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Aksoz E, Akyol BA, Korkut O. The role of the cholinergic system in the memory-protecting effects of metformin in a model of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114978. [PMID: 38582410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the elderly population grows, the prevalence of dementia is also rapidly increasing worldwide. Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, has been shown to have ameliorative effects on impaired cognitive functions in experimental models. However, studies have generally used young animals. Additionally, although it has a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and memory, literature information about the effects of metformin on the cholinergic system is limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of metformin on memory in a model of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in aged rats. We also examined the effects of metformin on the cholinergic system, which is very important in cognitive functions. METHODS Metformin was administered orally to male Wistar rats (20-22 months old) at 100 mg/kg/day for three weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to assess spatial memory. Before the probe test of the MWM test, scopolamine was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg/kg. After testing, animals were sacrificed, whole brains were removed, and hippocampus samples were separated for biochemical analysis. RESULTS Impaired memory associated with scopolamine administration was reversed by metformin. In addition, metformin administration ameliorated scopolamine-induced changes in acetylcholine (ACh) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. CONCLUSION Our results show that metformin may have protective effects in a scopolamine-induced memory impairment model in aged animals by improving cholinergic function. Metformin shows promise in preventing dementia with its dual cholinesterase inhibition and ChAT activation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Aksoz
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cagis Campus, Balikesir, Turkey.
| | - Busra Aslan Akyol
- Balikesir University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cagis Campus, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Korkut
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cagis Campus, Balikesir, Turkey
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Alnaaim SA, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3953-3965. [PMID: 37737447 PMCID: PMC10747420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is observed as a well-controlled disease by anti-epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69%. However, 30%-40% of epileptic patients fail to respond to conventional AEAs leading to an increase in the risk of brain structural injury and mortality. Therefore, adding some FDA-approved drugs that have an anti-seizure activity to the anti-epileptic regimen is logical. The anti-diabetic agent metformin has anti-seizure activity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the anti-seizure activity of metformin was not entirely clarified. Henceforward, the objective of this review was to exemplify the mechanistic role of metformin in epilepsy. Metformin has anti-seizure activity by triggering adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are dysregulated in epilepsy. In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect. Hence, metformin via induction of BDNF can reduce seizure progression and severity. Consequently, increasing neuronal progranulin by metformin may explain the anti-seizure mechanism of metformin. Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, metformin might be an adjuvant with AEAs in the management of refractory epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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Karami F, Jamaati H, Coleman-Fuller N, Zeini MS, Hayes AW, Gholami M, Salehirad M, Darabi M, Motaghinejad M. Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:511-543. [PMID: 37093496 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that activates several molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative disorders. Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug used for treating DM, has the potential to exert a significant neuroprotective role against the detrimental effects of DM. This review discusses recent clinical and laboratory studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of metformin against DM-induced neurodegeneration and the roles of various molecular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and its related cascades. A literature search was conducted from January 2000 to December 2022 using multiple databases including Web of Science, Wiley, Springer, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Core Collection, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library to collect and evaluate peer-reviewed literature regarding the neuroprotective role of metformin against DM-induced neurodegenerative events. The literature search supports the conclusion that metformin is neuroprotective against DM-induced neuronal cell degeneration in both peripheral and central nervous systems, and this effect is likely mediated via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalie Coleman-Fuller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maryam Shokrian Zeini
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mina Gholami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehirad
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darabi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Clinical Trials of New Drugs for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911067. [PMID: 36232368 PMCID: PMC9569827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Population aging has challenged the treatment of cognitive impairment or dementia. Vascular dementia is the second leading cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive consequences after ischemic brain injury have been recognized as a preferred target for therapeutic strategies, prompting the search for potential agents. The keyword “vascular dementia” was used to search ClinicalTrials.gov to determine agents represented in phases I, II, III, and IV. The agents were classified on the basis of their mechanisms. Of the 17 randomized controlled trials meeting our inclusion criteria, 9 were completed in the past 10 years, and 8 are ongoing or in the planning stages. We also identified one trial in phase I, nine in phase II, six in phase III, and one in phase IV. Fewer trials of new drugs for improving cognition or ameliorating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia target vascular dementia than Alzheimer’s dementia. Drug trials on vascular dementia overlap with drug trials targeting functional outcomes in cerebrovascular disease. International pharmaceutical companies’ investment in new drugs targeting VCI and vascular dementia remains insufficient.
