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Chi F, Zhao J, Yang L, Yang X, Zhao X, Zhao S, Zhan J. Using regular and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the biotransformation mechanism and phytotoxic effects of 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA) in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167901. [PMID: 37858819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Although 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), which is one of the most popular substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been widely distributed in environments, little is known about its biotransformation mechanism and phytotoxic effects in plants. Here, we showed that 6:2 FTCA could be taken up by pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) roots from exposure solution and acropetally translocated to shoots. Biotransformation of 6:2 FTCA to different carbon chain perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) metabolites (C2-C7) via α-and β-oxidation in pumpkin was observed, and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was the major transformation product. The results of enzyme assays, enzyme inhibition experiments and gene expression analysis indicated that cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were involved in the metabolism of 6:2 FTCA in pumpkin. Plant-associated rhizobacteria and endophyte also contributed to 6:2 FTCA degradation through β-oxidation. The chlorophyll (Chl) content and genes involved in photosynthesis were significantly improved by 6:2 FTCA. The reductions of antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities reflected the antioxidant defense system and detoxification system of pumpkin were both damaged, which were further confirmed by the down-regulating associated genes encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum-related proteins, ascorbate-glutathione cycle and ABC transporters. This study is helpful to understand the environmental behaviors and toxicological molecular mechanisms of 6:2 FTCA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xv Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
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González-Alvarez ME, Keating AF. Hepatic and ovarian effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure differ in lean and obese adult female mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116614. [PMID: 37422089 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight cause poor oocyte quality, miscarriage, infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and offspring birth defects and affects 40% and 20% of US women and girls, respectively. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), is environmentally persistent and has negative female reproductive effects including endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, altered menstrual cyclicity, and decreased fertility in humans and animal models. PFAS exposure is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which affects ∼24-26% of the US population. This study investigated the hypothesis that PFOA exposure impacts hepatic and ovarian chemical biotransformation and alters the serum metabolome. At 7 weeks of age, female lean, wild type (KK.Cg-a/a) or obese (KK.Cg-Ay/J) mice received saline (C) or PFOA (2.5 mg/Kg) per os for 15 d. Hepatic weight was increased by PFOA exposure in both lean and obese mice (P < 0.05) and obesity also increased liver weight (P < 0.05) compared to lean mice. The serum metabolome was also altered (P < 0.05) by PFOA exposure and differed between lean and obese mice. Exposure to PFOA altered (P < 0.05) the abundance of ovarian proteins with roles in xenobiotic biotransformation (lean - 6; obese - 17), metabolism of fatty acids (lean - 3; obese - 9), cholesterol (lean - 8; obese - 11), amino acids (lean - 18; obese - 19), glucose (lean - 7; obese - 10), apoptosis (lean - 18; obese - 13), and oxidative stress (lean - 3; obese - 2). Use of qRT-PCR determined that exposure to PFOA increased (P < 0.05) hepatic Ces1 and Chst1 in lean but Ephx1 and Gstm3 in obese mice. Also, obesity basally increased (P < 0.05) Nat2, Gpi and Hsd17b2 mRNA levels. These data identify molecular changes resultant from PFOA exposure that may cause liver injury and ovotoxicity in females. In addition, differences in toxicity induced by PFOA exposure occurs in lean and obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estefanía González-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America.
