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Surai PF, Surai A, Earle-Payne K. Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:98. [PMID: 38247522 PMCID: PMC10812610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans and animals. However, when inflammation resolution is delayed or compromised as a result of its misregulation, the process proceeds from the acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of various chronic illnesses. It is proven that redox balance disturbances and oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB and leading to over-inflammation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory properties of various natural antioxidants have been widely tested in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that silymarin (SM) and its main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) have great potential as an anti-inflammation agent. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM/SB action is attributed to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, in the same model systems, SM/SB was able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) and lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. The inflammatory properties of SM/SB were clearly demonstrated in model systems based on immune (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective tissue and cancer) cells. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory action of SM/SB was confirmed in a number of in vivo models, including toxicity models, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion models, stress-induced injuries, ageing and exercising models, wound healing and many other relevant model systems. It seems likely that the anti-inflammatory activities of SM/SB are key elements on the health-promoting properties of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
- Faculty of Technology of Grain and Grain Business, Odessa National Technological University, 65039 Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK
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Guo C, Wan L, Li C, Wen Y, Pan H, Zhao M, Wang J, Ma X, Nian Q, Tang J, Zeng J. Natural products for gastric carcinoma prevention and treatment: Focus on their antioxidant stress actions in the Correa's cascade. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155253. [PMID: 38065034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correa's cascade is a pathological process beginning from gastritis to gastric precancerous lesions, and finally to gastric carcinoma (GC). While the pathogenesis of GC remains unclear, oxidative stress plays a prominent role throughout the entire Correa's cascade process. Studies have shown that some natural products (NPs) could halt and even reverse the development of the Correa's cascade by targeting oxidative stress. METHODS To review the effects and mechanism by which NPs inhibit the Correa's cascade through targeting oxidative stress, data were collected from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases from initial establishment to April 2023. NPs were classified and summarized by their mechanisms of action. RESULTS NPs, such as terpenoid, polyphenols and alkaloids, exert multistep antioxidant stress effects on the Correa's cascade. These effects include preventing gastric mucosal inflammation (stage 1), reversing gastric precancerous lesions (stage 2), and inhibiting gastric carcinoma (stage 3). NPs can directly impact the conversion of gastritis to GC by targeting oxidative stress and modulating signaling pathways involving IL-8, Nrf2, TNF-α, NF-κB, and ROS/MAPK. Among which polyphenols have been studied more and are of high research value. CONCLUSIONS NPs display a beneficial multi-step action on the Correa's cascade, and have potential value for clinical application in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer by regulating the level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lina Wan
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chengen Li
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Maoyuan Zhao
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Qing Nian
- Department of Transfusion, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
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Rani J, Dhull SB, Rose PK, Kidwai MK. Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155142. [PMID: 37913641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most challenging and thought-provoking liver problem for hepatologists owing to unregulated medication usage in medical practices, nutritional supplements, and botanicals. Due to underreporting, analysis, and identification issues, clinically evaluated medication hepatotoxicity is prevalent yet hard to quantify. PURPOSE This review's primary objective is to thoroughly compare pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds that have undergone clinical trials, focusing on their metabolic mechanisms contributing to the onset of liver illnesses and their hepatoprotective effects. METHODS The data was gathered from several online sources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords. RESULTS The prevalence of conventional and herbal medicine is rising. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism is necessary to mitigate the hepatotoxicity induced by drugs and facilitate the incorporation or substitution of herbal medicine instead of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, pre-clinical pharmacological research has the potential to facilitate the development of natural products as therapeutic agents, displaying promising possibilities for their eventual clinical implementation. CONCLUSIONS Acetaminophen, isoniazid, rifampicin, diclofenac, and pyrogallol have been identified as the most often reported synthetic drugs that produce hepatotoxicity by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis during the last several decades. Due to their ability to downregulate many factors (such as cytokines) and activate several enzyme/enzyme systems, herbal substances (such as Gingko biloba extract, curcumin, resveratrol, and silymarin) provide superior protection against harmful mechanisms which induce hepatotoxicity with fewer adverse effects than their synthetic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- Department of Botany, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Pawan Kumar Rose
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Mohd Kashif Kidwai
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
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Singh M, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Oudah SK, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Jawhar ZH, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Farhood B. A systematic review of the protective effects of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:88. [PMID: 37165384 PMCID: PMC10173635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although doxorubicin chemotherapy is commonly applied for treating different malignant tumors, cardiotoxicity induced by this chemotherapeutic agent restricts its clinical use. The use of silymarin/silibinin may mitigate the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. For this aim, the potential cardioprotective effects of silymarin/silibinin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity were systematically reviewed. METHODS In this study, we performed a systematic search in accordance with PRISMA guideline for identifying all relevant studies on "the role of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity" in different electronic databases up to June 2022. Sixty-one articles were obtained and screened