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Daoud A, Cloutier PL, Gagné S, Breau L, Lesage J. Development of a new SPE UPLC-MS/MS method for extraction and quantitation of toluene diamine on gloves following toluene diisocyanate exposure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9340. [PMID: 35729786 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive isocyanate commonly used as a mixture of 2,4- and 2,6- isomers in the production of flexible foams. Exposure to TDI occurs primarily through vapour inhalation in workplaces where TDI is produced or used, but dermal exposure is also possible during some tasks. To ensure workplace safety, accurate monitoring of TDI and toluene diamine (TDA) levels is required. Methods of quantifying field effectiveness of gloves in preventing dermal exposure have not been established. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new practical method for assessing glove effectiveness for TDI/TDA. METHOD A new offline SPE UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of TDA isomers from TDI-exposed gloves was developed. Gloves were dipped in a solution of 1% acetic acid leading to a full conversion to TDA. TDA-free amine compounds were derivatized with acetic anhydride to increase chromatographic retention and signal intensity. RESULTS 2,4-Diaminotoluene-α, α, α-d3 (2,4-d3 -TDA) was selected as a surrogate standard to minimise the variability in sample preparation and instrumental sensitivity. The choice of UPLC-MS/MS operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode allowed to reach much lower limits of detection (LOD). The LOD of the method was 6.86 and 2.83 ng/mL (0.03 and 0.01 μg) for 2,6-TDA and 2,4-TDA, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 22.85 and 9.42 ng/mL (0.11 and 0.05 μg) for 2,6-TDA and 2,4-TDA, respectively. CONCLUSION A new UPLC-MS/MS analytical method has been developed to determine field effectiveness of gloves for preventing dermal exposure to TDI/TDA. The new technique overcomes some limitations for measuring putative dermal exposure to isocyanates and may be useful in exposure monitoring and future research on isocyanate health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Daoud
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Laboratory Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Cloutier
- Laboratory Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Gagné
- Laboratory Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Livain Breau
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jacques Lesage
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Schupp T, Plehiers PM. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate: Many similarities and few differences. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:500-528. [PMID: 35301910 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are high production volume chemicals used for the manufacture of polyurethanes. For both substances, the most relevant adverse health effects after overexposure in the workplace are isocyanate-induced asthma, lung function decrement and, to a much lesser extent, skin effects. Over the last two decades many articles have addressed the reactivity of MDI and TDI in biological media and the associated biochemistry, which increased the understanding of their biochemical and physiological behavior. In this review, these new insights with respect to similarities and differences concerning the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these two diisocyanates and the implications on their toxicities are summarized. Both TDI and MDI show very similar behavior in reactivity to biological macromolecules, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Evidence suggests that the isocyanate (NCO) group is scavenged at the portal-of-entry and is not systemically available in unbound reactive form. This explains the lack of other than portal-of-entry toxicity observed in repeated-dose inhalation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schupp
- 39002Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
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Bartels M, van Osdol W, Le Merdy M, Chappelle A, Kuhl A, West R. In silico predictions of absorption of MDI substances after dermal or inhalation exposures to support a category based read-across assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 129:105117. [PMID: 35017021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) substances used polyurethane production can range from their simplest monomeric forms (e.g., 4,4'-MDI) to mixtures of the monomers with various homologues, homopolymer, and prepolymer derivatives. The relative dermal or inhalation absorption of 39 constituents of these substances in human were predicted using the GastroPlus® program. Predicted dermal uptake and absorption of the three MDI monomers from an acetone vehicle was 84-86% and 1.4-1.5%, respectively, with lower uptake and absorption predicted for the higher MW analogs. Lower absorption was predicted from exposures in a more lipophilic vehicle (1-octanol). Modeled inhalation exposures afforded the highest pulmonary absorption for the MDI monomers (38-54%), with 3-27% for the MW range of 381-751, and <0.1% for the remaining, higher MW derivatives. Predicted oral absorption, representing mucociliary transport, ranged from 5 to 10% for the MDI monomers, 10-25% for constituents of MW 381-751, and ≤3% for constituents with MW > 900. These in silico evaluations should be useful in category-based, worst-case, Read-Across assessments for MDI monomers and modified MDI substances for potential systemic effects. Predictions of appreciable mucociliary transport may also be useful to address data gaps in oral toxicity testing for this category of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne Chappelle