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Luo D, Lin Y, Chen J, Huang X, Xie Y, Liu Y, Ni S, Su Z, Li Y, Zhang Z. Stereoisomers of octahydrocurcumin, the hydrogenated metabolites of curcumin, display stereoselective activity on the CYP2E1 enzyme in L-02 cells. Food Funct 2023; 14:2822-2835. [PMID: 36866793 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
As the final hydrogenated metabolite of curcumin, octahydrocurcumin (OHC) exhibits increased powerful bioactivities. The chiral and symmetric chemical structure indicated that there were two OHC stereoisomers, (3R,5S)-octahydrocurcumin (Meso-OHC) and (3S,5S)-octahydrocurcumin ((3S,5S)-OHC), which may induce different effects on metabolic enzymes and bioactivities. Thus, we detected OHC stereoisomers from rat metabolites (blood, liver, urine and feces) after oral administration of curcumin. In addition, OHC stereoisomers were prepared and then their different influences on cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGTs) in L-02 cells were tested to explore the potential interaction and different bioactivities. Our results proved that curcumin could be metabolised into OHC stereoisomers first. In addition, Meso-OHC and (3S,5S)-OHC exhibited slight induction or inhibition effects on CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and UGTs. Furthermore, Meso-OHC exhibited more intensive inhibition toward CYP2E1 expression than (3S,5S)-OHC, ascribed to the different mode of binding to the enzyme protein (P < 0.05), which finally induced more effective liver protection effects in acetaminophen-induced L-02 cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Luo
- Department of clinical pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yinsi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Youliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Suiqin Ni
- Department of clinical pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Amstutz VH, Cengo A, Gehres F, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Investigating the cytotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in HepG2 cells: A structure-activity relationship approach. Toxicology 2022; 480:153312. [PMID: 36075290 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of man-made chemicals with currently over 4'700 compounds identified. While toxicological data are available for some of the legacy PFAS, such as PFOA and PFOS, a knowledge gap remains concerning both emerging and legacy PFAS' toxicity due to the diversity of the PFAS. Therefore, a better understanding of the PFAS structure-activity relationship may prove helpful. The present study investigated a potential structure-activity relationship between PFAS and hepatotoxicity. As such, the effects of thirteen PFAS with varying carbon chain-length and functional head-groups (in a concentration range of 0-800 µM) on the cell viability of HepG2 cells and intracellular reactive oxygen species formation have been tested using the MTT and DCFH assay, respectively. The exposure times were either 3 or 24 h. In addition, intracellular PFAS levels were determined in HepG2 after 24 h exposure. The present study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of PFAS is dependent on their chain-length as cell viability decreased with increasing chain-length at both exposure times. Calculated Relative Potency Factors (RPF), based on the TC50 values, were used for a tentative ranking of PFAS regarding their hepatotoxicity: PFNA ˃ PFDA ˃ PFOS ≥ PFOA ˃ PFHxS ˃ PFBS ˃˃ PFHpA = PFHxA = PFBA = PFPrA = 6:2 FTOH = 4:2 = FTOH = 3:1 FTOH. Similar results were observed regarding intracellular reactive oxygen species generation at both exposure times, with a tentative ranking of: PFNA ˃ PFOS ˃ PFOA ≥ PFDA ˃ PFHxS ˃ PFBS ˃ PFBA ˃ PFHpA ≥ PFHxA ˃ PFPrA ˃ 6:2 FTOH = 4:2 FTOH = 3:1 FTOH. Moreover, a concentration-dependent reactive oxygen species generation has been observed for all PFSAs and PFCAs, but not for the FTOHs. In conclusion, the carbon chain-length and functional head-group of a PFAS determine their in vitro toxicity for the two toxicological endpoints assessed in the present study. Moreover, no effects were observed for the tested FTOHs. As such, the present study established a potential structure-activity relationship that opens the possibility of developing a predictive model to help with the risk assessment of PFAS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Amstutz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - A Cengo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - F Gehres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands; Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3540 AA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D T H M Sijm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands; Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3540 AA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M F Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Lack of interaction of the fluorosurfactant C6O4 with human renal transporters: In vitro/in silico analysis. Toxicology 2022; 476:153257. [PMID: 35835357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C6O4 is a water soluble perfluoroether carboxylic acid ammonium salt used as surfactant in the synthesis of fluoropolymers. Available experimental data in rats exposed by the oral route indicate it is eliminated in urine. Previous studies with various linear perfluorocarboxylic acids have suggested that these compounds are substrates of renal membrane transporters in rats and humans, and that the interaction with basal and apical membrane transporters can influence the elimination kinetic by these organisms and explain, in part, the observed differences in the respective half-lives. In particular, apical transporters may contribute to the reuptake of these exogenous compounds from the tubule lumen. The present study was designed to investigate the uptake of C6O4 in two renal cell lines transiently transfected with the human apical membrane transporters, organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), and urate transporter 1 (URAT1). The uptake of the linear perfluorohexanoic acid (PFC6) was evaluated in parallel. While the uptake of the conjugated steroid estrone-3-sulfate (E3S), a known substrate for renal transporters, and of PFC6 was clearly observed in both cell types transfected with either OAT4 or URAT1, no significant uptake of C6O4 was measured under the same test conditions. The results of the transporter's functionality measured in vitro were consistent with molecular docking simulations. Both outward and inward models of the transporters showed a reduced interaction between C6O4 and URAT1 or OAT4. In contrast, more stable interactions were predicted for PFC6 and PFOA, as well as for the E3S substrate, as shown by the respective docking scores reflecting the binding strength and by the poses assumed in the transporter channels. Altogether, the in vitro and in silico modeling results showed a low reuptake potential and limited interactions of C6O4 molecule with two human apical membrane transporters, contrasting with the more efficient reuptake of PFC6 from the tubule lumen. These results suggest reabsorption from the proximal tubule by apical renal transporters is not likely to interfere with the elimination pathway of C6O4 in humans.
