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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. Investigating the temporal link between PM 2.5 exposure and acceleration of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury: Emphasizing the hazardous presence of metals in inhaled air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124113. [PMID: 38734051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 is widely acknowledged to induce cardiotoxic effects, leading to decreased myocardial tolerance to revascularization procedures and subsequent ischemia reperfusion injury (IR). However, the temporal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and vulnerability to IR, along with the underlying mechanisms, remains unclear and is the focus of this study. Female Wistar rats were exposed to PM2.5 at a concentration of 250 μg/m³ for 3 h daily over varying durations (7, 14, and 21 days), followed by IR induction. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac injury, as evidenced by increased infarct size and elevated cardiac injury markers, starting from day 14 of PM2.5 exposure, accompanied by declined cardiac function. These adverse effects were associated with apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial function, including reduced bioenergetics, mitochondrial DNA copy number and quality control mechanisms, along with inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/AMPK signalling pathways. Furthermore, analysis of myocardial tissue revealed elevated metal accumulation, particularly within mitochondria. Chelation of PM2.5 -associated metals using EDTA significantly mitigated the toxic effects on cardiac IR pathology, as confirmed in both rat myocardium and H9c2 cells. These findings suggest that metals in PM2.5 play a crucial role in inducing cardiotoxicity, impairing myocardial resilience to stress through mitochondrial accumulation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhang Y, Luo X, Zhu M, Wu Y. Evaluation the role of insulin signaling pathway in reproductive toxicity of dispersed diesel particulate extract under environmental conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109959. [PMID: 38866378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Diesel particulate extract (DPE), which is a significant constituent of airborne particle pollution, has a strong association with the development of cancer and respiratory diseases. Fulvic acid (FA), a plentiful organic macromolecule found in water, has the capability to modify particle surface charge and adsorption capacity when combined with minerals. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of data regarding the influence of their interaction on DPE toxicity. To examine the impact of environmental factor on the toxic effects of DPE, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model to investigate the reproductive toxicity of DPE and FA on insulin signaling pathway. C. elegans were subjected to a semi-fluid medium (NGG) containing different concentrations of DPE or DPE + FA in order to assess germline apoptosis and the expression of important genes in the insulin signaling pathway. Through several mutant strains, we found that daf-2, age-1, pdk-1, akt-1 and daf-16 were involved in DPE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, and the expression levels of these genes significantly altered. The ratio of daf-16 translocation to nucleation, as well as the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), exhibited a dose-response relationship, however, the presence of FA could altered these effects. The results revealed that the insulin signaling pathway plays a vital role in mediating the harmful effects caused by DPE, whereas environmental factors have a substantial impact on its toxicity. Moreover, it was noted that semi-fluid medium could effectively replicate three-dimensional exposure circumstances closely resembling those observed in actual situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China; School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Hefei 231131, China.
| | - Xun Luo
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China.
| | - Mengyun Zhu
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. PM 2.5 toxicity in blood impairs cardiac redox balance and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in rat heart that further aggravates ischemia reperfusion injury by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-kB signaling axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23718. [PMID: 38738849 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
According to the pathophysiological mechanisms linking particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and cardiovascular diseases, PM2.5 may directly translocate into the blood stream and remote target organs and thereby induce cardiovascular effects. The toxicity of PM2.5 is known to induce oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue, but its impact on the redox state in heart (distant organ) is unknown and how it modulates the cardiac response to ischemia reperfusion (IR) remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the toxic effect of PM2.5 on cardiac physiology in the presence and absence of IR after introducing PM2.5 into the blood. Female Wistar rats were injected with diesel particulate matter (DPM) via i.p & i.v routes at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. The toxic impact of PM2.5 not only adversely affects the cardiac ultra-structure (leading to nuclear infiltration, edema, irregularities in heart muscle and nuclear infiltration), but also altered the cellular redox balance, elevated