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Equisetin is an anti-obesity candidate through targeting 11 β-HSD1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2358-2373. [PMID: 35646525 PMCID: PMC9136616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent globally, searching for therapeutic agents acting on adipose tissue is of great importance. Equisetin (EQST), a meroterpenoid isolated from a marine sponge-derived fungus, has been reported to display antibacterial and antiviral activities. Here, we revealed that EQST displayed anti-obesity effects acting on adipose tissue through inhibiting adipogenesis in vitro and attenuating HFD-induced obesity in mice, doing so without affecting food intake, blood pressure or heart rate. We demonstrated that EQST inhibited the enzyme activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a therapeutic target of obesity in adipose tissue. Anti-obesity properties of EQST were all offset by applying excessive 11β-HSD1's substrates and 11β-HSD1 inhibition through knockdown in vitro or 11β-HSD1 knockout in vivo. In the 11β-HSD1 bypass model constructed by adding excess 11β-HSD1 products, EQST's anti-obesity effects disappeared. Furthermore, EQST directly bond to 11β-HSD1 protein and presented remarkable better intensity on 11β-HSD1 inhibition and better efficacy on anti-obesity than known 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. Therefore, EQST can be developed into anti-obesity candidate compound, and this study may provide more clues for developing higher effective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Dammann C, Stapelfeld C, Maser E. Expression and activity of the cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is tissue and species-specific. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 303:57-61. [PMID: 30796905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The microsomal enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts glucocorticoid receptor-inert cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents) to its receptor-active form cortisol (corticosterone in rodents). Thus, 11β-HSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action at the tissue level. According to the current literature, dysregulation of glucocorticoid signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome in which regeneration of cortisol by 11β-HSD1 may be an important factor. This is why the enzyme has been very intensely investigated as a potential therapeutic target to treat metabolic complications such as obesity and diabetes type 2. However, due to controversial results from the various animal and human studies as well as from different findings with regard to tissue-specific expression and activity, the varied results unfortunately do not yield a consistent picture. Therefore, the precise role of 11β-HSD1 in the development of complications associated with the metabolic syndrome has still not been deciphered yet. Overall, the prominent role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome becomes more and more dubious and therefore further studies are necessary to clarify its role finally. This short review gives an overview on the main contradicting findings on the role of 11β-HSD1 in the development of visceral obesity and diabetes type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dammann
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Stapelfeld
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Loerz C, Maser E. The cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skeletal muscle in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:65-71. [PMID: 28765040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) contributes to intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inactive cortisone to its receptor-active form cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in mice and rats). The potential role of 11β-HSD1 in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome has emerged over the past three decades. However, the precise impact of 11β-HSD1 in obesity-related diseases remains uncertain. Many studies from animal experiments to clinical studies have investigated liver and adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 in relation to obesity and its metabolic disorders including insulin resistance. But the relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle has been less extensively studied. On the other hand, skeletal muscle is assumed to be the main site of peripheral insulin resistance, but the biological relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle is unclear. This mini-review will focus on 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle and its postulated link to obesity and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loerz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Bellisario V, Panetta P, Balsevich G, Baumann V, Noble J, Raggi C, Nathan O, Berry A, Seckl J, Schmidt M, Holmes M, Cirulli F. Maternal high-fat diet acts as a stressor increasing maternal glucocorticoids' signaling to the fetus and disrupting maternal behavior and brain activation in C57BL/6J mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 60:138-50. [PMID: 26143538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diet during pregnancy can impact maternal behavior as well as the intrauterine environment, playing a critical role in programming offspring's physiology. In a preliminary study, we found a strong association between high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and increased cannibalistic episodes and dams' mortality during late pregnancy and parturition. Based upon these data, we hypothesized that HFD during pregnancy could negatively affect neuroendocrine and metabolic regulations occurring during the final stages of pregnancy, thereby disrupting maternal behavior. To test this