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Piva E, Schumann S, Dotteschini S, Brocca G, Radaelli G, Marion A, Irato P, Bertotto D, Santovito G. Antioxidant Responses Induced by PFAS Exposure in Freshwater Fish in the Veneto Region. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061115. [PMID: 35740012 PMCID: PMC9219832 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the interest in PFAS has grown exponentially around the world, due to the toxic effects induced by these chemical compounds in humans, as well as in other animals and plants. However, current knowledge related to the antistress responses that organisms can express when exposed to these substances is still insufficient and, therefore, requires further investigation. The present study focuses on antioxidant responses in Squalius cephalus and Padogobius bonelli, exposed to significant levels of PFAS in an area of the Veneto Region subjected to a recent relevant pollution case. These two ubiquitous freshwater species were sampled in three rivers characterised by different concentrations of PFAS. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated, and the results suggest that PFAS chronic exposure induces some physiological responses in the target species, at both cellular and tissue scales. The risk of oxidative stress seems to be kept under control by the antioxidant system by means of gene activation at the mitochondrial level. Moreover, the histological analysis suggests an interesting protective mechanism against damage to the protein component based on lipid vacuolisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Piva
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (S.D.); (P.I.)
| | - Sophia Schumann
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (S.D.); (P.I.)
| | - Serena Dotteschini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (S.D.); (P.I.)
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (G.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (G.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Andrea Marion
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy;
| | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (S.D.); (P.I.)
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (G.B.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (S.D.); (P.I.)
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (G.S.)
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The impact of legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substances on human cytochrome P450: An in vitro study on the inhibitory potential and underlying mechanisms. Toxicology 2022; 468:153116. [PMID: 35121066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of synthetic compounds with a wide range of industrial applications. PFOA and PFOS have been the most extensively studied and have been associated with hepatotoxicity. Recently, the interaction with cytochrome P450 (CYP) has been proposed as a potential key molecular event leading to PFAS-induced hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we aimed to determine a structure-activity relationship between thirteen PFASs and their inhibitory potential on the activities of four CYPs (CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP2C19). The influence of PFASs (5- 3200 µM) on CYP enzyme activities was measured using the Vivid® P450 metabolism assays. Using the same assays, Michaelis-Menten saturation curves were determined to explore the type of PFAS-induced CYP inhibition. Most PFASs were capable of inhibiting activity of the tested CYPs, as shown by their IC50 values. CYP2E1 is particularly inhibited by 3:1 FTOH, PFOA, and PFOS, whereas CYP2D6 is inhibited by PFHxS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA. Additionally, CYP3A4 is most strongly inhibited by PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA. Finally, CYP2C19 is inhibited by PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA. Interestingly, PFHxA and PFHxS induced an increase in CYP2E1 activity, whereas 4:2 FTOH strongly induced CYP2D6 activity. The mechanism of inhibition of CYPs by PFASs differed per CYP isoenzyme. CYP3A4 was competitively inhibited by PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFNA and PFDA and non-competitively by PFOA. Additionally, CYP2C19 was competitively inhibited by PFHxA, PFOS and PFNA, whereas PFBS and PFHxS induced a mixed inhibition. Inhibition of CYP2C19 by PFHpA was atypical with an increased Vmax and a decreased Km. Finally, PFHxS competitively inhibited CYP2D6, whereas PFBS, PFOA, PFOS, PFDA and PFNA induced an atypical inhibition. Our results show that CYP inhibition by PFASs appears to be structure-dependent as well as CYP dependent. Inhibition of CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 increased with increasing chain-lengths between six and nine carbons. The PFTOHs were only able to inhibit CYP2E1 and did not affect any of the other CYPS. Some PFASs remarkably induced the enzyme activity of CYPs. These results indicate that in addition to PFOA and PFOS, multiple novel PFASs may alter drug metabolism by the interference with CYPs.