- International Isocyanate Institute, Mountain Lakes, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Kuhl
- Huntsman LLC, The Woodlands, Texas, USA
| | - Robert West
- International Isocyanate Institute, Mountain Lakes, NJ, USA
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Wisnewski AV, Nassar AF, Liu J, Bello D. Dilysine-Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), a Urine Biomarker of MDI Exposure? Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:557-565. [PMID: 30724074 PMCID: PMC6465083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in urine may be useful in industrial hygiene and exposure surveillance approaches toward disease (occupational asthma) prevention and in understanding pathways by which the internalized chemical is excreted. We explored possible urine biomarkers of MDI exposure in mice after respiratory tract exposure to MDI, as glutathione (GSH) reaction products (MDI-GSH), and after skin exposure to MDI dissolved in acetone. LC-MS analyses of urine identified a unique m/ z 543.29 [M + H]+ ion from MDI-exposed mice but not from controls. The m/ z 543.29 [M + H]+ ion was detectable within 24 h of a single MDI skin exposure and following multiple respiratory tract exposures to MDI-GSH reaction products. The m/ z 543.29 [M + H]+ ion possessed properties of dilysine-MDI, including (a) an isotope distribution pattern for a molecule with the chemical formula C27H38N6O6, (b) the expected collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation pattern upon MS/MS, and (c) a retention time in reversed-phase LC-MS identical to that of synthetic dilysine-MDI. Further MDI-specific Western blot studies suggested albumin (which contains multiple dilysine sites susceptible to MDI carbamylation) as a possible source for dilysine-MDI and the presence of MDI-conjugated albumin in urine up to 6 days after respiratory tract exposure. Two additional [M + H]+ ions ( m/ z 558.17 and 863.23) were found exclusively in urine of mice exposed to MDI-GSH via the respiratory tract and possessed characteristics of previously described cyclized MDI-GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)-MDI conjugates, respectively. Together the data identify urinary biomarkers of MDI exposure in mice and possible guidance for future translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V. Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ala F Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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Zhou X, Li G, Wang D, Sun X, Li X. Cytokeratin expression in epidermal stem cells in skin adnexal tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:927-932. [PMID: 30655849 PMCID: PMC6312935 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of seven types of cytokeratin (CK) in different kinds of skin adnexal tumors were evaluated. One hundred and thirty-two patients with different kinds of skin adnexal tumors admitted and treated in the Department of Dermatology of Dongying People's Hospital from May 2013 to May 2015 were selected and underwent tissue section staining. Another 20 cases of normal skin were enrolled as the control group. The expression levels of the seven types of CK in different kinds of skin appendages were observed and recorded. The expression levels of the seven types of CK in the 132 cases of skin adnexal tumor tissues were different. CK10 was mainly expressed in squamous cell carcinoma, but it was not expressed in basal cell carcinoma. CK19 was expressed in basal cell carcinoma, but its expression was not detected in squamous cell carcinoma. As the degree of differentiation was increased in the epidermis, hair follicle and sebaceous gland, the expressed molecular weight of CK was augmented gradually. The expression levels of five types of CK (namely, CK8, CK10, CK14, CK18 and CK19) could be measured in the squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Statistical analysis revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of these five types of CK in the two cell carcinomas (P<0.05). Five types of CK, i.e., CK7, CK8, CK17, CK18 and CK19, had markedly different expression levels in hair follicle tumor and sweat gland tumor, which were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression levels of a group of CKs detected by virtue of semi-quantitative analysis via immunohistochemistry can be regarded as one of the important indexes for clinical diagnosis of skin adnexal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Guoyong Li
- Department of Stomatology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Dongguan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Xiyin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Xingong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