inflammation and promoted the upregulation of proapoptotic mediator genes at the basal level of myocardium. The results showed alterations in cardiac ultrastructure, elevated oxidative stress and significant redox imbalance, increased inflammation and proapoptotic mediators at the basal level of myocardium. Moreover, the cardioprotective pro survival signaling axis was declined along with an increased NF-kB activation at the basal level. IR inflicted further injury with deterioration of cardiac hemodynamic indices (Heart rate [HR], Left ventricular developed pressure [LVDP], Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [LVEDP] and rate pressure product [RPP]) along with prominent inactivation of signaling pathways. Furthermore, the levels of GSH/GSSG, NADH/NAD, NADPH/NADP were significantly low along with increased lipid peroxidation in mitochondria of PM2.5 treated IR rat hearts. This observation was supported by downregulation of glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin genes in the myocardium. Similarly the presence of oxidative stress inducing metals was found at a higher concentration in cardiac mitochondria. Thus, the toxic impact of PM2.5 in heart augment the IR associated pathological changes by altering the physiological response, initiating cellular metabolic alterations in mitochondria and modifying the signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
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Sivakumar B, Nadeem A, Dar MA, Kurian GA. PM 2.5 Exposure-Linked Mitochondrial Dysfunction Negates SB216763-Mediated Cardio-Protection against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2234. [PMID: 38004374 PMCID: PMC10672572 DOI: 10.3390/life13112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK3β is a promising target for treating various disease conditions, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR). This study investigated the potential of GSK3β as a novel drug for managing IR in rats exposed to PM2.5 for 1 day and up to 21 days. Female Wistar rats were exposed to PM2.5 at a concentration of 250 µg/m3 for 3 h daily for either a single day or 21 days. After exposure, the isolated rat hearts underwent 30 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. GSK3β inhibition effectively reduced IR injury in rat hearts from animals exposed to PM2.5 for 1 day but not in those exposed for 21 days. PM2.5 exposure disrupted the redox balance in mitochondria and reduced the gene expression of antioxidants (glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin) and NRF2, which protects against oxidative stress. PM2.5 also impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, membrane potential, and quality control, leading to mitochondrial stress. Importantly, PM2.5 increased the translocation of GSK3β into mitochondria and compromised the overall mitochondrial function, particularly in the 21-day-exposed rat myocardium. The results indicate that extended exposure to PM2.5 leads to oxidative stress that disrupts mitochondrial function and diminishes the effectiveness of GSK3β inhibitors in offering cardio-protection through mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. Exposure to real ambient particulate matter inflicts cardiac electrophysiological disturbances, vascular calcification, and mitochondrial bioenergetics decline more than diesel particulate matter: consequential impact on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97518-97530. [PMID: 37594712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) present in the air sample comprises different sizes and is derived from multiple sources, in particular from diesel engines. In the present study, we assessed the cardiotoxic effect of PM2.5 from real ambient air sample and diesel vehicular exhaust from a specific location and compared it with SRM-2975. Female Wistar rats were exposed to PM2.5 from real ambient PM (RA_PM), diesel particulate matter (DPM), and SRM-2975 for 3h daily for 21 days followed by cardiotoxicity assessment. Twenty-one days of daily PM2.5 exposure induced hypertrophy, vascular calcification, and alterations in cardiac electrophysiology, where the changes were more prominent in the animals exposed to RA_PM. The gross pathological changes were supported by altered mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress in the myocardium. To evaluate the cardiac responsive ability, isolated rat hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR), and the results showed significantly low recovery in the RA_PM-exposed rat hearts. Chemical analysis of PM2.5 by ICPMS from different sources indicated the presence of additional metals like Cr, Ni, Ga, As, Rb, Cd, Ba, La, and Ce in the RA_PM sample. Additionally, the chelation of metals in the RA_PM enhanced the cell viability of H9c2 cells when compared to the non-chelated sample. Based on the above observations, we conclude that PM2.5 from the ambient air sample exhibited higher cardiovascular toxicity than DPM, emphasizing the contribution of non-diesel components of PM2.5 and the need for a comprehensive approach to tackle the PM2.5 in the air sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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Sivakumar B, Ali N, Ahmad SF, Nadeem A, Waseem M, Kurian GA. PM 2.5-Induced Cardiac Structural Modifications and Declined Pro-Survival Signalling Pathways Are Responsible for the Inefficiency of GSK-3β Inhibitor in Attenuating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Cells 2023; 12:2064. [PMID: 37626874 PMCID: PMC10453520 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulatory GSK3β is recognized as a biomarker and therapeutic