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Artabe AE, Cunha-Silva H, Barranco A. Enzymatic assays for the assessment of toxic effects of halogenated organic contaminants in water and food. A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111677. [PMID: 32810589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are a particular group of contaminants consisting of a large number of substances, and of great concern due to their persistence in the environment, potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity. Some of these compounds have been classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under The Stockholm Convention and many toxicity assessments have been conducted on them previously. In this work we provide an overview of enzymatic assays used in these studies to establish toxic effects and dose-response relationships. Studies in vivo and in vitro have been considered with a particular emphasis on the impact of halogenated compounds on the activity of relevant enzymes to the humans and the environment. Most information available in the literature focuses on chlorinated compounds, but brominated and fluorinated molecules are also the target of increasing numbers of studies. The enzymes identified can be classified as enzymes: i) the activities of which are affected by the presence of halogenated organic compounds, and ii) those involved in their metabolisation/detoxification resulting in increased activities. In both cases the halogen substituent seems to have an important role in the effects observed. Finally, the use of these enzymes in biosensing tools for monitoring of halogenated compounds is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ereño Artabe
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hugo Cunha-Silva
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Barranco
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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9
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Ojo AF, Peng C, Ng JC. Combined effects and toxicological interactions of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances mixtures in human liver cells (HepG2). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114182. [PMID: 32247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects and toxicological interactions of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixtures remain largely unknown even though they occur as complex mixtures in the environment. This study investigated the toxicity of individual and combined PFAS to human liver cell line (HepG2). The Combination Index (CI)-isobologram equation method was used to determine the toxicological interactions of PFAS in binary, ternary and multi-component mixtures. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity of individual PFAS to HepG2 cells increased with increasing carbon chain lengths when separated into non-sulfonated and sulfonated groups. The respective cytotoxicity of PFAS is in the order of PFDA > PFNA > PFOA > PFHpA for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and in the order of PFOS > PFHxS for perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. The toxicological interaction of PFOS and PFOA with other PFAS clearly showed a different pattern of combined toxicity in HepG2 Cells. The binary, ternary, and multi-component combinations of PFOS with PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, and PFHpA displayed synergistic interactions for almost all inhibitory effect levels tested, whereas, either synergistic or antagonistic effect was observed in mixtures with PFOA. Overall, the pattern of interactions of PFAS mixtures is predominated by synergism, especially at low to medium effect levels; the exceptions to this were the antagonistic interactions found in mixture with PFOA, PFHxS, and PFHpA. These cytotoxicity results may have an implication on the health risk assessment of PFAS mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke F Ojo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Franco ME, Sutherland GE, Fernandez-Luna MT, Lavado R. Altered expression and activity of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in human liver cells by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Toxicology 2020; 430:152339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sonkar R, Kay MK, Choudhury M. PFOS Modulates Interactive Epigenetic Regulation in First-Trimester Human Trophoblast Cell Line HTR-8/SV neo. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2016-2027. [PMID: 31508952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds have been linked to adverse pregnancy complications. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a man-made fluorosurfactant and global pollutant, has been shown to induce oxidative stress in various cell types. Oxidative stress plays a key role in leading several placental diseases including preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes, spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, and intrauterine growth restriction. Recently, epigenetic regulation such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNAs (miRNAs), are shown to be associated with oxidative stress as well as pregnancy complications such as PE. However, whether PFOS exerts its detrimental effects in the placenta through epigenetics remains to be unveiled. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of PFOS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in first trimester human trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/SVneo) and whether epigenetic regulation is involved in this process. When treated with a range of PFOS doses at 24 and 48 h, even at 10 μM, it significantly increased the ROS production and decreased gene and protein expression, respectively, of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 (p < 0.001; p < 0.05), DNMT3A (p < 0.001; p < 0.05), and DNMT3B (p < 0.01; p < 0.01) and the sirtuins, for example, SIRT1 (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and SIRT3 (p < 0.001; p < 0.05), while reducing global DNA methylation (p < 0.01) and increasing protein lysine acetylation (p < 0.001) as compared to vehicle controls. Interestingly, PFOS (10 μM) significantly increased miR29-b (p < 0.01), which has been previously reported to be associated with PE. The observed epigenetic effects were shown to be dependent on the expression of miR-29b, as knockdown of miR-29b significantly alters the gene and protein expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, SIRT1, and SIRT3 and ROS production as well as global DNA methylation and protein acetylation. This study provides for the first time a novel insight into PFOS-induced ROS generation via regulation of sets of the interactive epigenetic circuit in the placenta, which may lead to pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy , Texas A&M Health Science Center , 312 REYN, MS 1114 , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Matthew K Kay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy , Texas A&M Health Science Center , 312 REYN, MS 1114 , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy , Texas A&M Health Science Center , 312 REYN, MS 1114 , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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Sznajder-Katarzyńska K, Surma M, Wiczkowski W, Cieślik E. The perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination level in milk and milk products in Poland. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Qi X, Dou T, Wang Z, Wu J, Yang L, Zeng S, Deng M, Lü M, Liang S. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2A6 by 7-hydroxycoumarin analogues: Analysis of the structure-activity relationship and isoform selectivity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104944. [PMID: 31163215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Compared with coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin could serve as a better hit for developing CYP2A6 inhibitors. In this study, a series of 7-hydroxycoumarin and its structural analogues were collected to study their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and isoform selectivity for inhibiting CYP2A6. All tested coumarins except a C4 phenyl derivative (11) showed higher inhibitory activities for CYP2A6 over the other CYP isoforms, including CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9. Of these coumarins, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (1) and 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (9) were found to be potent inhibitors of CYP2A6 with IC50/Ki value of 0.39/0.25 and 4.61/3.02 μM, respectively, compared to methoxalen as positive control (IC50/Ki = 0.43/0.26 μM). In contrast, other coumarins showed low or decreased CYP2A6-inhibiting activities. SAR analysis showed that hydroxy groups might be important for CYP2A6 inhibition, and the rank order of sites for hydroxy substitution was C6 > C7 > C8. In addition, either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substituents introduced into C4, C6 and C8 led to a reduction in CYP2A6-inhibiting activity, and the degree of influence was dependent on the size and electrical charge of substituents. Furthermore, inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulations demonstrated that the 8-O-glucosylated coumarin derivative (17) exhibited noncompetitive inhibition against CYP2A6, while competitive inhibition patterns were noted for the other tested coumarins. The mechanisms underlying the inhibitors binding to CYP2A6 were further investigated by molecular docking study. The findings presented herein are very helpful for developing highly selective and more potent CYP2A6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tongyi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhongqiong Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Muhan Lü