based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirteen eligible papers were finally included in this review. RESULTS According to the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings, the doxorubicin-treated groups presented a significant reduction in ejection fraction, tissue Doppler peak mitral annulus systolic velocity, and fractional shortening as well as bradycardia, prolongation of QT and QRS interval. However, these echocardiographic abnormalities were obviously improved in the silymarin plus doxorubicin groups. As well, the doxorubicin administration led to induce histopathological and biochemical changes in the cardiac cells/tissue; in contrast, the silymarin/silibinin co-administration could mitigate these induced alterations (for most of the cases). CONCLUSION According to the findings, it was found that the co-administration of silymarin/silibinin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. Silymarin/silibinin exerts its cardioprotective effects via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activities, and other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Physical Education, University of Jammu, Srinagar, Jammu, India
| | - Mustafa M Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
- Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Habotta O, Ateya A, Saleh RM, El-Ashry ES. Thiamethoxam Evoked Neural Oxido-inflammatory Stress in Male Rats Through Modulation of Nrf2/NF-kB/iNOS Signaling and Inflammatory Cytokines: Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:28-36. [PMID: 36958429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid insecticide, is a widely used insecticide with neurotoxic potential. Silymarin (SM), a milk thistle-derived flavonoid, is known with its promising biological activities. This study explored the neuroprotective effects of SM against TMX-triggered cortical injury in male rats. Animals were divided into four groups and treated daily either with SM (150mg/kg), TMX (78.15mg/kg), or both at the aforementioned doses for 28 days. Our results revealed marked declines in cortical SOD and CAT activities with elevations in MDA, IL-1b and TNF-α levels in TMX-treated rats. Further, TMX induced down-regulation in the gene expressions of Sod, Cat, Gpx, and Nrf-2, with up-regulation in the gene expressions of IL-1b, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α and NF-kB. Interestingly, pre-treatment with SM provided a notable neuroprotective action against TMX-mediated cortical damage that indicates its promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This effect may be mediated by Nrf2/NF-kB/iNOS signalling and suppression of excess free radicals and production of inflammatory cytokines. In brief, SM could be a promising therapeutic agent against TMX-mediated neural complication via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The using of neonicotinoids as thiamethoxam is recently increased and is associated with brain damage. TMX induced excessive oxidative and inflammatory damage. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to counteract its adverse effects on the nervous system. SM, a flavonoid, is extracted from the seeds and fruits of milk thistle. Due to its potent antioxidative activity, SM have been applied to mitigate the oxidative stress as well as inflammatory disorders. Herein, we examined the potential therapeutic role of SM against TMX-induced brain oxidative stress and inflammation in rats through evaluating oxidative markers, inflammatory response, and histopathological changes in the brain cortical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Wealth Development Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M Saleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Ashry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Potential effects of carbon monoxide donor and its nanoparticles on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1495-1510. [PMID: 36882659 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric ulcers is increasing worldwide, especially those brought on by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), so prevention is extremely crucial. The protective potential of carbon monoxide (CO) in several inflammatory disorders has been clarified. The goal of the current study was to investigate the gastroprotective effect of CO produced by its pharmacological donor (CORM2) and its nanoparticles (NPs) against indomethacin (INDO)-induced ulcers. Investigations on CORM2's dose-dependent effects were also conducted. For induction of gastric ulcer, 100 mg kg-1 of INDO was given orally. Before ulcer induction, CORM2 (5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1), CORM2 nanoparticles (5 mg kg-1), or ranitidine (30 mg kg-1) were given intraperitoneally for 7 days. Ulcer score, gastric acidity, gastric contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) blood content were estimated. Additionally, gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and immunohistochemical staining of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed. Results demonstrated a substantial dose-dependent decrease in ulcer score, pro-inflammatory indicators, and oxidative stress markers with CORM2 and its NPs. Furthermore, CORM2 and its NPs markedly increased NRF2, COX-1, and HO-1, but CORM2 NPs outperformed CORM2 in this regard. In conclusion, the CO released by CORM2 can protect against INDO-induced gastric ulcers dose dependently, and the highest used dose had no effect on COHb concentration.
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Mirzaei N, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh S, Rouholamin S, Nasiri M. A randomized trial assessing the efficacy of Silymarin on endometrioma-related manifestations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17549. [PMID: 36266431 PMCID: PMC9584967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of silymarin on the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, size of endometrioma lesion, pain, sexual function, and Quality of Life (QoL) in women diagnosed with endometriosis. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 70 women with endometriosis which was divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention was 140 mg silymarin (or matching placebo) administered twice daily for 12 weeks. The volume of endometrioma lesions, the level of IL-6 concentration in serum, pain, sexual function, and QoL were analyzed before and after the intervention. The means of endometrioma volume (P = 0.04), IL-6 (P = 0.002), and pain (P < 0.001) were reduced significantly in the silymarin group after intervention. However, the QoL and female sexual function did not improve substantially in the two groups (P > 0.05). Silymarin significantly reduced interleukin-6 levels, sizes of endometrioma lesions, and pain-related symptoms. The trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20150905023897N5) on 4th February 2020 (04/02/2020) ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/42215 ) and the date of initial participant enrollment was 2nd March 2020 (02/03/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Mirzaei
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Safoura Rouholamin
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar-Jerib Ave., Isfahan, 81746 73461 Iran
| | - Malihe Nasiri