hypothesis, female C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD or control diet for 11 weeks until three days before the expected delivery date. Basal corticosterone plasma levels and brain levels of c-Fos were measured both before and after delivery, in addition to leptin levels in the adipose tissue. Dam's emotional behavior and social anxiety, in addition to locomotor activity were assessed before parturition. Data show that HFD led to aberrant maternal behavior, dams being characterized by behaviors related to aggression toward an unfamiliar social stimulus in the social avoidance test, in addition to decreased locomotor activity. Neural activity in HFD dams was reduced in the olfactory bulbs, a crucial brain region for social and olfactory recognition hence essential for maternal behavior. Furthermore, HFD feeding resulted in increased circulating levels of maternal corticosterone and decreased levels of leptin. In addition, the activity of the protective 11β-dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD-2) barrier in the placenta was decreased together with 11β-dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD-1) gene expression. Overall, these data suggest that HFD acts as a stressful challenge during pregnancy, impairing the neuroendocrine system and the neural activity of brain regions involved in the processing of relevant olfactory stimuli, with negative consequences on maternal physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bellisario
- Section of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Panetta
- Section of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Balsevich
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentin Baumann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - June Noble
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carla Raggi
- Section of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Nathan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alessandra Berry
- Section of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan Seckl
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathias Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Megan Holmes
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Section of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Ruan LL, Xu J, Wang CL, Zou CC. Variants of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) gene type 1 and 2 in Chinese obese adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:565-73. [PMID: 24729284 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) gene type 1 and 2 and obesity in Chinese children. METHODS A total of 400 obese and 200 healthy adolescents were enrolled as obese and control groups. Seven SNPs in HSD11B1 (rs4393158, rs2235543, rs10082248, rs10863782, rs2236903, rs2298930, rs4545339) and four variants in HSD11B2 gene (rs28934592, rs28934591, rs28934594 and rs28934593) were measured by automated platform MassArray. RESULTS The rs28934592 in HSD11B2 and rs10863782 in HSD11B1 were excluded as false positive or HWE P < 0.05. Moreover, one allele type was found in the other three locations of HSD11B2. The minor allele frequency of rs2235543 and rs10082248 was higher in patients than that in controls (P = 0.045, P = 0.041, respectively). The rs10082248, rs2298930 and rs4545339 were associated with the risk of obesity in the recessive model (P < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the total cholesterol in patients with GG or AG genotype was significantly higher than that in patients with AA genotype in rs10082248. The rs4393158 was associated with the hypertension in log-additive model test (P = 0.037), and glucose abnormal and hypercholesteremia in dominant model test (P < 0.05, respectively), while the rs2235543 was associated with hypercholesteremia in overdominant model test (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The polymorphism of HSD11B1 may be a cause of childhood obesity, or even associated with the complication of childhood obesity. However, variants of HSD11B2 may be not a cause of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 57 Zhugan Xiang, Hangzhou, 310003, China,
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Doig CL, Bashir J, Zielinska AE, Cooper MS, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. TNFα-mediated Hsd11b1 binding of NF-κB p65 is associated with suppression of 11β-HSD1 in muscle. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:389-96. [PMID: 24413279 PMCID: PMC4027025 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC)) (in mice) into the active glucocorticoid (GC) cortisol (corticosterone in mice), can amplify tissue GC exposure. Elevated TNFα is a common feature in a range of inflammatory disorders and is detrimental to muscle function in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We have previously demonstrated that 11β-HSD1 activity is increased in the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by TNFα treatment and suggested that this is an autoregulatory anti-inflammatory mechanism. This upregulation was mediated by the P2 promoter of the Hsd11b1 gene and was dependent on the NF-κB signalling pathway. In this study, we show that in contrast to MSCs, in differentiated C2C12 and primary murine myotubes, TNFα suppresses Hsd11b1 mRNA expression and activity through the utilization of the alternative P1 promoter. As with MSCs, in response to TNFα treatment, NF-κB p65 was translocated to the nucleus. However, ChIP analysis demonstrated that the direct binding was seen at position -218 to -245 bp of the Hsd11b1 gene's P1 promoter but not at the P2 promoter. These studies demonstrate the existence of differential regulation of 11β-HSD1 expression in muscle cells through TNFα/p65 signalling and the P1 promoter, further enhancing our understanding of the role of 11β-HSD1 in the context of inflammatory disease.