target for diseases, including myocardial diseases. However, its potential as a target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) in the presence of PM2.5 exposure is unclear. Wistar rats underwent IR following either a 21-day or single exposure to PM2.5 at a concentration of 250 µg/m3. The effects of GSK3β inhibitor on cardiac physiology, tissue injury, mitochondrial function, and the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signalling axis were examined. The inhibitor was not effective in improving hemodynamics or reducing IR-induced infarction in the myocardium exposed to PM2.5 for 21 days. However, for a single-day exposure, the inhibitor showed potential in mitigating cardiac injury. In normal hearts undergoing IR, the inhibitor activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, improved mitochondrial function, and reduced oxidative stress. These positive effects were not observed in PM2.5-exposed rats. Furthermore, the inhibitor stimulated autophagy in hearts exposed to PM2.5 for 21 days and subjected to IR, resulting in increased mTOR expression and decreased AMPK expression. In normal hearts and those exposed to a single dose of PM2.5, the inhibitor effectively activated the PI3K/Akt/AMPK axis. These findings suggest that GSK3β may not be a reliable therapeutic target for IR in the presence of chronic PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.F.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.F.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.F.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA;
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Zheng L, Birch ME, Johnson B, Breitenstein M, Snawder J, Kulkarni P. Correlation between Graphitic Carbon and Elemental Carbon in Diesel Particulate Matter in Workplace Atmospheres. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3283-3290. [PMID: 36724111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the suitability of the graphitic carbon (GC) content of diesel particulate matter (DPM), measured using Raman spectroscopy, as a surrogate measure of elemental carbon (EC) determined by thermal optical analysis. The Raman spectra in the range of 800-1800 cm-1 (including the D mode at ∼1322 cm-1 and the G mode at ∼1595 cm-1) were used for GC identification and quantification. Comparison of the Raman spectra for two certified DPM standards (NIST SRM 1650 and SRM 2975), two types of diesel engine exhaust soot, and three types of DPM-enriched workplace aerosols show that the uncertainty of GC quantification based on the D peak height, G peak height, and the total peak area below D and G peaks was about 6.0, 6.7, and 6.9%, respectively. The low uncertainty for different aerosol types suggested possible use of GC as a surrogate measure of EC in workplace atmospheres. A calibration curve was constructed using two laboratory-aerosolized DPM standards to describe the relationship between GC measured by a portable Raman spectrometer and the EC concentration determined by NIOSH Method 5040. The calibration curve was then applied to determine GC-based estimates of the EC contents of diesel engine exhaust samples from two vehicles and seven air samples collected at a hydraulic fracturing worksite. The GC-EC estimates obtained through Raman measurements agreed well with those found by NIOSH Method 5040 for the same samples at EC filter loadings below 2.86 μg/cm2. The study shows that using an appropriate sample collection method that avoids high filter mass loadings, onsite measurement of GC by a portable or hand-held Raman spectrometer can provide a useful indicator of EC in workplace aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of Occupational Hygiene Engineering, School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - M Eileen Birch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
| | - Belinda Johnson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
| | - Michael Breitenstein
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
| | - John Snawder
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
| | - Pramod Kulkarni
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
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Sivakumar B, AlAsmari AF, Ali N, Waseem M, Kurian GA. Consequential Impact of Particulate Matter Linked Inter-Fibrillar Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rat Myocardium Subjected to Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121811. [PMID: 36552319 PMCID: PMC9775305 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has reported that exposure to PM2.5 from diesel exhaust (diesel particulate matter (DPM)) for 21 days can deteriorate the cardiac recovery from myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (IR), where the latter is facilitated by the efficiency of mitochondrial subpopulations. Many investigators have demonstrated that IR impact on cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations is distinct. In the present study, we decipher the role of PM2.5 on IR associated mitochondrial dysfunction at the subpopulation level by administrating PM2.5 directly to isolated female rat hearts via KH buffer. Our results demonstrated that PM2.5 administered heart (PM_C) severely deteriorated ETC enzyme activity (NQR, SQR, QCR, and COX) and ATP level in both IFM and SSM from the normal control. Comparatively, the declined activity was prominent in IFM fraction. Moreover, in the presence of IR (PM_IR), mitochondrial oxidative stress was higher in both subpopulations from the normal, where the IFM fraction of mitochondria experienced elevated oxidative stress than SSM. Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro protein translation capacity of IFM and SSM and found a declined ability in both subpopulations where the inability of IFM was significant in both PM_C and PM_IR groups. In support of these results, the expression of mitochondrial genes involved in fission, fusion, and mitophagy events along with the DNA maintenance genes such as GUF1, LRPPRC, and HSD17-b10 were significantly altered from the control. Based on the above results, we conclude that PM2.5 administration to the heart inflicted mitochondrial damage especially to the IFM fraction, that not only deteriorated the cardiac physiology but also reduced its ability to resist IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdullah F. AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9047965425; Fax: +91-4362-264120
