed to fulfill the needs for tumor-specific drug delivery and high efficacy cancer treatment. Tyrosinase (Tyr) is specifically expressed in melanomas and can catalyze acetaminophen (APAP) to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was therefore utilized here to initiate the ROS amplification procedure. In TR-CARN, a ROS-responsive prodrug BDOX was loaded into an amphiphilic polymer, and APAP was linked to the polymer through a ROS-cleavable thioether bond. TR-CARN caused reduced side effects during the delivery because of the low toxicity of BDOX. Once TR-CARN entered into the tumor, endogenous ROS triggered initial APAP and BDOX release. Tyr-mediated ROS synthesis by APAP then accelerated APAP and BDOX release and toxification. Consequently, TR-CARN achieved melanoma-specific treatment of high efficacy through the cascade amplification strategy with enhanced biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Bing Xiao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Xueying Shi
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Shasha Yao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Nigel K H Slater
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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Mohammed Modawe Alshik Edris N, Sulaiman Y. Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of benzenediol isomers using reduced graphene oxide-azo dye decorated with gold nanoparticles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111026. [PMID: 32888594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of phenolic compounds, i.e. resorcinol (RC) catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) are important due to their extremely hazardous impact and poor environmental degradation. In this work, a novel and sensitive composite of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-poly(Procion Red MX-5B)/gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/ERGO-poly(PR)/AuNPs) was assembled for voltammetric detection of benzenediol isomers (RC, CC, and HQ). The nanocomposite displayed high peak currents towards the oxidation of RC, HQ, and CC compared to non-modified GCE. The peak-to-peak separations were 0.44 and 0.10 V for RC-CC and CC-HQ, respectively. The limit of detections were 53, 53, and 79 nM for HQ, CC, and RC with sensitivities of 4.61, 4.38, and 0.56 μA/μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The nanocomposite displayed adequate reproducibility, besides good stability and acceptable recoveries for wastewater and cosmetic samples analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusiba Mohammed Modawe Alshik Edris
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, P.O. Box 12702, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yusran Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Csekes E, Vágvölgyi M, Hunyadi A, Račková L. Protoflavones in melanoma therapy: Prooxidant and pro-senescence effect of protoapigenone and its synthetic alkyl derivative in A375 cells. Life Sci 2020; 260:118419. [PMID: 32931795 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In our study, the anticancer effects of a semisynthetic p-quinol, protoapigenone 1'-O-butyl ether (PABut), were tested in human melanoma A375 cells also in comparison with natural congener, protoapigenone (PA). MAIN METHODS The cytotoxic effect of PABut and PA was determined using MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the influence of the compounds tested on ROS generation and cell cycle distribution in A375 cells. Moreover, apoptosis was evaluated by AO/EB dual staining as well as by flow cytometry. Markers of senescence were quantified by spectrofluorimetry and by Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Both PABut and PA showed significant cytotoxicity against melanoma A375 cells at sub-micromolar concentrations. Both protoflavones induced comparable cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. However, a more profound upregulation of intracellular ROS levels was found following PABut treatment. An increased apoptosis in the cells following 48 h treatment with both protoflavones tested was also confirmed. Both compounds tested remarkably upregulated p21 protein levels in A375 cells. Unlike PA, PABut significantly decreased protein levels of NAD+-dependent deacetylase SirT1 and β-actin accompanied by mild significant upregulation of mitochondrial SOD2 and senescence markers, p16 protein and SA-β-Gal activity. However, a significant upregulation of p53 only following PA treatment was found. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that PABut and PA confer high chemotherapeutic potential in melanoma cells and are suitable for further testing. Furthermore, modification of protoapigenone with 1'-O-butyl ether moiety can be associated with improved senescence-inducing effect and, thus, enhanced chemotherapeutic potency of PABut compared to the unmodified natural protoflavone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Csekes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Máté Vágvölgyi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Krampa FD, Aniweh Y, Awandare GA, Kanyong P. A Disposable Amperometric Sensor Based on High-Performance PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Thin Film-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Analysis of Catechol in Natural Water Samples. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081716. [PMID: 28933756 PMCID: PMC5579879 DOI: 10.3390/s17081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A conducting polymer-based composite material of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) doped with different percentages of a room temperature ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF₄]), was prepared and a very small amount of the composite (2.0 µL) was drop-coated on the working area of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The SPCE, modified with PEDOT:PSS/IL composite thin-film, was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), profilometry and sessile contact angle measurements. The prepared PEDOT:PSS/IL composite thin-film exhibited a nano-porous microstructure and was found to be highly stable and conductive with enhanced electrocatalytic properties towards catechol, a priority pollutant. The linear working range for catechol was found to be 0.1 µM-330.0 µM with a sensitivity of 18.2 mA·mM·cm-2 and a calculated limit of detection (based on 3× the baseline noise) of 23.7 µM. When the PEDOT:PSS/IL/SPCE sensor was used in conjunction with amperometry in stirred solution for the analysis of natural water samples, the precision values obtained on spiked samples (20.0 µM catechol added) (n = 3) were 0.18% and 0.32%, respectively, with recovery values that were well over 99.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D Krampa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Prosper Kanyong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Nanotechnology & Integrated Bioengineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, UK.