- grid.411600.2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu J, Fang J, Zhang J, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang C, Sun J, Chen J, Li H, Jing S. Protective Effect of Anwulignan on Gastric Injury Induced by Indomethacin in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:80-90. [PMID: 36041883 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anwulignan (AN) is a monomer lignan from Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wits (Schisandra sphenanthera fructus, Schisandra sphenanthera). The protective effect of AN against the indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric injury to mice and the related mechanism of action was investigated in this study. The effect of AN was mainly assessed by observing the gastric tissue morphology, gastric ulcer index (GUI), ulcer inhibition rate (UIR), gastric juice volume (GJV) and pH value. Chemical colorimetry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and Western blot were used to detect related factors in the gastric tissue. The results showed that AN reduced the GUI, increased the UIR, inhibited the GJV, and increased the gastric pH value. AN significantly increased cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2 expression levels in the gastric tissue, activated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), increased heme oxygenase-1 expression, enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the malondialdehyde content. AN reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κ gene binding (NF-κB) p65 and its nuclear translocation, the key protein of NF-κB signaling pathway in the gastric tissue, and the content of the pathway downstream signaling molecules, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, to play an anti-inflammatory role. AN inhibited the downstream signals B-cell lymphoma 2-associated x protein and cleaved caspase-3 in gastric tissue, and activated B-cell lymphoma 2, to play an antiapoptotic role, which were further verified by Hoechst staining. Therefore, AN has a significant protection against the gastric injury induced by IND in mice, and the mechanism may be concerned in its activation of Nrf2, inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, and anti-apoptotic effect. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Anwulignan (AN) significantly reduced the indomethacin-induced gastric injury in mice, and its antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiapoptosis were considered to be involve in the effect, suggesting that AN should be a potential drug or food supplement for gastric injury induced by indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Fang
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Junxiong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - He Li
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
| | - Shu Jing
- College of Pharmacy (J.W.L., J.H.F., J.X.Z., Z.H.Z., C.W., J.S., J.C., H.L.) and College of Medicine (D.W.), Beihua University, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University (S.J.), Jilin, China
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Küçükler S, Kandemir FM, Yıldırım S. Protective effect of chrysin on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats: role of multi-pathway regulation. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:490-503. [PMID: 35026960 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.2014569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential gastroprotective effects of chrysin on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats. We used six groups of animals: control; indomethacin (Indo); reference (Ulcuran®); indomethacin + 25 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR25); indomethacin + 50 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR50); indomethacin + 100 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR100). All doses of chrysin were given orally to rats before indomethacin. Gastric lesions were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The effects of treatment with chrysin were assessed versus a single dose of 30 mg/kg Ulcuran® (generic ranitidine) as reference standard. We also investigated gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde (MDA) and arginase activities, and COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NFκB, MPO, Bax, caspase-3 and 8-OHdG levels. We assessed caspase-3 and Bax levels using immunohistochemistry. Compared to the control and reference groups, SOD, CAT, GPx and arginase activities and GSH levels decreased, and MDA levels increased in the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer group. iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NFκB, MAPK-14, MPO, Bax and 8-OHdG levels were increased in the indomethacin treated gastric group, while COX-2 activity and PGE2 levels were decreased. The three doses of chrysin co-administered with indomethacin increased COX-2 activity and PGE2 levels in rats with ulcers. Chrysin exhibited gastroprotective effects on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Küçükler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Fu S, Chen J, Zhang C, Shi J, Nie X, Hu Y, Fu C, Li X, Zhang J. Gastroprotective Effects of Periplaneta americana L. Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Suppressing Apoptosis-Related Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:798421. [PMID: 34975497 PMCID: PMC8715040 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Periplaneta americana L. and its modern preparation, Kangfuxin liquid, have been extensively applied for ulcerative diseases in gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric ulcer (GU) and ulcerative colitis, the effective components and potential mechanisms) remain unclear. In accordance with the accumulating research evidences, the relieving/exacerbating of GU is noticeably correlated to focal tissue programmed cell death. Herein, gastro-protective effects of the effective Periplaneta americana L. extract (PAE) fraction were assessed in vitro and in vivo, involving in programmed cell death-related signaling channels. To screen the effective PAE fraction exerting gastroprotective effects, several PAE fractions were gained based on a wide range of ethanol solution concentration, and they were assessed on ethanol-induced ulcer mice. Based on HPLC investigation with the use of nucleosides, the chemical composition of screened effective PAE, extracted by 20% ethanol, was analyzed in terms of quality control. Based on CCK-8 assay, the protective effects on GES-1 cells, impaired by ethanol, of PAE were assessed. After 3 days pre-treatment with PAE (200, 400, 800 mg/kg), the gastric lesions were assessed by tissue morphology, and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining, as well as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) based histopathology-related investigation. The levels for inflammation cytokines (IL1-β, TNF-α, IL-18, PGE2, and IL-6), antioxidant indices (SOD and MDA) were examined via ELISA. In the meantime, based on Western Blotting assay, the expression levels of some programmed cell death-related protein targets (NLRP3, caspase-1, NF-κB p65, MyD88, and TLR4) were analyzed. As revealed from the results, PAE is capable of alleviating gastric mucosa impairment, suppressing the inflammatory cytokines, and down-regulating the MyD88/NF-κB channels. Accordingly, 20% ethanol extract of Periplaneta americana L. would contribute its gastroprotective effects, thereby providing the evidence that its anti-GU mechanisms correlated with inhibiting programmed cell death channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Vargas-Mendoza N, García-Machorro J, Angeles-Valencia M, Martínez-Archundia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-González Á, Anguiano-Robledo L, Morales-González JA. Liver disorders in COVID-19, nutritional approaches and the use of phytochemicals. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5630-5665. [PMID: 34629792 PMCID: PMC8473593 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people globally. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The hyperinflammatory response to the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the result of a "cytokine storm" and the high oxidative stress responsible for the associated symptomatology. Not only respiratory symptoms are reported, but gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea) and liver abnormalities (high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase transaminases, and bilirubin) are observed in at least 30% of patients. Reduced food intake and a delay in medical services may lead to malnutrition, which increases mortality and poor outcomes. This review provides some strategies to identify malnutrition and establishes nutritional approaches for the management of COVID-19 and liver injury, taking energy and nutrient requirements and their impact on the immune response into account. The roles of certain phytochemicals in the prevention of the disease or as promising target drugs in the treatment of this disease are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservacion, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservacion, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Marlet Martínez-Archundia
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratorio Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
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12
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Effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla against Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rat. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:5581816. [PMID: 34557455 PMCID: PMC8455208 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5581816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are two fundamental pathological processes of acute liver injury (ALI). The current work is to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) on thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced ALI in rats. UR (100 and 200 mg/kg) was orally administrated with TAA (200 mg/kg of bodyweight, intraperitoneal injection) for 3 consecutive days. ALI was confirmed using histological examination and the factors associated with OS and liver function activity measured in serum. Moreover, expressions of inflammation and collagen-related proteins were measured by the Western blot analysis. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which mediates OS in the ALI control group, was manifested by a significant rise compared with the normal group. UR significantly reduced AST, ALT, and ammonia levels in serum. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation induced by TAA led to increase both inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Whereas, UR administration remarkably suppressed such an overexpression. UR supplementation improved matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-1, -2, and -8. In contrast, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases- (TIMP-) 1 level increased significantly by UR treatment. In addition, the histopathological analysis showed that the liver tissue lesions were improved obviously by UR treatment. UR may ameliorate the effects of TAA-induced ALI in rats by suppressing both OS through MPO activation and proinflammatory factors through NF-κB activation. In conclusion, UR exhibited a potent hepatoprotective effect on ALI through the suppression of OS.
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Qu HJ, Lin KW, Li XL, Ou HY, Tan YF, Wang M, Wei N. Chemical Constituents and Anti-Gastric Ulcer Activity of Essential Oils of Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), and Their Herbal Pair. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100214. [PMID: 34402190 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil (EO) of the herbal pair (HP), Alpinia officinarum-Cyperus rotundus (HP G-X) has been conventionally used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for 'warming the stomach' and relieving pain. However, its pharmacologically active compounds, as well as the mechanism of its anti-gastric ulcer properties remain unclear. In this study, the EOs obtained from HP G-X and its corresponding single herbs were analyzed using GC/MS. A total of 74, 56, and 85 compounds were detected in A. officinarum (GLJ), C. rotundus (XF), and HP G-X, accounting for 93.2 %, 89.5 %, and 92.0 % of the total content, respectively. GLJ mainly contains 1,8-cineol (22.0 %) and α-terpineol (11.8 %), whereas cyperenone (22.4 %) and cyperene (12.3 %) were the major constituents in XF. These four compounds were also detected in the HP G-X with relatively high composition as 11.8 %, 5.5 %, 11.8 %, and 10.6 %, respectively. Although no new compounds were detected in HP G-X, the relative concentration of some compounds increased, while others decreased or even disappeared. HP G-X showed the lowest toxicity (TC50 >800 μg/mL) against human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) and had the best protective effect against ethanol-induced GES-1 cell damage compared to the individual herbs. In vitro studies demonstrated that HP G-X and the corresponding single herbs significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. In addition, in vivo investigations indicated that HP G-X can protect the gastric mucosa of mice from ethanol-induced damage by inhibiting the inflammatory reaction and providing analgesia. It can also inhibit the expression of NF-κBp65, COX-2, and TRPV1 protein, reduce the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, and relieve heat-induced pain. This study further substantiated the traditional application of HP G-X against gastric ulcers through both in vivo and in vitro investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Wen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ya Ou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Na Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
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Almeida Junior S, Pereira PM, Tótoli VDS, Neves ES, Monochio M, Alvarenga AWO, Hori JI, Braz WR, Rocha LA, Nassar EJ, Aldrovani M, Furtado RA. Incorporation of indomethacin into a mesoporous silica nanoparticle enhances the anti-inflammatory effect Indomethacin into a mesoporous silica. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 157:105601. [PMID: 33115672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of indomethacin incorporated into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (IND+NP). METHODS Nociception was evaluated by the formalin assay. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by cell migration and paw edema assays, modulation of nitric oxide and cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) by macrophages production. Toxicity was evaluated in peritoneal macrophages and by the locomotion assay and assessment of gastric injuries, presence of occult blood and hepatic and renal markers. RESULTS IND+NP reduced nociception during phases 1 by 53% and 2 by 79% of the formalin assay and the influx of peritoneal cells by 94%, indicating an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect more efficiently than indomethacin alone. Indomethacin, but not IND+NP, caused macroscopic gastric injuries, the presence of fecal occult blood, and an increase of ALT levels. In the paw edema assay, IND+NP reduced edema by 21%. IND+NP has no effect on the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α on no cytotoxic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of indomethacin into mesoporous silica nanoparticles effectively increased the activity of the drug observed in the formalin and cell migration assays and prevented the gastric and hepatic damage associated with its use.
