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Wang S, Argikar UA, Chatzopoulou M, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Gu TJ, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, Liu J, Ma B, Miller GP, Rowley JA, Seneviratne HK, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2023 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-38. [PMID: 38963129 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2376023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the field of bioactivation have significantly contributed to our understanding and prediction of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It has been established that many adverse drug reactions, including DILI, are associated with the formation and reactivity of metabolites. Modern methods allow us to detect and characterize these reactive metabolites in earlier stages of drug development, which helps anticipate and circumvent the potential for DILI. Improved in silico models and experimental techniques that better reflect in vivo environments are enhancing predictive capabilities for DILI risk. Further, studies on the mechanisms of bioactivation, including enzyme interactions and the role of individual genetic differences, have provided valuable insights for drug optimizations. Cumulatively, this progress is continually refining our approaches to drug safety evaluation and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ting-Jia Gu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Norman BH. Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Mechanisms and Medicinal Chemistry Avoidance/Mitigation Strategies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11397-11419. [PMID: 32511920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a common cause of attrition in drug discovery and development and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of preclinical and clinical drug terminations. This perspective outlines many of the known DILI mechanisms and assessment methods used to evaluate and mitigate DILI risk. Literature assessments and retrospective analyses using verified DILI-associated drugs from the Liver Tox Knowledge Base (LTKB) have been used to derive the predictive value of each end point, along with combination approaches of multiple methods. In vitro assays to assess inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP), mitotoxicity, reactive metabolite (RM) formation, and hepatocyte cytolethality, along with physicochemical properties and clinical dose provide useful DILI predictivity. This Perspective also highlights some of the strategies used by medicinal chemists to reduce DILI risk during the optimization of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Norman
- Norman Drug Discovery Training and Consulting, LLC, 8540 Bluefin Circle, Indianapolis, Indiana 46236, United States
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3
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Matsui T, Yamada N, Kuno H, Kanaly RA. Formation of Bulky DNA Adducts by Non-Enzymatic Production of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-Epoxide from 1,2-Naphthoquinone under Physiological Conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1760-1771. [PMID: 31430133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quinones may be formed metabolically or abiotically from environmental pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); many are recognized as toxicological intermediates that cause a variety of deleterious cellular effects including mutagenicity. The PAH-o-quinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), may exert its genotoxic effects through interactions with cellular nucleophiles such as DNA, however, the mechanisms of 1,2-NQ adduct formation are still under investigation. With the aim to further understand these mechanisms, the chemical structures of adducts formed from the reaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) with 1,2-NQ under physiological conditions were investigated by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and 1H NMR analyses. Results showed that 1,2-NQ underwent non-enzymatic oxidation to form a 1,2-NQ-epoxide which in turn formed at least four bulky adducts with dG, and these adducts were more likely to be formed under physiological conditions. A mechanism was proposed whereby hydration of 1,2-NQ to form unstable naphthohydroquinones and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone resulted in formation of hydrogen peroxide that oxidized 1,2-NQ. These results suggest that the genotoxicity of 1,2-NQ may not only be caused through oxidative DNA damage and adduct formation through Michael addition but also through non-enzymatic oxidative transformation of 1,2-NQ itself to form an intermediate PAH-epoxide which covalently binds to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsui
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of Nanobiosciences , Yokohama City University , 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa , Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-0027 , Japan.,Toxicology Research Laboratories , Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco, Inc. , 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku , Yokohama-city , Kanagawa 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Laboratories , Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco, Inc. , 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku , Yokohama-city , Kanagawa 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuno
- Toxicology Research Laboratories , Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco, Inc. , 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku , Yokohama-city , Kanagawa 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Robert A Kanaly
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of Nanobiosciences , Yokohama City University , 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa , Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-0027 , Japan
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Gilliland RA, Möller C, DeCaprio AP. LC-MS/MS based detection and characterization of covalent glutathione modifications formed by reactive drug of abuse metabolites. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:778-790. [PMID: 30070591 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1504256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is a common mechanism of detoxification of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. This phenomenon typically occurs through the formation of a covalent bond between the nucleophilic free thiol moiety of GSH and an electrophilic site on the compound of interest. While GSH adducts have been identified for many licit drugs, there is a lack of information on the ability of drugs of abuse to adduct GSH. The present study utilized a metabolic assay with GSH as a nucleophilic trapping agent to bind reactive drug metabolites formed in situ. Extracted ion MS spectra were collected via LC-QqQ-MS/MS for all potentially significant ions and examined for fragmentation common to GSH-containing compounds, followed by confirmation of adduction and structural characterization performed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. In addition to the two positive controls, of the 14 drugs of abuse tested, 10 exhibited GSH adduction, with several forming multiple adducts, resulting in a total of 22 individual identified adducts. A number of these are previously unreported in the literature, including those for diazepam, naltrexone, oxycodone and Δ9-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Allen Gilliland
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Carolina Möller
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