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Tharmaraja T, Ho JS, Sia CH, Lim NA, Chong YF, Lim AY, Rathakrishnan RR, Yeo LL, Sharma VK, Tan BY. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and neurological disorders: a scoping review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221086996. [PMID: 35432846 PMCID: PMC9006360 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221086996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a group of antidiabetic medications with a favourable cardiovascular, renal and overall safety profile. Given the limited treatment options available for neurological disorders, it is important to determine whether the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2i can be utilised in their prevention and management. Methods All articles published before 20 March 2021 were systematically searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO and ClinicalTrials.gov. Overall, 1395 titles were screened, ultimately resulting in 160 articles being included in the qualitative analysis. Screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent authors and studies were excluded if they were not an original research study. Findings Of the 160 studies, 134 addressed stroke, 19 cognitive impairment, 4 epilepsy and 4 movement disorders, encompassing a range from systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials to bioinformatic and animal studies. Most animal studies demonstrated significant improvements in behavioural and neurological deficits, which were reflected in beneficial changes in neurovascular units, synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter levels and target receptors' docking energies. The evidence from the minority clinical literature was conflicting and many studies did not reach statistical significance. Interpretation SGLT2i may exert neurological benefits through three mechanisms: reduction in cardiovascular risk factors, augmentation of ketogenesis and anti-inflammatory pathways. Most clinical studies were observational, meaning that a causal relationship could not be established, while randomised controlled trials were heterogeneous and powered to detect cardiovascular or renal outcomes. We suggest that a longitudinal study should be conducted and specifically powered to detect neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thahesh Tharmaraja
- Intensive Care Unit, University College Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jamie S.Y. Ho
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole-Ann Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yao Feng Chong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Amanda Y.L. Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rahul R. Rathakrishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Leonard L.L. Yeo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road Level 11, 119228 Singapore
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Y.Q. Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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Dong M, Wen S, Zhou L. The Relationship Between the Blood-Brain-Barrier and the Central Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2583-2597. [PMID: 36035518 PMCID: PMC9417299 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s375559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are growing problems worldwide and are associated with a range of acute and chronic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Novel anti-diabetic medications designed to treat T2DM, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), exert beneficial effects on metabolism and the cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GLP-1RAs induce anorexic effects by inhibiting the central regulation of food intake to reduce body weight. Central/peripheral administration of GLP-1RAs inhibits food intake, accompanied by an increase in c-Fos expression in neurons within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), induced by the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, GLP-1RAs need to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects. In addition, studies revealed that SGLT-2is could reduce the risk of chronic heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes. SGLT-2 is extensively expressed throughout the CNS, and c-Fos expression was also observed within 2 hours of administration of SGLT-2is in mice. Recent clinical studies reported that SGLT-2is improved hypertension and atrial fibrillation by modulating the "overstimulated" renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and suppressing the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by directly/indirectly acting on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Despite extensive research into the central mechanism of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. This review discusses the interaction between GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is and the BBB to induce pharmacological effects via the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Tel +8613611927616, Email
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Deora H, Umana GE. Chronic Kidney disease and stroke: A Bi-directional risk cascade and therapeutic update. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Al-Brakati A, Albarakati AJA, Daabo HMA, Baty RS, Salem FEH, Habotta OA, Elmahallawy EK, Abdel-Mohsen DM, Taha H, Akabawy AMA, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE, Amin HK. Neuromodulatory effects of green coffee bean extract against brain damage in male albino rats with experimentally induced diabetes. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1175-1187. [PMID: 32548708 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an increasing metabolic disease worldwide associated with central nervous system disorders. Coffee is a widely consumed beverage that enriched with antioxidants with numerous medicinal applications. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of orally administered green coffee bean water extract (GCBWE) against cortical damage induced by high fat diet (HFD) followed by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Metformin (Met) was used as standard antidiabetic drug. Animals were allocated into six groups: control, GCBWE (100 mg/kg), HFD/STZ (40 mg/kg), HFD/STZ + GCBWE (50 mg/kg), HFD/STZ + GCBWE (100 mg/kg) and HFD/STZ + Met (200 mg/kg) which were treated daily for 28 days. Compared to control rats, HFD/STZ-treated rats showed decreased levels of cortical dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin with marked increases in their metabolites. Further, HFD/STZ treatment resulted in notable elevations in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and total nitrite levels paralleled with declines in antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GSH) and down-regulations of Sod2, Cat, GPx1 and Gsr gene expression. Neuroinflammation was evident in diabetic animals by marked elevations in TNF-α, IL-1β and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Significant rises incaspase-3 and Bax with decline in Bcl-2 level were noticed in diabetic rats together with similar results in their gene expressions. Cortical histopathological examination supported the biochemical and molecular findings. GCBWE administration achieved noteworthy neuroprotection in diabetic animals in most assessed parameters. The overall results suggested that antioxidant, anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic activities of GCBWE restored the cortical neurochemistry in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Al-Brakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Jameel A Albarakati
