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O'Connell A, Barry A, Burke AJ, Hutton AE, Bell EL, Green AP, O'Reilly E. Biocatalysis: landmark discoveries and applications in chemical synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2828-2850. [PMID: 38407834 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become an important tool in chemical synthesis, allowing access to complex molecules with high levels of activity and selectivity and with low environmental impact. Key discoveries in protein engineering, bioinformatics, recombinant technology and DNA sequencing have contributed towards the rapid acceleration of the field. This tutorial review explores enzyme engineering strategies and high-throughput screening approaches that have been applied for the discovery and development of enzymes for synthetic application. Landmark developments in the field are discussed and have been carefully selected to highlight the diverse synthetic applications of enzymes within the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and chemical industries. The design and development of artificial biocatalytic cascades is also examined. This tutorial review will give readers an insight into the landmark discoveries and milestones that have helped shape and grow this branch of catalysis since the discovery of the first enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O'Connell
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Amber Barry
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ashleigh J Burke
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Amy E Hutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Elizabeth L Bell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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2
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Verma S, Paliwal S. Recent Developments and Applications of Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis for the Generation of Diverse Classes of Drugs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:448-467. [PMID: 37885105 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010238984231019085154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic biosynthesis are powerful methods of organic chemistry that use enzymes to execute selective reactions and allow the efficient production of organic compounds. The advantages of these approaches include high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the ability to work with complex substrates. The utilization of chemoenzymatic techniques for the synthesis of complicated compounds has lately increased dramatically in the area of organic chemistry. Biocatalytic technologies and modern synthetic methods are utilized synergistically in a multi-step approach to a target molecule under this paradigm. Chemoenzymatic techniques are promising for simplifying access to essential bioactive compounds because of the remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity of enzymatic transformations and the reaction diversity of modern organic chemistry. Enzyme kits may include ready-to-use, reproducible biocatalysts. Its use opens up new avenues for the synthesis of active therapeutic compounds and aids in drug development by synthesizing active components to construct scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. This study summarizes current breakthroughs as well as notable instances of biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To assist organic chemists in the use of enzymes for synthetic applications, it also provides some basic guidelines for selecting the most appropriate enzyme for a targeted reaction while keeping aspects like cofactor requirement, solvent tolerance, use of whole cell or isolated enzymes, and commercial availability in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, ITS College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Lv JX, Ding YQ, Huang CM, Guo LL, Fang JL, Jia X, Zhang WH, You S, Qin B. Enzyme- and Chemo-enzyme-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Synthesis. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple stereoisomers can be found when a substance contains chiral carbons in its chemical structure. To obtain the desired stereoisomers, asymmetric synthesis was proposed in the 1970s and developed rapidly at the beginning of this century. Stereodivergent synthesis, an extension of asymmetric synthesis in organic synthesis with the hope to produce all stereoisomers of chiral substances in high conversion and selectivity, enriches the variety of available products and serves as a reference suggestion for the synthesis of their derivatives and other compounds. Since biocatalysis has outstanding advantages of economy, environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and reaction at mild conditions, the biocatalytic reaction is regarded as an efficient strategy to perform stereodivergent synthesis. Thus, in this review, we summarize the stereodivergent synthesis catalyzed by enzymes or chemo-enzymes in cases where a compound contains two or three chiral carbons, i.e., at most four or eight stereoisomers are present. The types of reactions, including reduction of substituent ketones, cyclization reactions, olefin addition, and nonredox transesterification reactions, are also discussed for the understanding of the progress and application of biocatalysis in stereodivergent synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Lv
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qi Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ming Huang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Guo
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Liaoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Fang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-He Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Song You
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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5
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Yang LC, Deng H, Renata H. Recent Progress and Developments in Chemoenzymatic and Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Heping Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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6
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Genêt J, Phansavath P, Ratovelomanana‐Vidal V. Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Design of Chiral Ligands and Transition Metal Complexes. Synthetic and Industrial Applications. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Pierre Genêt
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences CSB2D Team 75005 Paris France
| | - Phannarath Phansavath
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences CSB2D Team 75005 Paris France
| | - Virginie Ratovelomanana‐Vidal
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences CSB2D Team 75005 Paris France
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7