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Esteves CL, Verma M, Róg-Zielińska E, Kelly V, Sai S, Breton A, Donadeu FX, Seckl JR, Chapman KE. Pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in A549 cells requires phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75874. [PMID: 24086653 PMCID: PMC3784397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts inert glucocorticoids into active forms, thereby increasing intracellular glucocorticoid levels, important to restrain acute inflammation. 11β-HSD1 is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of cells. Here, we show 11β-HSD1 expression in human A549 epithelial cells is increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α/TNFα) via the P2 promoter of the HSD11B1 gene. Inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of mRNA encoding 11β-HSD1 as well as that encoding C/EBPβ. IL-1α/TNFα-induced phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235 was also attenuated by p38 MAPK inhibition suggesting involvement of a p38 MAPK-C/EBPβ pathway. siRNA-mediated knock-down of C/EBPβ and NF-κB/RelA implicated both transcription factors in the IL-1α/TNFα induction of HSD11B1 mRNA. Transient transfections of HSD11B1 promoter-reporter constructs identified the proximal region of the P2 promoter of HSD11B1 as essential for this induction. IL-1α increased binding of C/EBPβ to the HSD11B1 P2 promoter, but this was not observed for NF-κB/RelA, suggesting indirect regulation by NF-κB/RelA. Ectopic expression of mutant chicken C/EBPβ constructs unable to undergo phosphorylation at the threonine equivalent to Thr235 attenuated the IL-1α-induction of HSD11B1, whereas mimicking constitutive phosphorylation of Thr235 (by mutation to aspartate) increased basal expression of HSD11B1 mRNA without affecting IL-1α-induced levels. These data clearly demonstrate a role for both C/EBPβ and NF-κB/RelA in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of HSD11B1 in human epithelial cells and show that p38 MAPK-induced phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235 is critical in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Esteves
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Verma
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Róg-Zielińska
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Val Kelly
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shuji Sai
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amandine Breton
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc X. Donadeu
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Feldman K, Szappanos A, Butz H, Grolmusz V, Majnik J, Likó I, Kriszt B, Lakatos P, Tóth M, Rácz K, Patócs A. The rs4844880 polymorphism in the promoter region of the HSD11B1 gene associates with bone mineral density in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Steroids 2012; 77:1345-51. [PMID: 22986073 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in the regulation of local glucocorticoid concentration in a tissue specific manner. Previous studies indicated associations between polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HSD11B1 gene and laboratory as well as osteodensitometric parameters of bone metabolism. In our present work we examined whether the tagging HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms could influence bone metabolism in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. EXPERIMENTAL HapMap database was used for identification and selection of SNPs located in the 38kb range of the HSD11B1 gene. Twelve SNPs were selected and genotyped in 209 healthy control women using Taqman SNP assays on Real-Time PCR and direct DNA sequencing. Of these SNPs, the rs4844880 was genotyped in 154 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Functional characterization of the rs4844880 was performed by in vitro luciferase assay. RESULTS One of the 12 HSD11B1 SNPs, the rs4844880 showed a significant association with higher bone mineral density and/or T- and Z-scores at lumbar spine in healthy women. When data from 154 postmenopausal osteoporotic women were compared to those obtained from 101 age-matched postmenopausal healthy women selected from our healthy control group this association was strongly significant at the femoral neck region. In vitro luciferase assay demonstrated that the polymorphic rs4844880 allele inhibited the luciferase activity more significantly than the major allele. CONCLUSIONS The rs4844880 polymorphism in the promoter region of the HSD11B1 gene resulting in a reduced expression of the enzyme may exert a beneficial effect on bone in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Feldman
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Bouhlel MA, Copin C, Duhem C, Derudas B, Neve B, Noel B, Eeckhoute J, Lefebvre P, Seckl JR, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation induces 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in human alternative macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:677-85. [PMID: 22207732 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the intracellular reduction of inactive cortisone to active cortisol, the natural ligand activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor controlling inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the macrophage polarization state. In this study, we investigated the impact of macrophage polarization on the expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 and the role of PPARγ therein. METHODS AND RESULTS 11β-HSD1 gene expression is higher in proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages than in resting macrophages, whereas its activity is highest in M2 macrophages. Interestingly, PPARγ activation induces 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity in M2 macrophages but not in resting macrophages or M1 macrophages. Consequently, human M2 macrophages displayed enhanced responsiveness to the 11β-HSD1 substrate cortisone, an effect amplified by PPARγ induction of 11β-HSD1 activity, as illustrated by an increased expression of GR target genes. CONCLUSION Our data identify a positive cross-talk between PPARγ and GR in human M2 macrophages via the induction of 11β-HSD1 expression and activity.
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