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Al-Qunfudah Branch, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamid M A Daabo
- Pharmacy Department, Duhok Technical Institute, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Roua S Baty
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Elzahraa H Salem
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab K Elmahallawy
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Doaa M Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Taha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M A Akabawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Baha University, Almakhwah Branch, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Hatim K Amin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li JS, Huang D, Qiu HM, Jiang QS, Liu YH, Du TT, Jiang XH. A study on the determination of two related aminothiols in the brain of diabetes rats by HPLC-ECD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1798248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sha Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Pengzhou People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Qiu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Song Jiang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Du
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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So EC, Liu PY, Wu SN. Effectiveness in the inhibition of dapagliflozin and canagliflozin on M-type K + current and α-methylglucoside-induced current in pituitary tumor (GH 3) and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173141. [PMID: 32353360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dapagliflozin (DAPA) or canagliflozin (CANA), Na+-dependent glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, were used for treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. Addition of DAPA or CANA suppressed M-type K+ current (IK(M)) in pituitary tumor (GH3) and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. The IC50 value for DAPA- or CANA-mediated inhibition of IK(M) in GH3 cells was 0.11 or 0.42 μM, respectively. The presence of DAPA (0.1 μM) shifted the steady-state activation of IK(M) to less depolarized potential without changing the gating charge of the current. During high-frequency depolarizing pulses, IK(M) magnitude was reduced by DAPA; however, DAPA-induced block of IK(M) remained effective. The amplitude of neither erg-mediated K+ current nor hyperpolarization-activated cation current in GH3 cells was modified in the presence of 1 μM DAPA. Alternatively, addition of DAPA, CANA, phlorizin or chlorotoxin effectively suppressed α-methylglucoside-(αMG-) induced current (IαMG) in GH3 cells, albeit inability of tefluthrin (activator of INa) to suppress this current. DAPA shifted the charge-voltage relation of presteady-state IαMG in a rightward and downward direction with no change in the gating charge of the IαMG. Under current-clamp recordings, subsequent additions of DAPA, but still in the continued presence of αMG, increased the firing rate of spontaneous action potentials stimulated by αMG. Our results suggested that activity of SGLT was expressed functionally in GH3 and PC12 cells. Therefore, inhibitory actions of DAPA or CANA on the amplitude and gating of IK(M) might provide a yet unidentified mechanism through which the SGLT1 or SGLT2 activity were attenuated in unclamped cells occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia and Medical Research, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Impact of some oral hypoglycemic agents on type 2 diabetes-associated depression and reserpine-induced depression in rats: the role of brain oxidative stress and inflammation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1391-1404. [PMID: 32077986 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and depression are comorbid diseases affecting many patients all over the world. The current study was designed to compare the antidepressant effect of some antidiabetic drugs such as vildagliptin, pioglitazone, glyburide, and metformin on depression-related or unrelated to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM was induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin, while diabetes-unrelated depression was induced by reserpine. Antidiabetic agents reduced diabetes-associated depression as indicated by the reduction in the immobility time in the forced swim test, elevation of cortical and hippocampal serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the increase in serum β-Amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) levels. Antidiabetic agents also reduced serum corticosterone levels suggesting their inhibitory effect on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. The antidepressant activity of the tested compounds was associated with reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation in brain. Vildagliptin showed the highest, while glyburide showed the least antidiabetic and antidepressant activity. Antidepressant activities of pioglitazone and metformin were comparable. The difference in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities between groups showed the same pattern of the antidepressant effect suggesting that these two pathways may play role in ameliorating depression in diabetic rats. On the other hand, the administration of reserpine in small doses (0.2 mg/kg) induced depression associated with hyperglycemia in non-diabetic rats. Although all treatments improved glycemic parameters to similar levels, vildagliptin showed the greatest effect on Aβ1-42, serotonin, norepinephrine, and BDNF levels. In conclusion, vildagliptin seems to be the leading drug among the tested antidiabetics and may be the most appropriate antidiabetic for managing diabetes-associated depression.