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15
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Serafim C, Araruna ME, Júnior EA, Diniz M, Hiruma-Lima C, Batista L. A Review of the Role of Flavonoids in Peptic Ulcer (2010-2020). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225431. [PMID: 33233494 PMCID: PMC7699562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcers are characterized by erosions on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract that may reach the muscle layer. Their etiology is multifactorial and occurs when the balance between offensive and protective factors of the mucosa is disturbed. Peptic ulcers represent a global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide and showing high rates of recurrence. Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most important predisposing factors for the development of peptic ulcers. Therefore, new approaches to complementary treatments are needed to prevent the development of ulcers and their recurrence. Natural products such as medicinal plants and their isolated compounds have been widely used in experimental models of peptic ulcers. Flavonoids are among the molecules of greatest interest in biological assays due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study is a literature review of flavonoids that have been reported to show peptic ulcer activity in experimental models. Studies published from January 2010 to January 2020 were selected from reference databases. This review refers to a collection of flavonoids with antiulcer activity in vivo and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Serafim
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Maria Elaine Araruna
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Edvaldo Alves Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Margareth Diniz
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil;
| | - Clélia Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618970, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Leônia Batista
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-32167003; Fax: +55-83-32167502
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16
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Zhang W, Lian Y, Li Q, Sun L, Chen R, Lai X, Lai Z, Yuan E, Sun S. Preventative and Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in Peptic Ulcers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204626. [PMID: 33050668 PMCID: PMC7594042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease is a common gastrointestinal tract disorder that affects up to 20% of the population of the world. Treatment of peptic ulcer remains challenging due to the limited effectiveness and severe side effects of the currently available drugs. Hence, natural compounds, owing to their medicinal, ecological, and other safe properties, are becoming popular potential candidates in preventing and treating peptic ulcers. Flavonoids, the most abundant polyphenols in plants, exhibit gastroprotective effects against peptic ulcer both in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we summarized the anti-ulcer functions and mechanisms, and also the bioavailability, efficacy, and safety, of flavonoid monomers in the gastrointestinal tract. Flavonoids exerted cytoprotective and rehabilitative effects by not only strengthening defense factors, such as mucus and prostaglandins, but also protecting against potentially harmful factors via their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Although controlled clinical studies are limited at present, flavonoids have shown a promising preventable and therapeutic potential in peptic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Zhang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yingyi Lian
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lingli Sun
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Lai
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Erdong Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- Correspondence: (E.Y.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-20-8711-3848 (E.Y.); +86-20-8516-1045 (S.S.)
| | - Shili Sun
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences or Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.Y.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-20-8711-3848 (E.Y.); +86-20-8516-1045 (S.S.)
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Oyagbemi AA, Adejumobi OA, Ajibade TO, Asenuga ER, Afolabi JM, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Hassan FO, Nabofa EW, Olutayo Omobowale T, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Oguntibeju OO, Yakubu MA. Luteolin Attenuates Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure and Cardiac Complications Through Modulation of Kim-1/NF-κB/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:543-565. [PMID: 32938255 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1811442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) has been documented as a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the protective effect of Luteolin against ARF. In this study, forty-male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Group A received normal saline. Group B received glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Groups C and D were pretreated with Luteolin 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days, and thereafter administered Glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Administration of glycerol significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. Renal protein carbonyl and xanthine oxidase increased significantly while significant reduction in the activity of renal glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase was observed in the glycerol intoxicated rats. Furthermore, administration of glycerol led to significant increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen together with reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Immunohistochemistry revealed that glycerol intoxication enhanced expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin (CTnI). However, Luteolin pretreatment normalized blood pressure, reduced markers of oxidative stress, renal damage, and improved NO bioavailability. Luteolin also downregulated the expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin. Together, Luteolin might open a novel therapeutic window for the treatment of acute renal failure and cardiac complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebunoluwa Racheal Asenuga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Enivwenaye Williams Nabofa
- Department of Physiology, Ben-Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Aboelwafa HR, El-kott AF, Abd-Ella EM, Yousef HN. The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32932753 PMCID: PMC7564174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide rapidly growing neurodegenerative disease. Here, we elucidated the neuroprotective effects of silymarin (SM) on the hippocampal tissues of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rats using biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural approaches. Forty rats were divided into control, SM, AlCl3, and AlCl3 + SM groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 administration resulted in marked elevation in levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, AlCl3 significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Furthermore, myriad histological and ultrastructural alterations were recorded in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-treated rats represented as marked degenerative changes of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, some myelinated nerve fibers exhibited irregular arrangement of their myelin coats, while the others revealed focal degranulation of their myelin sheaths. Severe defects in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were also recorded. However, co-administration of SM with AlCl3 reversed most of the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes triggered by AlCl3 in rats. The results of the current study indicate that SM can potentially mend most of the previously evoked neuronal damage in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-kindled rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa R. Aboelwafa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Attalla F. El-kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Abd-Ella