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One pot electrochemical synthesis of poly(melamine) entrapped gold nanoparticles composite for sensitive and low level detection of catechol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 496:364-370. [PMID: 28237754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and cost effective synthesis of nanomaterials with advanced physical and chemical properties have received much attention to the researchers, and is of interest to the researchers from different disciplines. In the present work, we report a simple and one pot electrochemical synthesis of poly(melamine) entrapped gold nanoparticles (PM-AuNPs) composite. The PM-AuNPs composite was prepared by a single step electrochemical method, wherein the AuNPs and PM were simultaneously fabricated on the electrode surface. The as-prepared materials were characterized by various physicochemical methods. The PM-AuNPs composite modified electrode was used as an electrocatalyst for oxidation of catechol (CC) due to its well-defined redox behavior and enhanced electro-oxidation ability towards CC than other modified electrodes. Under optimized conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for the determination of CC. The DPV response of CC was linear over the concentration ranging from 0.5 to 175.5μM with a detection limit of 0.011μM. The PM-AuNPs composite modified electrode exhibits the high selectivity in the presence of range of potentially interfering compounds including dihydroxybenzene isomers. The sensor shows excellent practicality in CC containing water samples, which reveals the potential ability of PM-AuNPs composite modified electrode towards the determination of CC in real samples.
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Ito S, Okura M, Nakanishi Y, Ojika M, Wakamatsu K, Yamashita T. Tyrosinase-catalyzed metabolism of rhododendrol (RD) in B16 melanoma cells: production of RD-pheomelanin and covalent binding with thiol proteins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:295-306. [PMID: 25713930 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RS-4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol, RD) was reported to induce leukoderma of the skin. To explore the mechanism underlying that effect, we previously showed that oxidation of RD with mushroom tyrosinase produces RD-quinone, which is converted to secondary quinone products, and we suggested that those quinones are cytotoxic because they bind to cellular proteins and produce reactive oxygen species. We then confirmed that human tyrosinase can oxidize both enantiomers of RD. In this study, we examined the metabolism of RD in B16F1 melanoma cells in vitro. Using 4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-butylbenzene as a specific indicator, we detected moderate levels of RD-pheomelanin in B16F1 cells exposed to 0.3 to 0.5 mM RD for 72 h. We also confirmed the covalent binding of RD-quinone to non-protein thiols and proteins through cysteinyl residues. The covalent binding of RD-quinone to proteins was 20- to 30-fold greater than dopaquinone. These results suggest that the tyrosinase-induced metabolism of RD causes melanocyte toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Facile conversion of para-benzoquinones to para-alkoxyphenols with primary/secondary alcohols and amberlyst-15: a process showing novel reducing property of such alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Depigmenting effect of Kojic acid esters in hyperpigmented B16F1 melanoma cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:952452. [PMID: 23091364 PMCID: PMC3468271 DOI: 10.1155/2012/952452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The depigmenting effect of kojic acid esters synthesized by the esterification of kojic acid using Rhizomucor miehei immobilized lipase was investigated in B16F1 melanoma cells. The depigmenting effect of kojic acid and kojic acid esters was evaluated by the inhibitory effect of melanin formation and tyrosinase activity on alpha-stimulating hormone- (α-MSH-) induced melanin synthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. The cellular tyrosinase inhibitory effect of kojic acid monooleate, kojic acid monolaurate, and kojic acid monopalmitate was found similar to kojic acid at nontoxic doses ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 μg/mL. However, kojic acid monopalmitate gave slightly higher inhibition to melanin formation compared to other inhibitors at doses ranging from 15.63 to 62.5 μg/mL. Kojic acid and kojic acid esters also show antioxidant activity that will enhance the depigmenting effect. The cytotoxicity of kojic acid esters in B16F1 melanoma cells was significantly lower than kojic acid at high doses, ranging from 125 and 500 μg/mL. Since kojic acid esters have lower cytotoxic effect than kojic acid, it is suggested that kojic acid esters can be used as alternatives for a safe skin whitening agent and potential depigmenting agents to treat hyperpigmentation.
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Kudugunti SK, Vad NM, Whiteside AJ, Naik BU, Yusuf MA, Srivenugopal KS, Moridani MY. Biochemical mechanism of caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) selective toxicity towards melanoma cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:1-14. [PMID: 20685355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, we investigated the in vitro biochemical mechanism of Caffeic Acid Phenylethyl Ester (CAPE) toxicity and eight hydroxycinnamic/caffeic acid derivatives in vitro, using tyrosinase enzyme as a molecular target in human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. Enzymatic reaction models using tyrosinase/O(2) and HRP/H(2)O(2) were used to delineate the role of one- and two-electron oxidation. Ascorbic acid (AA), NADH and GSH depletion were used as markers of quinone formation and oxidative stress in CAPE induced toxicity in melanoma cells. Ethylenediamine, an o-quinone trap, prevented the formation of o-quinone and oxidations of AA and NADH mediated by tyrosinase bioactivation of CAPE. The IC(50) of CAPE towards SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells was 15muM. Dicoumarol, a diaphorase inhibitor, and 1-bromoheptane, a GSH depleting agent, increased CAPE's toxicity towards SK-MEL-28 cells indicating quinone formation played an important role in CAPE induced cell toxicity. Cyclosporin-A and trifluoperazine, inhibitors of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (PTP), prevented CAPE toxicity towards melanoma cells. We further investigated the role of tyrosinase in CAPE toxicity in the presence of a shRNA plasmid, targeting tyrosinase mRNA. Results from tyrosinase shRNA experiments showed that CAPE led to negligible anti-proliferative effect, apoptotic cell death and ROS formation in shRNA plasmid treated cells. Furthermore, it was also found that CAPE selectively caused escalation in the ROS formation and intracellular GSH (ICG) depletion in melanocytic human SK-MEL-28 cells which express functional tyrosinase. In contrast, CAPE did not lead to ROS formation and ICG depletion in amelanotic C32 melanoma cells, which do not express functional tyrosinase. These findings suggest that tyrosinase plays a major role in CAPE's selective toxicity towards melanocytic melanoma cell lines. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of CAPE toxicity in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells mediated by tyrosinase bioactivation of CAPE included quinone formation, ROS formation, intracellular GSH depletion and induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Kudugunti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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