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Wu NN, Zhao D, Ma W, Lang JN, Liu SM, Fu Y, Wang X, Wang ZW, Li Q. A genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:1557-1564. [PMID: 31269844 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1640205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibits an obvious trend of increase in pregnant mothers and usually causes several abnormities or diseases for the offspring. Although several studies have been reported for potential molecular mechanisms, relevant genes or mutated sites have not been intensively investigated in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 218 pregnant mothers (GDM group: 103 individuals and control group: 115 individuals) in China were enrolled to conduct genome-wide association study (GWAS) and pathway analyses for the purpose of related genes associated with GDM in China. RESULTS Our results identified 23 SNPs exhibiting closely association with GDM using multiple tests. Annotation of these 23 SNPs identified four genes (SYNPR, CDH18, CTIF, and PTGIS), which suggests that the four genes may associate with GDM. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that gene SYNPR, CDH18, and PTGIS were enriched or located into the pathways or process associated with glycometabolism (e.g. insulin resistance and glucose tolerance), which further indicates that the three genes may associate with the GDM. CONCLUSION The identification of these potential genes associating with GDM enriched the potential molecular mechanisms of GDM in Asia and will provide abundant stocks for subsequent clinical verifications for better understanding the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, drug development and clinical treatment of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 2nd Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Nan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Mo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 2nd Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Xourgia E, Papazafiropoulou A, Melidonis A. Antidiabetic treatment on memory and spatial learning: From the pancreas to the neuron. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:169-180. [PMID: 30891152 PMCID: PMC6422855 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of constant hyperglycemia on neural function have been quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in the setting of diabetes mellitus. Some of the hallmark features of diabetic encephalopathy (DE) are impaired synaptic adaptation and diminished spatial learning capacity. Chronic and progressive cognitive dysfunction, perpetuated by several positive feedback mechanisms in diabetic subjects, facilitates the development of early-onset dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the numerous clinical manifestations of DE having been described in detail and their pathophysiological substrate having been elucidated in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, an effective therapeutic approach is yet to be proposed. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the growing body of evidence concerning the effect of current antidiabetic treatment options on diabetic and non-DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Xourgia
- Andreas Melidonis 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens 18536, Greece
| | - Athanasia Papazafiropoulou
- Andreas Melidonis 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens 18536, Greece
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14
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Perna S, Mainardi M, Astrone P, Gozzer C, Biava A, Bacchio R, Spadaccini D, Solerte SB, Rondanelli M. 12-month effects of incretins versus SGLT2-Inhibitors on cognitive performance and metabolic profile. A randomized clinical trial in the elderly with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol 2018; 10:141-151. [PMID: 30349407 PMCID: PMC6186903 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s164785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study is to examine the effects on cognitive performance, anthropometric measures, and metabolic markers in 2 different treatments: Incretins vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I). MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 39 elderly subjects (23 men and 16 women) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a mean age of 77.21±8.07 years. Body mass index (BMI) of 29.92±4.31 kg/m2 and a cognitive status measured by a Mini Mental State Examination (scores >27 points). The subjects were on a 3-month treatment with a maximal dose of metformin as a stable regime, with the addition of incretins (liraglutide at doses of up to 1.8 mg/d; vildagliptin at 100 mg/d; sitagliptin 100 mg/d; and linagliptin 5 mg/d), or SGLT2-I (canagliflozin 300 mg/d; empagliflozin 25 mg/d; and dapagliflozin 10 mg/d). Glucose control was monitored by fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. Cognitive performance (by way of Verbal Fluency Test, Attentive Matrices Test, and Babcock Story Recall Test), anthropometric measures, and plasma lipids were also evaluated. RESULTS Cognitive status did not change significantly during the 12 months of treatment in either group: Verbal Fluency Test: (SGLT2-I: P=1.00, incretins: P=0.598); Babcock Story Recall Test (SGLT2-I: P=0.391; incretins: P=0.351); and Attentive Matrices Test (SGLT2-I: P=0.679, incretins: P=0.901). SGLT2-I also resulted in a reduction in weight (-1.95 kg; P<0.05), in BMI (-0.69 kg/m2; P<0.05) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+5.73 mg/dl; P<0.01). CONCLUSION Preliminary data show that patients treated with incretins and SGLT2-I have not suffered a reduction in cognitive performance during the 1 year of treatment. Metabolic outcome seemed to benefit, in particular, in patients who were treated with SGLT2-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Kingdom of Bahrain,
| | - Manuela Mainardi
- University of Pavia, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Astrone
- University of Pavia, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Gozzer
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ''Istituto SantaMargherita'', Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Biava
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Kingdom of Bahrain,
| | - Ruben Bacchio
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ''Istituto SantaMargherita'', Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ''Istituto SantaMargherita'', Pavia, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bruno Solerte