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Monteiro DA, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Tavares D, Fernandes MN, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a Disintegrin-Like Cys-Rich Protein Isolated from the Venom of the Snake Rhinocerophis alternatus, Stimulates Angiogenesis and Antioxidant Defenses in the Liver of Freshwater Fish, Hoplias malabaricus. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100307. [PMID: 28956818 PMCID: PMC5666354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternagin-C (ALT-C) is a disintegrin-like protein isolated from Rhinocerophis alternatus snake venom, which induces endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic effects of a single dose of alternagin-C (0.5 mg·kg−1, via intra-arterial) on oxidative stress biomarkers, histological alterations, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, and the degree of vascularization in the liver of the freshwater fish traíra, Hoplias malabaricus, seven days after the initiation of therapy. ALT-C treatment increased VEGF levels and hepatic angiogenesis. ALT-C also enhanced hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, decreasing the basal oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in the fish liver. These results indicate that ALT-C improved hepatic tissue and may play a crucial role in tissue regeneration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amaral Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | | | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Kalinin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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Smieško M, Vedani A. VirtualToxLab: Exploring the Toxic Potential of Rejuvenating Substances Found in Traditional Medicines. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1425:121-137. [PMID: 27311465 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3609-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Docking and quantifying the binding of small molecules to the 3D structure of a macromolecular bioregulator by computational techniques is a typical task in R&D aimed at the design and optimization of medically or otherwise active compounds. Much less known is the fact that these methods can be successfully applied for the purpose of toxicity prediction-for example, detecting a compound's potential binding to so-called "off-targets" already at the preclinical stage. In this chapter, we provide an overview of such a computational approach, discuss its strengths and weaknesses, and include a case study-focused on natural compounds present in traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Smieško
- Molecular Modeling, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Molecular Modeling, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Dalvie D, Kalgutkar AS, Chen W. Practical approaches to resolving reactive metabolite liabilities in early discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 47:56-70. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.984813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Carosati E. Modelling cytochromes P450 binding modes to predict P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e167-75. [PMID: 24050246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450) superfamily is a diverse group of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, whose orientations within the catalytic site can lead to different binding modes, namely productive, nonproductive, and inhibitory. This article collects the most recent approaches that individually study P450- ligand interactions, including a novel in silico technology, developed in the framework of the Human Cytochrome P450 Consortium initiative, that provides reliable in silico predictions of P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity.
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Nair SK, Matthews JJ, Cripps SJ, Cheng H, Hoffman JE, Smith C, Kupchinsky S, Siu M, Taylor WD, Wang Y, Johnson TO, Dress KR, Edwards MP, Zhou S, Hosea NA, LaPaglia A, Kang P, Castro A, Ermolieff J, Fanjul A, Vogel JE, Rejto P, Dalvie D. N-(Pyridin-2-yl) arylsulfonamide inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: Strategies to eliminate reactive metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2344-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Njuguna NM, Masimirembwa C, Chibale K. Identification and characterization of reactive metabolites in natural products-driven drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:507-513. [PMID: 22296642 DOI: 10.1021/np200786j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of natural products arising from their metabolic biotransformation into reactive chemical intermediates is an important reason for high attrition rates in early drug discovery efforts. Screening promising natural products for their likelihood to form such metabolites is therefore an important step in identifying potential liabilities in the drug development process. However, such screening is complicated by the need to have test methods that are sensitive, reliable, accurate, efficient, and cost-effective enough to allow for routine identification and characterization of the reactive metabolites. These metabolites are typically formed in minute quantities, usually through minor metabolic pathways, and, due to their highly reactive and therefore transient chemical nature, pose considerable analytical challenges in attempts to determine their properties. Understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be used as the basis for synthetic chemical modification of parent natural products aimed at bypassing such harmful bioactivation. This paper highlights the general principles and protocols commonly used to predict and study the formation of reactive metabolites in vitro and how the data obtained from such studies can be used in the development of safer drugs from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Njuguna
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Abstract
The liver is necessary for survival. Its strategic localisation, blood flow and prominent role in the metabolism of xenobiotics render this organ particularly susceptible to injury by chemicals to which we are ubiquitously exposed. The pathogenesis of most chemical-induced liver injuries is initiated by the metabolic conversion of chemicals into reactive intermediate species, such as electrophilic compounds or free radicals, which can potentially alter the structure and function of cellular macromolecules. Many reactive intermediate species can produce oxidative stress, which can be equally detrimental to the cell. When protective defences are overwhelmed by excess toxicant insult, the effects of reactive intermediate species lead to deregulation of cell signalling pathways and dysfunction of biomolecules, leading to failure of target organelles and eventual cell death. A myriad of genetic factors determine the susceptibility of specific individuals to chemical-induced liver injury. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices and pre-existing pathological conditions also have roles in the pathogenesis of chemical liver injury. Research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of chemical-induced liver diseases is fundamental for preventing or devising new modalities of treatment for liver injury by chemicals.
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Wells-Knecht KJ, Ott GR, Cheng M, Wells GJ, Breslin HJ, Gingrich DE, Weinberg L, Mesaros EF, Huang Z, Yazdanian M, Ator MA, Aimone LD, Zeigler K, Dorsey BD. 2,7-Disubstituted-Pyrrolotriazine Kinase Inhibitors with an Unusually High Degree of Reactive Metabolite Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1994-2003. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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