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Yuan YN, Li JQ, Fang HB, Xing SJ, Yan YM, Cheng YX. Non-peptide compounds from Kronopolites svenhedini (Verhoeff) and their antitumor and iNOS inhibitory activities. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:789-799. [PMID: 37346495 PMCID: PMC10280063 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Six new compounds, including a tetralone 1, two xanthones 2 and 3, a flavan derivative 4, and two nor-diterpenoids 7 and 8, accompanied by two known flavan derivatives 5 and 6 and a known olefine acid (9) were isolated from whole bodies of Kronopolites svenhedini (Verhoeff). The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other spectroscopic methods, as well as computational methods. Selected compounds were evaluated for their biological properties against a mouse pancreatic cancer cell line and inhibitory effects on iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Nan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Jin-Qiang Li
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Fang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Shao-Jun Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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Liu Y, Gao P, Liang X, Zhang Y, Yu X, Xue X, Kockaya L, Pandey P, Doerksen RJ, Wang X, Yao G, Chu W, Chen X, Song S, Hamann MT, Li L. Prenylated flavonoids with significant anti-hepatoma activity from Daphne giraldii and effects on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115006. [PMID: 36549116 PMCID: PMC11173874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report here the orchestration of molecular ion networking (MoIN) and a set of computational and informatics assisted structural elucidation approaches in the discovery of 23 new prenyl-flavonoids and 13 known molecules from Daphne giraldii Nitsche (Thymelaeaceae), some of which possess significant bioactivity against hepatoma carcinoma. Daphnegiratriprenylone A (DPTP-A) represents the class of polyprenyl-flavonoids possessing a triprenyl substitution, and was identified with the guidance of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance combined with computational approaches. This approach illustrates a paradigm shift in the application of computational tools for the direct assignment of new natural product structures and it was demonstrated to be reliable compared to conventional 2D-NMR techniques. Seventeen compounds exhibited potent and selective activity against Hep3B cells (IC50 ranging from 0.42 to 7.08 μM). Tyrosine kinase FGFR1 has emerged as a potential target of polyprenyl-flavonoids by a reverse pharmacophore mapping approach. We validated that the prenyl-flavonoids effectively inhibit FGFR1 using the Mobility Shift Assay, Western blot and molecular dynamics simulations, and the results suggest significant potency of the compounds towards FGFR1. These findings provide a new chemical class with strong links to traditional medicines, possessing reasonable safety for developing potential therapeutic agents for FGFR1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Pinyi Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaobian Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Lara Kockaya
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Guodong Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Wanchun Chu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Shaojiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Mark T Hamann
- College of Pharmacy & Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425-5700, USA.
| | - Lingzhi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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Pereira AM, Cidade H, Tiritan ME. Stereoselective Synthesis of Flavonoids: A Brief Overview. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010426. [PMID: 36615614 PMCID: PMC9823814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis has been emerging as a resourceful tool because it enables the obtaining of compounds with biological interest and high enantiomeric purity. Flavonoids are natural products with several biological activities. Owing to their biological potential and aiming to achieve enantiomerically pure forms, several methodologies of stereoselective synthesis have been implemented. Those approaches encompass stereoselective chalcone epoxidation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Mitsunobu reaction, and the cycloaddition of 1,4-benzoquinone. Chiral auxiliaries, organo-, organometallic, and biocatalysis, as well as the chiral pool approach were also employed with the goal of obtaining chiral bioactive flavonoids with a high enantiomeric ratio. Additionally, the employment of the Diels-Alder reaction based on the stereodivergent reaction on a racemic mixture strategy or using catalyst complexes to synthesise pure enantiomers of flavonoids was reported. Furthermore, biomimetic pathways displayed another approach as illustrated by the asymmetric coupling of 2-hydroxychalcones driven by visible light. Recently, an asymmetric transfer hydrogen-dynamic kinetic resolution was also applied to synthesise (R,R)-cis-alcohols which, in turn, would be used as building blocks for the stereoselective synthesis of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Mi SH, Zhao P, Li Q, Zhang H, Guo R, Liu YY, Lin B, Yao GD, Song SJ, Huang XX. Guided isolation of daphnane-type diterpenes from Daphne genkwa by molecular network strategies. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113144. [PMID: 35283165 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A molecular networking-guided study on the Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc led to the isolation of twelve daphnane-type diterpenoids including four undescribed compounds, yuanhuakines A-D. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the A549, Hep3B, and MCF-7 cell lines. The majority of compounds inhibited A549 cells with IC50 values ranging from 7.77 to 20.56 μM, and their structure-activity relationship is preliminarily discussed. Five of these compounds were selected for further experiments, and they appear to inhibit A549 cell lines by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Shi S, Li J, Zhao X, Liu Q, Song SJ. A comprehensive review: Biological activity, modification and synthetic methodologies of prenylated flavonoids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112895. [PMID: 34403885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids, a unique class of flavonoids which combine a flavonoid skeleton and a lipophilic prenyl side-chain, possess great potential biological activities including cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation, anti-Alzheimer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetes, estrogenic, vasorelaxant and enzyme inhibition. Recently, prenylated flavonoids have become an indispensable anchor for the development of new therapeutic agents, and have received increasing from medicinal chemists. The prenylated flavonoids have been outstanding developed through isolation, semi or fully synthesis in a very short period of time, which proves the great value in medicinal chemistry researches. In this review, research progress of prenylated flavonoids including natural prenylated flavonoids, structural modification, synthetic methodologies and pharmacological activities was summarized comprehensively. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of prenylated flavonoids were summarized which provided a basis for the selective design and optimization of multifunctional prenylated flavonoid derivatives for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jichong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Jilin Yizheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jilin Province, Siping, 136001, China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Wu XL, Liu L, Wang QC, Wang HF, Zhao XR, Lin XB, Lv WJ, Niu YB, Lu TL, Mei QB. Antitumor Activity and Mechanism Study of Riluzole and Its Derivatives. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:217-230. [PMID: 33680024 PMCID: PMC7757987 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore novel antitumor agents with high efficiency and low toxicity, riluzole alkyl derivatives (4a-4i) were synthesized. Their anti-proliferative activities against HeLa, HepG2, SP2/0, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines were assessed by the CCK-8 assay and compared with human normal liver (LO2) cells. Most of them showed potent cytotoxic effects against four human tumor cell lines and low toxic to LO2 cells. In particular, 2-(N-ethylamine)-6-trifluoromethoxy- benzothiazole (4a) showed a IC50 value of 7.76 μmol/L in HeLa cells and was found to be nontoxic to LO2 cells up to 65 μmol/L. Furthermore, flow cytometry indicated that 4a could induce remarkable early apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells. It also impaired the migration ability of HeLa cells in wound healing assays. Western blot results demonstrated that 4a suppressed Bcl-2 protein expression but increased the level of Bax in HeLa cells, and elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. These new findings suggest that 4a exhibited beneficially anti-cervical cancer effect on HeLa cells by inducing HeLa cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Fang Wang
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Zhao
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu-Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jun Lv
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin-Bo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting-Li Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Han S, Li LZ, Song SJ. Daphne giraldii Nitsche (Thymelaeaceae): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal uses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 171:112231. [PMID: 31901473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Daphne giraldii Nitsche., a member of the genus Daphne (Thymelaeaceae), is a deciduous shrub with mild toxicity. Its rhizome bark, generally called 'Zushima' in Chinese, has many medicinal folkloric uses and good therapeutic effects. Previous studies investigating the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of D. giraldii have focused on several major classes of compounds, such as coumarins, lignans and flavonoids, especially the interesting enantiomeric flavans. Extracts and pure compounds of D. giraldii were found to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, cytotoxicity, antimalarial, immunomodulating, sedative and hypnotic effects. They have also been reported to influence the cardiovascular functions and blood activities. This comprehensive review will describe the advances in the phytochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal uses and clinical applications of D. giraldii and its formulations covering the literature published from 1970 to 2018. Almost half of the reviewed studies were originally published in non-English languages (mainly in Chinese). Collectively, the aim of this article is to open new avenues for further in-depth pharmacological studies on D. giraldii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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