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Sicheng Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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Miura R, Araki A, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Kobayashi S, Wang SL, Chen CH, Miyake K, Ishizuka M, Iwasaki Y, Ito YM, Kubota T, Kishi R. An epigenome-wide study of cord blood DNA methylations in relation to prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure: The Hokkaido study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:21-28. [PMID: 29544137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) influences fetal development and later in life. OBJECTIVE To investigate cord blood DNA methylation changes associated with prenatal exposure to PFASs. METHODS We assessed DNA methylation in cord blood samples from 190 mother-child pairs from the Sapporo cohort of the Hokkaido Study (discovery cohort) and from 37 mother-child pairs from the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (replication cohort) using the Illumina HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip. We examined the associations between methylation and PFAS levels in maternal serum using robust linear regression models and identified differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and regions (DMRs). RESULTS We found four DMPs with a false discovery rate below 0.05 in the discovery cohort. Among the top 20 DMPs ranked by the lowest P-values for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure, four DMPs showed the same direction of effect and P-value < 0.05 in the replication assay: cg16242615 mapped to ZBTB7A, cg21876869 located in the intergenic region (IGR) of USP2-AS1, cg00173435 mapped to TCP11L2, and cg18901140 located in IGR of NTN1. For DMRs, we found a region associated with PFOA exposure with family-wise error rate < 0.1 located in ZFP57, showing the same direction of effect in the replication cohort. Among the top five DMRs ranked by the lowest P-values that were associated with exposure to PFOS and PFOA, in addition to ZFP57, DMRs in the CYP2E1, SMAD3, SLC17A9, GFPT2, DUSP22, and TCERG1L genes showed the same direction of effect in the replication cohort. CONCLUSION We suggest that prenatal exposure to PFASs may affect DNA methylation status at birth. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether methylation changes observed are associated with differential health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Miura
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Taiwan Bioinformatics Core, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubota
- Faculty of Child Studies, Seitoku University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan.
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Wielsøe M, Eiberg H, Ghisari M, Kern P, Lind O, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Genetic Variations, Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk - A Greenlandic Case-Control Study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:335-346. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Peder Kern
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Dronning Ingrid's Hospital; Nuuk Greenland
| | - Ole Lind
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Dronning Ingrid's Hospital; Nuuk Greenland
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Institute for Nursing and Health Science; Greenland's Center of Health Research; University of Greenland; Nuuk Greenland
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16
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Wimsatt J, Villers M, Thomas L, Kamarec S, Montgomery C, Yeung LWY, Hu Y, Innes K. Oral perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) lessens tumor development in the APC min mouse model of spontaneous familial adenomatous polyposis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:942. [PMID: 27927180 PMCID: PMC5143440 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths for both men and women, and the third most common cause of cancer in the U.S. Toxicity of current chemotherapeutic agents for colorectal cancer, and emergence of drug resistance underscore the need to develop new, potentially less toxic alternatives. Our recent cross-sectional study in a large Appalachian population, showed a strong, inverse, dose–response association of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) levels to prevalent colorectal cancer, suggesting PFOS may have therapeutic potential in the prevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer. In these preliminary studies using a mouse model of familial colorectal cancer, the APCmin mouse, and exposures comparable to those reported in human populations, we assess the efficacy of PFOS for reducing tumor burden, and evaluate potential dose–response effects. Methods At 5–6 weeks of age, APCmin mice were randomized to receive 0, 20, 250 mg PFOS/kg (females) or 0, 10, 50 and 200 mg PFOS/kg (males) via their drinking water. At 15 weeks of age, gastrointestinal tumors were counted and scored and blood PFOS levels measured. Results PFOS exposure was associated with a significant, dose–response reduction in total tumor number in both male and female mice. This inverse dose–response effect of PFOS exposure was particularly pronounced for larger tumors (r2 for linear trend = 0.44 for males, p’s <0.001). Conclusions The current study in a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis offers the first experimental evidence that chronic exposure to PFOS in drinking water can reduce formation of gastrointestinal tumors, and that these reductions are both significant and dose-dependent. If confirmed in further studies, these promising findings could lead to new therapeutic strategies for familial colorectal cancer, and suggest that PFOS testing in both preventive and therapeutic models for human colorectal cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wimsatt
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,West Virginia University, 186 HSCN, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA.