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Lee H, Kim D, Kim S, Lee HS. Conversion of Racemic Unnatural Amino Acids to Optically Pure Forms by a Coupled Enzymatic Reaction. Molecules 2021; 26:1274. [PMID: 33652889 PMCID: PMC7956486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic code expansion (GCE) technology is a useful tool for the site-specific modification of proteins. An unnatural amino acid (UAA) is one of the essential components of this technique, typically required at high concentration (1 mM or higher) in growth medium. The supply of UAAs is an important limitation to the application of GCE technology, as many UAAs are either expansive or commercially unavailable. In this study, two UAAs in a racemic mixture were converted into optically pure forms using two enzymes, the d-amino acid oxidase (RgDAAO) from Rhodotorula gracilis and the aminotransferase (TtAT) from Thermus thermophilus. In the coupled enzyme system, RgDAAO oxidizes the d-form of UAAs in a stereospecific manner and produces the corresponding α-keto acids, which are then converted into the l-form of UAAs by TtAT, resulting in the quantitative and stereospecific conversion of racemic UAAs to optically pure forms. The genetic incorporation of the optically pure UAAs into a target protein produced a better protein yield than the same experiments using the racemic mixtures of the UAAs. This method could not only be used for the preparation of optically pure UAAs from racemic mixtures, but also the broad substrate specificity of both enzymes would allow for its expansion to structurally diverse UAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu, Seoul 121-742, Korea; (H.L.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Sehoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City 32000 Haifa Israel
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9
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Huang H, Jin Y, Shirbhate ME, Kang D, Choi M, Chen Q, Kim Y, Kim SJ, Byun IS, Wang M, Bouffard J, Kim SK, Kim KM. Enantioselective extraction of unprotected amino acids coupled with racemization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:125. [PMID: 33402682 PMCID: PMC7785727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalable and economical methods for the production of optically pure amino acids, both natural and unnatural, are essential for their use as synthetic building blocks. Currently, enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) underpins some of the most effective processes. Here we report the development of enantioselective extraction coupled with racemization (EECR) for the chirality conversion of underivatized amino acids. In this process, the catalytic racemization of amino acids in a basic aqueous solution is coupled with the selective extraction of one enantiomer into an organic layer. Back-extraction from the organic layer to an acidic aqueous solution then completes the deracemization of the amino acid. The automation of the EECR process in a recycling flow reactor is also demonstrated. Continuous EECR is made possible by the sterically hindered chiral ketone extractant 5, which prevents the coextraction of the copper racemization catalyst because of its nonplanar geometry. Furthermore, the extractant 5 unexpectedly forms imines with amino acids faster and with greater enantioselectivity than less bulky derivatives, even though 5 cannot participate in intramolecular resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding. These features may allow EECR to challenge the preponderance of enzymatic DKR in the production of enantiomerically enriched amino acids. Dynamic kinetic resolution is a common approach for the preparation of optically pure amino acids using enzymes. Here the authors report an alternative method based on enantioselective extraction coupled with racemization, in which a bulky extractant affords hydrophobic extractable imines with amino acids rapidly, reversibly and enantioselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Yingji Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Mukesh E Shirbhate
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Dayoung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Misun Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Il-Suk Byun
- Aminologics Co., R&D Center, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28158, Korea
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
| | - Seong Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| | - Kwan Mook Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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Yuan B, Debecker DP, Wu X, Xiao J, Fei Q, Turner NJ. One‐pot Chemoenzymatic Deracemisation of Secondary Alcohols Employing Variants of Galactose Oxidase and Transfer Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology M1 7DN Manchester UK
| | - Damien P. Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Qiang Fei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology M1 7DN Manchester UK
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11
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Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAO) constitute a family of FAD-containing enzymes, included in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenase superfamily of proteins. They are commonly found in fungi, where their eco-physiological role is to produce hydrogen peroxide that activates ligninolytic peroxidases in white-rot (lignin-degrading) basidiomycetes or to trigger the Fenton reactions in brown-rot (carbohydrate-degrading) basidiomycetes. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of a plethora of aromatic, and some aliphatic, polyunsaturated alcohols bearing conjugated primary hydroxyl group. Besides, the enzymes show activity on the hydrated forms of the corresponding aldehydes. Some AAO features, such as the broad range of substrates that it can oxidize (with the only need of molecular oxygen as co-substrate) and its stereoselective mechanism, confer good properties to these enzymes as industrial biocatalysts. In fact, AAO can be used for different biotechnological applications, such as flavor synthesis, secondary alcohol deracemization and oxidation of furfurals for the production of furandicarboxylic acid as a chemical building block. Also, AAO can participate in processes of interest in the wood biorefinery and textile industries as an auxiliary enzyme providing hydrogen peroxide to ligninolytic or dye-decolorizing peroxidases. Both rational design and directed molecular evolution have been employed to engineer AAO for some of the above biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Synthesizing Chiral Drug Intermediates by Biocatalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:146-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ehlert J, Kronemann J, Zumbrägel N, Preller M. Lipase-Catalyzed Chemoselective Ester Hydrolysis of Biomimetically Coupled Aryls for the Synthesis of Unsymmetric Biphenyl Esters. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234272. [PMID: 31771200 PMCID: PMC6930668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are among the most frequently used biocatalysts in organic synthesis, allowing numerous environmentally friendly and inexpensive chemical transformations. Here, we present a biomimetic strategy based on iron(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling and selective ester monohydrolysis using lipases for the synthesis of unsymmetric biphenyl-based esters under mild conditions. The diverse class of biphenyl esters is of pharmaceutical and technical relevance. We explored the potency of a series of nine different lipases of bacterial, fungal, and mammalian origin on their catalytic activities to cleave biphenyl esters, and optimized the reaction conditions, in terms of reaction time, temperature, pH, organic solvent, and water–organic solvent ratios, to improve the chemoselectivity, and hence control the ratio of unsymmetric versus symmetric products. Elevated temperature and increased DMSO content led to an almost exclusive monohydrolysis by the four lipases Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), Mucor miehei lipase (MML), Rhizopus niveus lipase (RNL), and Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (PFL). The study was complemented by in silico binding predictions to rationalize the observed differences in efficacies of the lipases to convert biphenyl esters. The optimized reaction conditions were transferred to the preparative scale with high yields, underlining the potential of the presented biomimetic approach as an alternative strategy to the commonly used transition metal-based strategies for the synthesis of diverse biphenyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Ehlert
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenny Kronemann
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Zumbrägel
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Preller
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Rational enhancement of enzyme-catalyzed enantioselective reaction by construction of recombinant enzymes based on additive strategy. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1739-1746. [PMID: 31321527 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A rational enhancement of kinetic resolution process for producing (S)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) alanine from racemic methyl ester using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) was investigated. With the benefit results that lipase CalB-catalyzed reactions can be effectively regulated using amino acids (such as histidine and lysine) as additives, CalBs modified (mCalBs) by n-histidines at the N terminal and n-lysines at the C terminal were constructed and expressed. The results show that both soluble and precipitated mCalBs can effectively catalyze the hydrolysis reaction without adding any extra additives. The enantioselective ratio (E value) of soluble and precipitated mCalBs could be improved from 12.1 to 20.3, which were higher than that (E value was only 10.2) of commercial Novozym 435 (immobilized CalB). The study indicated that the amino acid-rich molecules introduced on lipase CalB can produce positive effects on enantioselectivity of enzyme. It provides unusual ideas for reasonable regulation of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ramström O. Dynamic Covalent Kinetic Resolution. CATALYSIS REVIEWS, SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019; 62:66-95. [PMID: 33716355 PMCID: PMC7953846 DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2019.1664031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Implemented with the highly efficient concept of Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR), dynamic covalent chemistry can be a useful strategy for the synthesis of enantioenriched compounds. This gives rise to dynamic covalent kinetic resolution (DCKR), a subset of DKR that over the last decades has emerged as increasingly fruitful, with many applications in asymmetric synthesis and catalysis. All DKR protocols are composed of two important parts: substrate racemization and asymmetric transformation, which can lead to yields of >50% with good enantiomeric excesses (ee) of the products. In DCKR systems, by utilizing reversible covalent reactions as the racemization strategy, the substrate enantiomers can be easily interconverted without the presence of any racemase or transition metal catalyst. Enzymes or other chiral catalysts can then be adopted for the resolution step, leading to products with high enantiopurities. This tutorial review focuses on the development of DCKR systems, based on different reversible reactions, and their applications in asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., MA, 01854 Lowell, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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He B, Zheng LS, Phansavath P, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V. Rh III -Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α-Methoxy β-Ketoesters through DKR in Water: Toward a Greener Procedure. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3032-3036. [PMID: 30883037 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of α-methoxy β-ketoesters through transfer hydrogenation with a new rhodium(III) complex was developed. The reaction was efficient in 2-MeTHF with formic acid/triethylamine or in water with sodium formate. The corresponding syn α-methoxy β-hydroxyesters were obtained with high diastereoselectivities and excellent levels of enantioselectivity through a dynamic kinetic resolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, i-CLeHS (Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences), CSB2D team, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Long-Sheng Zheng
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, i-CLeHS (Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences), CSB2D team, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Phannarath Phansavath
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, i-CLeHS (Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences), CSB2D team, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Ratovelomanana-Vidal
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, i-CLeHS (Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences), CSB2D team, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
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18
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Viña‐Gonzalez J, Jimenez‐Lalana D, Sancho F, Serrano A, Martinez AT, Guallar V, Alcalde M. Structure‐Guided Evolution of Aryl Alcohol Oxidase from
Pleurotus eryngii
for the Selective Oxidation of Secondary Benzyl Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Viña‐Gonzalez
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of CatalysisCSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain Fax: (+31)-91 5854760; phone: (+34)-91 5854806
| | - Diego Jimenez‐Lalana