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Biology Department, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq 65581, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany N. Yousef
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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19
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Yu L, Li R, Liu W, Zhou Y, Li Y, Qin Y, Chen Y, Xu Y. Protective Effects of Wheat Peptides against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats: Vasodilation and Anti-Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082355. [PMID: 32784583 PMCID: PMC7469019 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of gastritis and gastric ulcer. Nutritional alternatives are considered for relieving the progression of gastric mucosal lesions instead of conventional drugs that produce side effects. This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects and investigate the defensive mechanisms of wheat peptides against ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups and orally treated with wheat peptides (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 g/kgbw) and omeprazole (20 mg/kgbw) for 4 weeks, following absolute ethanol administration for 1 h. Pretreatment with wheat peptides obviously enhanced the vasodilation of gastric mucosal blood vessels via improving the gastric mucosal blood flow and elevating the defensive factors nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and lowering the level of vasoconstrictor factor endothelin (ET)-1. Wheat peptides exhibited anti-inflammatory reaction through decreasing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and increasing trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) levels. Moreover, wheat peptides significantly down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B (p-NF-κB) p65 proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Altogether, wheat peptides protect gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced lesions in rats via improving the gastric microcirculation and inhibiting inflammation mediated by the NF-κB signaling transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yalin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.Y.); (R.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-2552
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Garabadu D, Singh S, Gautam T. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Ameliorates Acetic Acid-induced Rat Gastric Ulcer. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:278-292. [PMID: 32449638 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1770393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb; Family:sapotaceae) is reported to exert preventive effect in several experimental ulcer models. However, there is no report of M. hexandra on gastric ulcer healing property. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the gastric ulcer healing activity of methanolic stem bark extract of M. hexandra (MH) and to derive a plausible molecular level of mechanism of action. MH was subjected to several phytochemical screening tests and standardized to quercetin by HPTLC. In the first pharmacological experiment, the standardized MH (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was carried out for ulcer healing activity against acetic acid (AA)-induced gastric ulcer in male rats. MH (100 and 200 mg/kg) ameliorated AA-induced rat gastric lesions. Further, MH (100 and 200 mg/kg) attenuated AA-induced changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ratio of GSH/GSSG and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes, and level of hame oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in stomach tissue. In the subsequent set of experiment, trigonelline (30 mg/kg; p.o.), a potent Nrf2 antagonist, significantly abrogated the gastric ulcer healing activity of MH (100 mg/kg) in AA challenged animals. Further, trigonelline attenuated the effects of MH (100 mg/kg) on the levels of LPO, GSH, GSSG and ratio of GSH/GSSG and activity of SOD, CAT, GPx and GR enzymes, and level of HO-1 in AA challenged rodents. These observations implicate the fact that MH could be a better therapeutic alternative in the management of gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Sonia Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Tancha Gautam
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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21
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González Á, Morales-Martínez M, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Delgado-Olivares L, Sandoval-Gallegos EM, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-Gonzalez JA. Flavolignans from Silymarin as Nrf2 Bioactivators and Their Therapeutic Applications. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050122. [PMID: 32423098 PMCID: PMC7277158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of flavolignans extracted from the seeds of species derived from Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle or St. Mary'sthistle. These species have been widely used in the treatment of liver disorders in traditional medicine since ancient times. Several properties had been attributed to the major SM flavolignans components, identified as silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Previous research reported antioxidant and protective activities, which are probably related to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), known as a master regulator of the cytoprotector response. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive nuclear transcription factor able to induce the downstream-associated genes. The disruption of Nrf2 signaling has been associated with different pathological conditions. Some identified phytochemicals from SM had shown to participate in the Nrf2 signaling pathway; in particular, they have been suggested as activators that disrupt interactions in the Keap1-Nrf2 system, but also as antioxidants or with additional actions regarding Nrf2 regulation. Thus, the study of these molecules makes them appear attractive as novel targets for the treatment or prevention of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico;
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14420, Mexico;
| | - Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología Humana, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Luis Delgado-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eli Mireya Sandoval-Gallegos
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Pleiotropic Biological Effects of Dietary Phenolic Compounds and their Metabolites on Energy Metabolism, Inflammation and Aging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030596. [PMID: 32013273 PMCID: PMC7037231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phenolic compounds are considered as bioactive compounds that have effects in different chronic disorders related to oxidative stress, inflammation process, or aging. These compounds, coming from a wide range of natural sources, have shown a pleiotropic behavior on key proteins that act as regulators. In this sense, this review aims to compile information on the effect exerted by the phenolic compounds and their metabolites on the main metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, inflammatory response, aging and their relationship with the biological properties reported in high prevalence chronic diseases. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated their pleiotropic molecular mechanisms of action and these findings raise the possibility that phenolic compounds have a wide variety of roles in different targets.
