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Salanci Š, Vilková M, Martinez L, Mirossay L, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. The Induction of G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by the Chalcone Derivative 1C in Sensitive and Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells Is Associated with ROS Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7541. [PMID: 39062784 PMCID: PMC11277160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer ranks among the most severe forms of cancer affecting the female reproductive organs, posing a significant clinical challenge primarily due to the development of resistance to conventional therapies. This study investigated the effects of the chalcone derivative 1C on sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780cis) ovarian cancer cell lines. Our findings revealed that 1C suppressed cell viability, induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and triggered apoptosis in both cell lines. These effects are closely associated with generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, 1C induced DNA damage, modulated the activity of p21, PCNA, and phosphorylation of Rb and Bad proteins, as well as cleaved PARP. Moreover, it modulated Akt, Erk1/2, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Interestingly, we observed differential effects of 1C on Nrf2 levels between sensitive and resistant cells. While 1C increased Nrf2 levels in sensitive cells after 12 h and decreased them after 48 h, the opposite effect was observed in resistant cells. Notably, most of these effects were suppressed by the potent antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), underscoring the crucial role of ROS in 1C-induced antiproliferative activity. Moreover, we suggest that modulation of Nrf2 levels can, at least partially, contribute to the antiproliferative effect of chalcone 1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Salanci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (Š.S.); (L.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Mária Vilková
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Lola Martinez
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ladislav Mirossay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (Š.S.); (L.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (Š.S.); (L.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (Š.S.); (L.M.); (R.M.)
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Birsa ML, Sarbu LG. Hydroxy Chalcones and Analogs with Chemopreventive Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10667. [PMID: 37445844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight the chemopreventive properties of hydroxy-substituted natural and synthetic chalcones along with a number of their analogs. These products display various biological activities, and have many applications against various diseases. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of chalcones bearing hydroxy substituents are underlined. The influence of hydroxy substituents located on ring A, B, or both are systematized according to the exhibited biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Lucian Birsa
- Department of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura G Sarbu
- Department of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
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Sarkar A, Paul A, Banerjee T, Maji A, Saha S, Bishayee A, Maity TK. Therapeutic advancements in targeting BCL-2 family proteins by epigenetic regulators, natural, and synthetic agents in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175588. [PMID: 36791843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is amongst the deadliest and most disruptive disorders, having a much higher death rate than other diseases worldwide. Human cancer rates continue to rise, thereby posing the most significant concerns for medical health professionals. In the last two decades, researchers have gone past several milestones in tackling cancer while gaining insight into the role of apoptosis in cancer or targeting various biomarker tools for prognosis and diagnosis. Apoptosis which is still a topic full of complexities, can be controlled considerably by B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and its family members. Therefore, targeting proteins of this family to prevent tumorigenesis, is essential to focus on the pharmacological features of the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members, which will help to develop and manage this disorder. This review deals with the advancements of various epigenetic regulators to target BCL-2 family proteins, including the mechanism of several microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Similarly, a rise in natural and synthetic molecules' research over the last two decades has allowed us to acquire insights into understanding and managing the transcriptional alterations that have led to apoptosis and treating various neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, several inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic proteins and inducers or activators targeting pro-apoptotic proteins in preclinical and clinical stages have been summarized. Overall, agonistic and antagonistic mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins conciliated by epigenetic regulators, natural and synthetic agents have proven to be an excellent choice in developing cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tanmoy Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sanjukta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Chalcones: Promising therapeutic agents targeting key players and signaling pathways regulating the hallmarks of cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110297. [PMID: 36496109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The need for innovative anticancer treatments with high effectiveness and low toxicity is urgent due to the development of malignancies that are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and the poor specificity of existing anticancer treatments. Chalcones are 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones, which are the precursors for flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Chalcones are readily available from a wide range of natural resources and consist of very basic chemical scaffolds. Because the ease with which the synthesis it allows for the production of several chalcone derivatives. Various in-vitro and in-vivo studies indicate that naturally occurring and synthetic chalcone derivatives exhibit promising biological activities against cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, inflammation, stemness, and regulation of cancer epigenetics. According to their structure and functional groups, chalcones derivatives and their hybrid compounds exert a broad range of biological activities through targeting key elements and signaling molecules relevant to cancer progression. This review will provide valuable insights into the latest updates of chalcone groups as anticancer agents and extensively discuss their underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