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of CatalysisCSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain Fax: (+31)-91 5854760; phone: (+34)-91 5854806
| | - Ferran Sancho
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center Jordi Girona 31 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ana Serrano
- Biological Research CenterCSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Angel T. Martinez
- Biological Research CenterCSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center Jordi Girona 31 08034 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of CatalysisCSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain Fax: (+31)-91 5854760; phone: (+34)-91 5854806
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19
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Dong Y, Yao P, Cui Y, Wu Q, Zhu D, Li G, Reetz MT. Manipulating the stereoselectivity of a thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase by directed evolution for efficient asymmetric synthesis of arylpropanols. Biol Chem 2018; 400:313-321. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chiral arylpropanols are valuable components in important pharmaceuticals and fragrances, which is the motivation for previous attempts to prepare these building blocks enantioselectively in asymmetric processes using either enzymes or transition metal catalysts. Thus far, enzymes used in kinetic resolution proved to be best, but several problems prevented ecologically and economically viable processes from being developed. In the present study, directed evolution was applied to the thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase TbSADH in the successful quest to obtain mutants that are effective in the dynamic reductive kinetic resolution (DYRKR) of racemic arylpropanals. Using rac-2-phenyl-1-propanal in a model reaction, (S)- and (R)-selective mutants were evolved which catalyzed DYRKR of this racemic substrate with formation of the respective (S)- and (R)-alcohols in essentially enantiomerically pure form. This was achieved on the basis of an unconventional form of iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) at randomization sites lining the binding pocket using a reduced amino acid alphabet. The best mutants were also effective in the DYRKR of several other structurally related racemic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology , Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology , Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology , Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology , Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology , Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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20
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Wang Z, Pan D, Li T, Jin Z. N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Organocatalyzed Kinetic Resolutions, Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions, and Desymmetrizations. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2149-2163. [PMID: 29900699 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The last couple of decades have witnessed tremendous development within N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis. NHCs have been used as powerful organic catalysts in asymmetric synthesis. Although great achievements have been made in asymmetric NHC catalysis, their applications in kinetic resolution (KR), dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), and desymmetrization processes have been relatively less developed. Moreover, limited activation modes have been involved in these processes. This review provides an overview of the NHC-organocatalyzed KR, DKR, and desymmetrization reactions in the preparation of chiral functional molecules. The aim is to highlight both the importance and elegance of these methods in the construction of challenging chiral compounds and to provide our own perspective on future development in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dingwu Pan
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
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21
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Liu YC, Guo C, Liu Y, Wang HB, Wu ZL. Enzymatic cascades for the stereo-complementary epimerisation of in situ generated epoxy alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:2562-2568. [PMID: 28266679 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of optically pure secondary epoxy alcohols from racemic allylic alcohols using a single whole-cell biocatalyst of recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing three oxidoreductases is described. The cascade involves the concurrent action of a styrene monooxygenase that catalyzes the formation of the chiral epoxy group, and two alcohol dehydrogenases that fulfil the epimerisation of the hydroxy group. Two sets of alcohol dehydrogenases were each applied to couple with styrene monooxygenase in order to realize the epimerisation in a stereo-complementary manner. Excellent enantio- and diastereo-selectivities were achieved for most of the 12 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. and Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. and Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. and Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. and Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhong-Liu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. and Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
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22
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Dumeignil F, Guehl M, Gimbernat A, Capron M, Ferreira NL, Froidevaux R, Girardon JS, Wojcieszak R, Dhulster P, Delcroix D. From sequential chemoenzymatic synthesis to integrated hybrid catalysis: taking the best of both worlds to open up the scope of possibilities for a sustainable future. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here an overview of all pathways that integrate chemical and biological catalysis is presented. We emphasize the factors to be considered in order to understand catalytic synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Guehl
- Univ. Lille
- CNRS
- Centrale Lille
- ENSCL
- Univ. Artois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Damien Delcroix
- IFP Energies Nouvelles
- Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize
- France
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23
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Rosini E, Melis R, Molla G, Tessaro D, Pollegioni L. Deracemization and Stereoinversion of α-Amino Acids byl-Amino Acid Deaminase. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via J.H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Roberta Melis
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via J.H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via J.H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Davide Tessaro
- The Protein Factory; Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via J.H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