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Hosseinabadi T, Lorigooini Z, Tabarzad M, Salehi B, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects: Insights into its clinical impact in various types of cancer. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2849-2861. [PMID: 31407422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex extract isolated from the plant Silybum marianum, widely known for its prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, although increasing evidences have reported extraordinary antiproliferative and apoptotic abilities. As a result, several signaling pathways involved in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, and cell death have been deconvoluted as critical mechanisms. In this regard, cyclin and cyclin-dependent pathways have been the most studied ones. Following that, apoptotic pathways, such as p53, Akt, STAT-3, Ras, and caspases pathways, have been extensively studied, although other mechanisms involved in inflammation and angiogenesis have also been highlighted as silymarin-likely targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, the main challenge of this review is to discuss the diverse molecular mechanisms for silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects; most of them largely studied in various types of cancers so far. Clinical trials and combination therapies related to silymarin application in cancer prevention and treatment are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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Keshk WA, Soliman NA, Ali DA, Elseady WS. Mechanistic evaluation of AMPK/SIRT1/FXR signaling axis, inflammation, and redox status in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis: The role of Cichorium intybus linn (chicory)-supplemented diet. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12938. [PMID: 31368578 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a scene profitable to the advance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current work was engrossed to weigh the potential role of Cichorium intybus linn against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis and their probable underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms. farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity, and activated AMP protein kinase (pAMPK), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and interleukin-6 (IL6) levels were estimated in hepatic tissue by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunoassay, respectively. C. intybus linn supplementation caused a significant improvement in serum liver enzymes, albumin, bilirubin levels, tissues redox status and hepatic histological features in addition to decreased IL6 level, hydroxylproline content, and PCNA immunoreactivity. On contrary, increased pAMPK/SIRT1 levels and upregulated FXR gene expression were observed. C. intybus linn could feasibly protect against TAA-induced hepatic damage, fibrosis, and cirrhosis by relieving oxidative stress and by interruption of the inflammatory pathway via AMPK/SIRT1/FXR signaling. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: No specific therapies are available until now to target the underlying mechanisms for protection against liver diseases. Herbal protection is widely available and cheap with no side effect. Cichorium intybus linn, a natural supplement, is proved in this current work to have the potential of being hepatoprotectant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, thus reducing the risk of hepatic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Keshk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nema A Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Darin A Ali
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa S Elseady
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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25
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Tian MY, Fan JH, Zhuang ZW, Dai F, Wang CY, Hou HT, Ma YZ. Effects of silymarin on p65 NF-κB, p38 MAPK and CYP450 in LPS-induced hoof dermal inflammatory cells of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:127. [PMID: 31039823 PMCID: PMC6492397 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminitis is considered as one of the most important causes of hoof lameness in dairy cows, which can lead to enormous economic losses. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis have not been clarified yet. Besides, it is of great significant to find alternative herbs for the prevention and treatment of dairy hooves to avoid the antibiotic abuse. In this study, the primary hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were isolated, the inflammatory model was induced by LPS, and treated with silymarin to find whether silymarin has protective effect on the inflammatory dermal cells. The viability of dermal cells, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, the degree of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, the expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 were measured. Results Hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were successfully isolated and cultured by tissue adherent culture method. Certain concentrations of LPS can increase the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, promote the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and inhibit the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1. The optimal concentration for LPS to establish a hoof dermal cells inflammatory model was 10 μg/mL. Certain concentrations of silymarin can markedly decrease the secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α, inhibit the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and promote the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 in LPS-induced dermal inflammatory model. Conclusions LPS can be used for inducing the hoof dermal cells inflammatory model of dairy cows. Silymarin has protective effects on the LPS-induced inflammatory model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhuang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Ting Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Chen RR, Fan XH, Chen G, Zeng GW, Xue YG, Liu XT, Wang CY. Irisin attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis via Nrf2 mediated inhibition of ROS/ TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling axis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:11-21. [PMID: 30703374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II-related cardiac fibrosis is one of the key pathological changes of the hypertrophied left ventricle in various heart disease. Irisin was recently reported to confer cardio-protective and anti-oxidative effects, while whether it can reverse the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS) activation related(angiotensin II-induced) cardiac fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we found that angiotensin II-induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrotic responses were dampened by irisin treatment in mice. Mechanistically, angiotensin II induced robust ROS generation, which in turn triggered activation of pro-fibrotic TGFβ1-Smad2/3 signaling and subsequent collagen synthesis and fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation in cardiac fibroblasts. In contrast, Irisin treatment suppressed angiotensin II-induced ROS generation, TGFβ1 activation, collagen synthesis and fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation, the effects of which was accompanied by Nrf2 activation and also abolished by a Nrf2 targeted siRNA. Taken together, we here identified irisin as a promising anti-fibrotic therapeutic for angiotensin II-related cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Forced Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China; Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China
| | - Xue-Hui Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000, China
| | - Guang-Wei Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Forced Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China; Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China
| | - Yu-Gang Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Forced Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China; Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China
| | - Xiong-Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Forced Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China; Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China
| | - Chi-Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Forced Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China; Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710068, China.