- University of Pavia, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, Italy
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15
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Huang D, Jiang QS, Yang JQ, Cui T, Wang NR, Du TT, Jiang XH. Simultaneous determination of nine analytes related to the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy in diabetic rat cortex and hippocampus by HPLC-FLD. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4338. [PMID: 30003560 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of amino acids and monoamine with actions like neurotransmitters or modulators has become increasingly important for studying the relationship between the dysfunction of neurotransmitters and the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy. Here, a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed to simultaneously determine nine monoamines and amino acids including three excitatory neurotransmitters (aspartate, glutamate, and serotonin), four inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine, dopamine), a precursor of 5-HT (tryptophan) and methionine using homoserine as the internal standard. The separation was performed on a BDS column with methanol-buffer solution of 35 mmol/L sodium acetate and 5 mmol/L citric acid (pH 6.0) using a simple gradient elution. Several parameters including specificity, precision, and recovery were validated after optimization of the analytical conditions. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the cortex and the hippocampus samples from Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results showed that various neurotransmitters involved in diabetes mellitus may tend to be differentially modulated and present a different alteration tendency at different time course, which might be associated with the duration of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Song Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Qing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, China
| | | | - Ting-Ting Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Franco-Tormo MJ, Salas-Crisostomo M, Rocha NB, Budde H, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. CRISPR/Cas9, the Powerful New Genome-Editing Tool for Putative Therapeutics in Obesity. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:10-16. [PMID: 29732484 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular technology known as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is revolutionizing the field of medical research and deepening our understanding of numerous biological processes. The attraction of CRISPR/Cas9 lies in its ability to efficiently edit DNA or modulate gene expression in living eukaryotic cells and organisms, a technology that was once considered either too expensive or scientifically risky. CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully applied in agriculture to develop the next generation of disease-resistant plants. Now, the capability of gene editing has been translated to the biomedical area, focusing on the future of medicine faced with drug-resistant microbes by selectively targeting genes involved in antibiotic resistance, for example, or finding the ultimate strategy for cancer or HIV. In this regard, it was recently demonstrated that an injection of cancer-fighting CRISPR-modified white blood cells in a patient suffering from metastatic lung cancer could lead to promising results. Researchers and bioethicists are debating questions about the regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 that must be addressed. While legal challenges surround the use of this technique for genetically modifying cell lines in humans, we review the basic understanding of CRISPR/Cas9 and discuss how this technology could represent a candidate for treatment of non-communicable diseases in nutrition, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Franco-Tormo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mireille Salas-Crisostomo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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17
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Ibrahim OHM, Hassan MA. The Use of Anti-Diabetic Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease, New Therapeutic Options and Future Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2018.96013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Szydłowska A, Skupień A, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Huttunen KM. Metformin - a Future Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2614-2627. [PMID: 28589443 PMCID: PMC5736777 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex, chronic and progressive metabolic disease, which is characterized by relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and high glucose levels in blood. Esteemed published articles and epidemiological data exhibit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in diabetic pateints. Metformin is the most frequently used oral anti-diabetic drug, which apart from hypoglycaemic activity, improves serum lipid profiles, positively influences the process of haemostasis, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, scientists have put their efforts in establishing metformin's role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease. Results of several clinical studies confirm that long term use of metformin in diabetic patients contributes to better cognitive function, compared to participants using other anti-diabetic drugs. The exact mechanism of metformin's advantageous activity in AD is not fully understood, but scientists claim that activation of AMPK-dependent pathways in human neural stem cells might be responsible for the neuroprotective activity of metformin. Metformin was also found to markedly decease Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein expression and activity in cell culture models and in vivo, thereby reducing BACE1 cleavage products and the production of Aβ (β-amyloid). Furthermore, there is also some evidence that metformin decreases the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter involved in the process of learning and memory. In regard to the beneficial effects of metformin, its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties cannot be omitted. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that metformin ameliorates oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Skupień