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Ye Y, Ma Y, Kong M, Wang Z, Sun K, Li F. Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on DNA Damage in Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2023; 75:761-775. [PMID: 36562548 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2157024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of cancer worldwide, the prevention and treatment of cancer have garnered considerable scientific attention. Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs are highly toxic and associated with substantial side effects; therefore, there is an urgent need for developing new therapeutic agents. Dietary phytochemicals are important in tumor prevention and treatment because of their low toxicity and side effects at low concentrations; however, their exact mechanisms of action remain obscure. DNA damage is mainly caused by physical or chemical factors in the environment, such as ultraviolet light, alkylating agents and reactive oxygen species that cause changes in the DNA structure of cells. Several phytochemicals have been shown inhibit the occurrence and development of tumors by inducing DNA damage. This article reviews the advances in phytochemical research; particularly regarding the mechanisms related to DNA damage and provide a theoretical basis for future chemoprophylaxis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mei Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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WalyEldeen AA, El-Shorbagy HM, Hassaneen HM, Abdelhamid IA, Sabet S, Ibrahim SA. [1,2,4] Triazolo [3,4-a]isoquinoline chalcone derivative exhibits anticancer activity via induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in Ehrlich solid carcinoma-bearing mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1225-1238. [PMID: 35881165 PMCID: PMC9467967 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances made in cancer therapeutics, their adverse effects remain a major concern, putting safer therapeutic options in high demand. Since chalcones, a group of flavonoids and isoflavonoids, act as promising anticancer agents, we aimed to evaluate the in vivo anticancer activity of a synthetic isoquinoline chalcone (CHE) in a mice model with Ehrlich solid carcinoma. Our in vivo pilot experiments revealed that the maximum tolerated body weight-adjusted CHE dose was 428 mg/kg. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and randomly assigned to three different CHE doses administered intraperitoneally (IP; 107, 214, and 321 mg/kg) twice a week for two consecutive weeks. A group injected with doxorubicin (DOX; 4 mg/kg IP) was used as a positive control. We found that in CHE-treated groups: (1) tumor weight was significantly decreased; (2) the total antioxidant concentration was substantially depleted in tumor tissues, resulting in elevated oxidative stress and DNA damage evidenced through DNA fragmentation and comet assays; (3) pro-apoptotic genes p53 and Bax, assessed via qPCR, were significantly upregulated. Interestingly, CHE treatment reduced immunohistochemical staining of the proliferative marker ki67, whereas BAX was increased. Notably, histopathological examination indicated that unlike DOX, CHE treatment had minimal toxicity on the liver and kidney. In conclusion, CHE exerts antitumor activity via induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage that lead to apoptosis, making CHE a promising candidate for solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haidan M El-Shorbagy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Art (MSA), 6th October, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamdi M Hassaneen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Salwa Sabet
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Yin F, Zhao R, Gorja DR, Fu X, Lu N, Huang H, Xu B, Chen H, Shim JH, Liu K, Li Z, Laster KV, Dong Z, Lee MH. Novel dual inhibitor for targeting PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases inhibits colorectal cancer growth in vitro and patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4122-4137. [PMID: 36386480 PMCID: PMC9643289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. The pro-viral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM1) is a proto-oncogene and belongs to the serine/threonine kinase family, which are involved in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Small molecule HCI-48 is a derivative of chalcone, a class of compounds known to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. However, the underlying mechanism of chalcones against colorectal cancer remains unclear. This study reports that HCI-48 mainly targets PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases, thereby eliciting antitumor effects on colorectal cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. HCI-48 inhibited the activity of both PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases in an ATP-dependent manner, as revealed by computational docking models. Cell-based assays showed that HCI-48 inhibited cell proliferation in CRC cells (HCT-15, DLD1, HCT-116 and SW620), and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through modulation of cyclin A2. HCI-48 also induced cellular apoptosis, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of apoptosis biomarkers such as cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 7. Moreover, HCI-48 attenuated the activation of downstream components of the PIM1 and FGFR1 signaling pathways. Using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) murine tumor models, we found that treatment with HCI-48 diminished the PDX tumor growth of implanted CRC tissue expressing high protein levels of PIM1 and FGFR1. This study suggests that the inhibitory effect of HCI-48 on colorectal tumor growth is mainly mediated through the dual-targeting of PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases. This work provides a theoretical basis for the future application of HCI-48 in the treatment of clinical CRC.