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Hettick JM, Law BF, Lin CC, Wisnewski AV, Siegel PD. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following respiratory exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate aerosol. Xenobiotica 2017. [PMID: 28629263 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1344791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Diisocyanates are highly reactive electrophiles utilized in the manufacture of a wide range of polyurethane products and have been identified as causative agents of occupational allergic respiratory disease. However, in spite of the significant occupational health burden associated with diisocyanate-induced asthma, the mechanism of disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. 2. To better understand the fate of inhaled diisocyanates, a nose-only aerosol exposure system was constructed and utilized to expose a BALB/c mouse model to an aerosol generated from 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were evaluated 4 and 24 h post-exposure for evidence of diisocyanate-protein haptenation, and a label-free quantitative proteomics strategy was employed to evaluate relative changes to the protein content of the cellular fraction of the lavage fluid. 3. Following MDI aerosol exposure, expression of the number of proteins with immunological or xenobiotic metabolism relevance is increased, including endoplasmin, cytochrome P450 and argininosuccinate synthase. Western blot analysis indicated MDI-conjugated protein in the lavage fluid, which was identified as serum albumin. 4. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of MDI-albumin revealed MDI conjugation occurs at a dilysine motif at Lys525, as well as at a glutamine-lysine motif at Lys414, in good agreement with previously published in vitro data on diisocyanate-conjugated serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Hettick
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA and
| | - Brandon F Law
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA and
| | - Chen-Chung Lin
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA and
| | | | - Paul D Siegel
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA and
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Ogese MO, Ahmed S, Alferivic A, Betts CJ, Dickinson A, Faulkner L, French N, Gibson A, Hirschfield GM, Kammüller M, Meng X, Martin SF, Musette P, Norris A, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Purcell AW, Spraggs CF, Whritenour J, Naisbitt DJ. New Approaches to Investigate Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:239-259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monday O. Ogese
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Shaheda Ahmed
- Alcyomics
Ltd c/o Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Ana Alferivic
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Catherine J. Betts
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Alcyomics
Ltd c/o Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Lee Faulkner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Neil French
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Andrew Gibson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Gideon M. Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical
Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology,
Allergy Research Group, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Musette
- Department of Dermatology and INSERM, University of Rouen, 905 Rouen, France
| | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
- The Wolfson Centre
for Personalised Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Infection and Immunity
Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine
Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Colin F. Spraggs
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
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Immunochemical detection of the occupational allergen, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), in situ. J Immunol Methods 2015; 429:60-5. [PMID: 26690039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diisocyanate chemicals essential to polyurethane production are a well-recognized cause of occupational asthma. The pathogenesis of diisocyanate-induced asthma, including the pathways by which the chemical is taken up and its distribution in exposed tissue, especially the lung, remains unclear. We developed an antiserum with specificity for methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) the most abundantly produced and utilized diisocyanate world-wide, and established its ability to detect MDI in situ. Polyclonal MDI-specific IgG was induced by immunizing rabbits with MDI-conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by two booster injections with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The antiserum contains IgG that recognize a variety of different MDI conjugated proteins, but not unconjugated or mock exposed proteins by dot blot analysis. The antiserum further demonstrates specificity for proteins conjugated with MDI, but not other commonly used diisocyanates. Immunochemical studies with cytospun airway cells and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung tissue sections from mice intranasally exposed to MDI (as reversibly reactive glutathione conjugates, e.g. GSH-MDI) demonstrated the antiserum's ability to detect MDI in tissue samples. The data demonstrate penetration of MDI into the lower airways, localized deposition in the epithelial region surrounding airways, and uptake by alveolar macrophages. The new immunochemical reagent should be useful for further studies delineating the uptake and tissue distribution of MDI, especially as it relates to adverse health effects from exposure.
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