| | - Meghan Villers
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Laurel Thomas
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Stacey Kamarec
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Caitlin Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, Örebro, SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Yanqing Hu
- Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kim Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Giménez-Bastida JA, Surma M, Zieliński H. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity and modulation of mechanisms associated with inflammation induced by perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human colon myofibroblasts CCD-18Co. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1683-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Miyashita C, Sasaki S, Saijo Y, Okada E, Kobayashi S, Baba T, Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Iwasaki Y, Nakazawa H, Hachiya N, Yasutake A, Murata K, Kishi R. Demographic, behavioral, dietary, and socioeconomic characteristics related to persistent organic pollutants and mercury levels in pregnant women in Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 133:13-21. [PMID: 25829055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants and mercury are known environmental chemicals that have been found to be ubiquitous in not only the environment but also in humans, including women of reproductive age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between personal lifestyle characteristics and environmental chemical levels during the perinatal period in the general Japanese population. This study targeted 322 pregnant women enrolled in the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. Each participant completed a self-administered questionnaire and a food-frequency questionnaire to obtain relevant information on parental demographic, behavioral, dietary, and socioeconomic characteristics. In total, 58 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, 17 dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofuran, and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls congeners, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and mercury were measured in maternal samples taken during the perinatal period. Linear regression models were constructed against potential related factors for each chemical concentration. Most concentrations of environmental chemicals were correlated with the presence of other environmental chemicals, especially in the case of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibezofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls which had similar exposure sources and persistence in the body. Maternal smoking and alcohol habits, fish and beef intake and household income were significantly associated with concentrations of environmental chemicals. These results suggest that different lifestyle patterns relate to varying exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Health Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Baba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan.
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Hachiya
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Minamata Disease, 4058-18 Hama, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan.
| | - Akira Yasutake
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Murata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Coperchini F, Pignatti P, Lacerenza S, Negri S, Sideri R, Testoni C, de Martinis L, Cottica D, Magri F, Imbriani M, Rotondi M, Chiovato L. Exposure to perfluorinated compounds: in vitro study on thyroid cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2287-2294. [PMID: 25182428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are widely used perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Previous studies detected PFOA and PFOS in human tissues including the thyroid gland. There are no studies on the in vitro effects of PFOA and PFOS on thyroid cells. Our study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the in vitro exposure to PFOA and PFOS on thyroid cell proliferation and viability. These objectives were investigated using Fisher rat thyroid line-5 (FRTL-5) cells. FRTL-5 cells cultured in the presence of PFOA and PFOS at concentrations up to 10(4) nM do not display changes in their viability and proliferation rate, while at a concentration of 10(5) nM of either PFCs, a significant inhibition of cell proliferation, mainly due to increased cell death, was found. PFOA and PFOS were detected in FRTL-5 cell pellets after 72 h of incubation with PFCs but not in control cultures. When FRTL-5 were incubated with PFCs then washed in PBS and re-cultured for 72 h without PFCs in the medium, no detectable concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were measured in the cell pellet. This indicates that PFOA and PFOS enter thyroid cells by a gradient-based passive diffusion mechanism. Future studies are required to evaluate the potential toxic effect resulting from prolonged in vivo exposure to even lower concentrations of PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors and Chair of Endocrinology University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Direct sequencing and comprehensive screening of genetic polymorphisms on CYP2 family genes (CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2E1) in five ethnic populations. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:115-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Shan G, Ye M, Zhu B, Zhu L. Enhanced cytotoxicity of pentachlorophenol by perfluorooctane sulfonate or perfluorooctanoic acid in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2101-2107. [PMID: 23972907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated phenols and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are two kinds of pollutants which are widely present in the environment. Considering liver is the primary toxic target organ for these two groups of chemicals, it is interesting to evaluate the possible joint effects of them on liver. In this work, the combined toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were investigated using HepG2 cells. The results indicated that PFOS and PFOA could strengthen PCP's hepatotoxicity. Further studies showed that rather than intensify the oxidative stress or promote the biotransformation of PCP, PFOS (or PFOA) might lead to strengthening of the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling of PCP. By measuring the intracellular PCP concentration and the cell membrane properties, it was suggested that PFOS and PFOA could disrupt the plasma membrane and increase the membrane permeability. Thus, more cellular accessibility of PCP was induced when they were co-exposed to PCP and PFOS (or PFOA), leading to increased cytotoxicity. Further research is warranted to better understand the combined toxicity of PFAAs and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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