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Lin Y, Lu Q, Chen C, Wang B, Guo L, Xie J, Chen C, Huang L, Dong L. A synthetic chalcone derivative, compound 39, alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 891:173730. [PMID: 33188742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our research group has previously synthesized various chalcone analogues. Of these analogues, compound 39 has been shown to exhibit potent antioxidative activities but its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects and mechanisms of compound 39 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). To induce ALI, the mice received LPS via a tracheal instillation 6 h after intragastric administration of compound 39 or vehicle. Histological changes, the lung wet/dry weight ratio, and the amounts of protein and inflammatory cells in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assessed after 24 h. Additionally, to determine its underlying mechanisms, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were used. Moreover, the in vitro effects of compound 39 were also investigated. In the in vivo experiment, compound 39 markedly alleviated histopathological alterations, lung edema, and protein leakage, and exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects. In the in vitro experiments, compound 39 dose-dependently reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effects of compound 39 were due to suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Compound 39 also enhanced the protein levels of Bcl-2 and reduced the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. The present study confirmed the anti-inflammatory, oxy-radical prohibitive, and anti-apoptosis activities of compound 39 against LPS-induced tissue and cell damage, and revealed the mechanisms underlying those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingdi Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lisha Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Bian M, Sun Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Fan R, Liu Z, Liu W. A Gold(I) Complex Containing an Oleanolic Acid Derivative as a Potential Anti‐Ovarian‐Cancer Agent by Inhibiting TrxR and Activating ROS‐Mediated ERS. Chemistry 2020; 26:7092-7108. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhongren Xu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Takac P, Kello M, Vilkova M, Vaskova J, Michalkova R, Mojzisova G, Mojzis J. Antiproliferative Effect of Acridine Chalcone Is Mediated by Induction of Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020345. [PMID: 32098428 PMCID: PMC7072140 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are naturally occurring phytochemicals with diverse biological activities including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anticancer effects. Some studies indicate that the antiproliferative effect of chalcones may be associated with their pro-oxidant effect. In the present study, we evaluated contribution of oxidative stress in the antiproliferative effect of acridine chalcone 1C ((2 E)-3-(acridin-9-yl)-1-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) in human colorectal HCT116 cells. We demonstrated that chalcone 1C induced oxidative stress via increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and superoxide production with a simultaneous weak adaptive activation of the cellular antioxidant defence mechanism. Furthermore, we also showed chalcone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction. Moreover, activation of mitogen activated phosphokinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in 1C-treated cancer cells was also observed. On the other hand, co-treatment of cells with strong antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), significantly attenuated all of the above-mentioned effects of chalcone 1C, that is, decreased oxidant production, prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis, as well as partially preventing the activation of MAPK signalling. Taken together, we documented the role of ROS in the antiproliferative/pro-apoptotic effects of acridine chalcone 1C. Moreover, these data suggest that this chalcone may be useful as a promising anti-cancer agent for treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Takac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia (R.M.)
- Institute of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Maria Vilkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Janka Vaskova
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Radka Michalkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia (R.M.)
| | - Gabriela Mojzisova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
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