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul., Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland,, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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19
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Arafa NMS, Ali EHA, Hassan MK. Canagliflozin prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats: Comparison with galantamine hydrobromide action. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:195-203. [PMID: 28837785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Canagliflozin (CAN) is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a little information about its effect on the cholinergic system that proposed mechanism for memory improvement occurring by SGLT2 drugs. This study aimed to estimate the effect of CAN as compared to galantamine (GAL) treatments for two weeks on scopolamine hydrobromide (SCO)-induced memory dysfunction in experimental rats. Animals divided into six groups; control (CON), CAN, GAL, SCO, SCO + CAN and SCO + GAL. Results indicated significant decrease in body weights of the CAN groups as compared to control values. Moreover, in the SCO + CAN and SCO + GAL the number of arm entry and number of correct alternation in Y maze task increased and showed improvement in the water maze task, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities decreased significantly, while monoamines levels significantly increased compared with the SCO group values. Results also recorded acetylcholine M1 receptor (M1 mAChR) in SCO + CAN or SCO + GAL groups in comparison with the SCO group. The study suggested that canagliflozin might improve memory dysfunction induced by scopolamine hydrobromide via cholinergic and monoamines system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M S Arafa
- Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Jazan University, KSA & National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Department of Physiology, Egypt.
| | - Elham H A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Kamel Hassan
- Biotechnology Program, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.
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20
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Shivavedi N, Kumar M, Tej GNVC, Nayak PK. Metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Brain Res 2017; 1674:1-9. [PMID: 28827076 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and depression are the common comorbid disorders affecting humans worldwide. There is an unmet need to develop therapeutic strategies to treat both diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of metformin and ascorbic acid against type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Four groups of diabetic rats were orally administered with vehicle (1mL/kg), metformin (25mg/kg), ascorbic acid (25mg/kg), or combination of metformin (25mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (25mg/kg) for 11 consecutive days. Diabetes was induced by single-dose administration of streptozotocin (65mg/kg, i.p.) with nicotinamide (120mg/kg, i.p.). Comorbid depression was induced by five inescapable foot-shocks (2mA, 2ms duration) at 10s intervals on days 1, 5, 7, and 10. One group of healthy rats received only vehicles to serve as nondiabetic control group. On day 11, animals were sacrificed, and blood and brain samples were collected from each rat following forced swim test. Plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone levels were estimated in plasma. The levels of monoamines, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress were measured in prefrontal cortex. The combination therapy significantly reduced immobility period, glucose, and corticosterone levels relative to diabetes with comorbid depression group. Furthermore, the combination therapy increased the levels of insulin and monoamines, and caused a significant reductions in oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the present study revealed that metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy could be a potential strategy to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Shivavedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Gullanki Naga Venkata Charan Tej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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21
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Metformin and Its Sulfenamide Prodrugs Inhibit Human Cholinesterase Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7303096. [PMID: 28770024 PMCID: PMC5523189 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7303096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The results of epidemiological and pathophysiological studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may predispose to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The two conditions present similar glucose levels, insulin resistance, and biochemical etiologies such as inflammation and oxidative stress. The diabetic state also contributes to increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which is one of the factors leading to neurodegeneration in AD. The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the effects of metformin, phenformin, and metformin sulfenamide prodrugs on the activity of human AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and establish the type of inhibition. Metformin inhibited 50% of the AChE activity at micromolar concentrations (2.35 μmol/mL, mixed type of inhibition) and seemed to be selective towards AChE since it presented low anti-BuChE activity. The tested metformin prodrugs inhibited cholinesterases (ChE) at nanomolar range and thus were more active than metformin or phenformin. The cyclohexyl sulfenamide prodrug demonstrated the highest activity towards both AChE (IC50 = 890 nmol/mL, noncompetitive inhibition) and BuChE (IC50 = 28 nmol/mL, mixed type inhibition), while the octyl sulfenamide prodrug did not present anti-AChE activity, but exhibited mixed inhibition towards BuChE (IC50 = 184 nmol/mL). Therefore, these two bulkier prodrugs were concluded to be the most selective compounds for BuChE over AChE. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that biguanides present a novel class of inhibitors for AChE and BuChE and encourages further studies of these compounds for developing both selective and nonselective inhibitors of ChEs in the future.
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