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Awolaja OO, Lawal AO, Folorunso IM, Elekofehinti OO, Umar HI. Silibinin ameliorates the cardiovascular oxidative and inflammatory effects of type-2-diabetic rats exposed to air particulate matter. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olamide O. Awolaja
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Akeem O. Lawal
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ibukun M. Folorunso
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O. Elekofehinti
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Haruna I. Umar
- Computer-Aided Therapeutic Discovery and Design Group, FUTA, Akure, Nigeria
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. PM 2.5 Exposure Lowers Mitochondrial Endurance During Cardiac Recovery in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:545-557. [PMID: 35404004 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported the negative effect of PM2.5 exposure on heart function which is likely to impair postcardiac surgery rehabilitation that is involved in recovery and wound healing, yet the direct effects of PM2.5 from diesel exhaust (DPM) on cardiac recovery is unknown. To study the impact of DPM on cardiac recovery and repair, we utilized isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) model where female rats were exposed to DPM prior and after MI induction. The experimental groups comprise of normal, ISO control, DPM control (42 days of exposure), DPM exposed prior (21 days) and after (21 days) MI induction (D + I + D) and DPM exposed (21 days) after MI (I + D). Post-MI rat hearts from D + I + D group exhibited higher fibrosis, elevated cardiac injury and altered electrophysiology, where this pathology was also observed in I + D group animals which was mild. Loss of mitochondrial quality was evident in DPM exposed animals with and without MI, where severe mitochondrial damage persisted in D + I + D group. In addition, these animals showed striking decline in ETC enzyme activity, ATP levels, mitochondrial copy number and down regulation of PGC1-α, TFAM and POLG along with the genes involved in mitophagy and mitofusion. Besides, the MI associated inactivation of cardio protective signalling pathways like PI3K and Akt were persistent in D + I + D group. In fact, I + D group animals also showed a similar pattern of change, but in a mild form. Taken together, exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk, frequency or progression of MI by impairing the recovery potential of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India. .,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. Inhalation of PM 2.5 from diesel exhaust promote impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dysregulate mitochondrial quality in rat heart: implications in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction model. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:107-119. [PMID: 35290147 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2049931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Ambient exposure of PM2.5 from diesel exhaust (termed as diesel particulate matter [DPM]) can induce cardiotoxicity that can be manifested into myocardial ischemia/infarction, where the survival depends on mitochondrial function. The mechanism for DPM-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is yet to be elucidated and the consequential impact of impaired mitochondria on the severity of myocardial infarction (MI) has not been established.Materials and methods: Female Wistar rats were exposed to DPM (0.5 mg/ml) for 3 h daily (to achieve a PM2.5 concentration of 250 µg/m3) for 21 d trailed by an induction of MI using isoproterenol (ISO).Conclusion: DPM exposure altered the basal ECG pattern and increased heart weight (HW) to body weight (BW) ratio from control. Loss of mitochondrial quality in the cardiac tissue was observed in DPM exposed animals, measured via declined ETC enzyme activity, reduced ATP levels, high oxidative stress, low mitochondrial copy number, and low expression of the mitochondrial genes involved in mitophagy (PINK and PARKIN) and mitochondrial fusion (MFN-1). Subsequent induction of MI in DPM exposed animals (DPM + ISO) further deteriorated the normal sinus rhythm, accompanied by elevated plasma CK and LDH level, increased myocardial caspase activity, downregulation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1-α), transcription factor A (TFAM), DNA polymerase subunit gamma (POLG), and other mitochondrial quality control genes. Based on these results, we conclude that DPM alters the electrophysiology and ultrastructure of the heart that aggravates the MI-induced cardiotoxicity, where the diminished mitochondrial quality can be the potential contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, India
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