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Xue Z, Shi G, Fang Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Feng S, Zhao L. Protective effect of polysaccharides from Radix Hedysari on gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid in rats. Food Funct 2019; 10:3965-3976. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00433e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential anti-gastric ulcer effects of Hedysarum polysaccharides (HPS-50 and HPS-80) were explored in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Xue
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Gengen Shi
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Fang
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shilan Feng
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Lianggong Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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28
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Sun MC, Hou PP, Wang XY, Zhao CH, Cheng BJ, Wang YL, Hao HW, Zhang TH, Ye HQ. Pretreatment with Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 attenuates ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1469. [PMID: 30574053 PMCID: PMC6294840 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggested that probiotics intervention may be one of the methods for preventing and/or treating gastric ulcer. Objective The aim of the study was to compare the preventive effects of a spaceflight mutant Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 and its wild type on ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. Design Forty rats were randomly allocated into five groups: a normal group (NOR), ethanol group (EtOH), skim milk group (MILK), L. reuteri F-9-35 group (F935) and wild-type group (WT). The NOR and EtOH groups received 1 ml of distilled water by daily gavage for 14 days. The MILK group received 1 ml of skim milk alone, while the F935 and WT groups were administered 1 ml of skim milk containing the mutant and wild type (1 × 1010 colony-forming unit/ml) by daily gavage for 14 days, respectively. Acute gastric injury was induced by absolute alcohol 1 h after the final administration of different treatments, except for the NOR group. Results Pretreatment with L. reuteri F-9-35, but not milk alone or milk with the L. reuteri wild type, showed significant reduction of ethanol-induced gastric injury, as evidenced by lowering of ulcer index, ulcer area (%), and histological lesion. F-9-35 decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase and increased mucus, glutathione, and nitric oxide levels in gastric tissue. Moreover, F-9-35 inhibited the expression of proinflammatory genes including gastric tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 and decreased the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Conclusion These findings indicated that L. reuteri F-9-35 pretreatment can attenuate ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Together, L. reuteri F-9-35 has potential preventive efficacy on gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Cheng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, China
| | - Ping-Ping Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang-Hui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bi-Jun Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Wei Hao
- Fullarton Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tie-Hua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Qing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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29
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Queiroz MMF, Monteillier A, Berndt S, Marcourt L, Franco EDS, Carpentier G, Nejad Ebrahimi S, Cuendet M, Bolzani VDS, Maia MBS, Queiroz EF, Wolfender JL. NF-κB and Angiogenesis Inhibitors from the Aerial Parts of Chresta martii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1769-1776. [PMID: 30067035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of Chresta martii showed significant in vitro NF-κB inhibition. Bioactivity-guided isolation was undertaken using HPLC microfractionation to localize the active compounds. Different zones of the HPLC chromatogram were linked to NF-κB inhibition. In parallel to this HPLC-based activity profiling, HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS and UHPLC-TOF-HRMS were used for the early identification of some of the compounds present in the extract and to get a complete phytochemical overview. The isolation of the compounds was performed by high-speed counter-current chromatography and further semipreparative HPLC. Using this approach, 14 compounds were isolated, two of them being new sesquiterpene lactones. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including UV, ECD, NMR, and HRMS. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity of NF-κB and angiogenesis, and compound 2 showed promising NF-κB inhibition activity with an IC50 of 0.7 μM. The isolated compounds 1, 2, 5, 7, and 8 caused a significant reduction in angiogenesis when evaluated by an original 3D in vitro angiogenesis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Marçal Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Aymeric Monteillier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Sarah Berndt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Eryvelton de Souza Franco
- Pharmacology of Bioactive Products , Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE , Postal code 50670-901 , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Gilles Carpentier
- Laboratoire CRRET, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie , Université Paris Est Créteil , 94010 Créteil Cedex , France
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute , Shahid Beheshti University , G. C., Evin, 1983963113 Tehran , Iran
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais, NuBBE , Instituto de Química, UNESP , 14800-900 Araraquara, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete Souza Maia
- Pharmacology of Bioactive Products , Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE , Postal code 50670-901 , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva, University of Lausanne , Rue Michel-Servet 1 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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30
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Piao X, Li S, Sui X, Guo L, Liu X, Li H, Gao L, Cai S, Li Y, Wang T, Liu B. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Affecting NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:372. [PMID: 29725297 PMCID: PMC5917448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcer (GU) is a main threat to public health. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may prevent GU but related mechanism remains unclear. DNJ was extracted from the supernatants of Bacillus subtilis by using ethanol and purified by using CM-Sepharose chromatography. A GU mouse model was induced by indomethacin. The functional role of DNJ in GU mice was explored by measuring the main molecules in the NF-KappaB pathway. After the model establishment, 40 GU mice were evenly assigned into five categories: IG (received vehicle control), LG (10 μg DNJ daily), MG (20 μg DNJ daily), HG (40 μg DNJ daily), and RG (0.5 mg ranitidine daily). Meanwhile, eight healthy mice were assigned as a control group (CG). After 1-month therapy, weight and gastric volume were investigated. The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), antioxidant indices [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], and oxidant biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via ELISA. Meanwhile, inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) levels, and key molecules (NF-κB p65), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1 and COX2) involved in NF-κB pathway, were analyzed by using Western Blot. COX-1 and COX-2 levels were further measured by immunohistochemistry. The effects of DNJ on gastric functions were explored by measuring the changes of Motilin (MOT), Substance P (SP), Somatostatin (SS), and Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in GU mouse models with ELISA Kits. The results indicated that DNJ prevented indomethacin-caused increase of gastric volume. DNJ improved histopathology of GU mice when compared with the mice from IG group (P < 0.05). DNJ consumption decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05). DNJ increased antioxidant indices of GU mice by improving the activities of SOD, CAT and reduced GSH, and reduced MDA levels (P < 0.05). DNJ increased the levels of prostaglandin E2, COX-1, COX2, and reduced the levels of and NF-κB p65 (P < 0.05). DNJ showed protection for gastric functions of GU mice by reducing the levels of MOT and SP, and increasing the levels of SS and VIP. DNJ treatment inactivates NF-κB signaling pathway, and increases anti-ulceration ability of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Piao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Heart Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodan Sui
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lianyi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Leming Gao
- School of Stomatology, 2nd Dental Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shusheng Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Baohai Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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