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24
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Molla G, Melis R, Pollegioni L. Breaking the mirror: l-Amino acid deaminase, a novel stereoselective biocatalyst. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:657-668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become important and state of the art in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes (biocatalysts) for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities providing products in high yields and purity. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of key chiral intermediates for development pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates, LLC, Consultation in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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26
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Wu W, You C, Yin C, Liu Y, Dong XQ, Zhang X. Enantioselective and Diastereoselective Construction of Chiral Amino Alcohols by Iridium–f-Amphox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Org Lett 2017; 19:2548-2551. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Wu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cai You
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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27
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Development of a multi-enzymatic desymmetrization and its application for the biosynthesis of l -norvaline from dl -norvaline. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Ayad T, Phansavath P, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation: Sustainable Chemistry to Access Bioactive Molecules. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2750-2767. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Ayad
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Phannarath Phansavath
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Virginie Ratovelomanana-Vidal
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
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29
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30
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Zhang YC, Yang Q, Yang X, Zhu QN, Shi F. Rational Design of Amine Nucleophiles for Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Azlactones Leading to Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Bisamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 China), Fax: (+86) 516-83500065
| | - Qin Yang
- Chinese Centre for Chirality; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Administration of China; Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 China), Fax: (+86) 516-83500065
| | - Qiu-Ning Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 China), Fax: (+86) 516-83500065
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 China), Fax: (+86) 516-83500065
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31
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Motta P, Molla G, Pollegioni L, Nardini M. Structure-Function Relationships in l-Amino Acid Deaminase, a Flavoprotein Belonging to a Novel Class of Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10457-75. [PMID: 27022028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Amino acid deaminase from Proteus myxofaciens (PmaLAAD) is a membrane flavoenzyme that catalyzes the deamination of neutral and aromatic l-amino acids into α-keto acids and ammonia. PmaLAAD does not use dioxygen to re-oxidize reduced FADH2 and thus does not produce hydrogen peroxide; instead, it uses a cytochrome b-like protein as an electron acceptor. Although the overall fold of this enzyme resembles that of known amine or amino acid oxidases, it shows the following specific structural features: an additional novel α+β subdomain placed close to the putative transmembrane α-helix and to the active-site entrance; an FAD isoalloxazine ring exposed to solvent; and a large and accessible active site suitable to bind large hydrophobic substrates. In addition, PmaLAAD requires substrate-induced conformational changes of part of the active site, particularly in Arg-316 and Phe-318, to achieve the correct geometry for catalysis. These studies are expected to pave the way for rationally improving the versatility of this flavoenzyme, which is critical for biocatalysis of enantiomerically pure amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Motta
- From the Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese
| | - Gianluca Molla
- From the Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi deII'Insubria, 21100 Varese, and
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- From the Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi deII'Insubria, 21100 Varese, and
| | - Marco Nardini
- the Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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32
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Denard CA, Bartlett MJ, Wang Y, Lu L, Hartwig JF, Zhao H. Development of a One-Pot Tandem Reaction Combining Ruthenium-Catalyzed Alkene Metathesis and Enantioselective Enzymatic Oxidation To Produce Aryl Epoxides. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl A. Denard
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark J. Bartlett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Carl R. Woese Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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33
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Parmeggiani F, Lovelock SL, Weise NJ, Ahmed ST, Turner NJ. Synthesis of D- and L-phenylalanine derivatives by phenylalanine ammonia lyases: a multienzymatic cascade process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4608-11. [PMID: 25728350 PMCID: PMC4531825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of substituted d-phenylalanines in high yield and excellent optical purity, starting from inexpensive cinnamic acids, has been achieved with a novel one-pot approach by coupling phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) amination with a chemoenzymatic deracemization (based on stereoselective oxidation and nonselective reduction). A simple high-throughput solid-phase screening method has also been developed to identify PALs with higher rates of formation of non-natural d-phenylalanines. The best variants were exploited in the chemoenzymatic cascade, thus increasing the yield and ee value of the d-configured product. Furthermore, the system was extended to the preparation of those l-phenylalanines which are obtained with a low ee value using PAL amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
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34
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Parmeggiani F, Lovelock SL, Weise NJ, Ahmed ST, Turner NJ. Synthesis of d- and l-Phenylalanine Derivatives by Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyases: A Multienzymatic Cascade Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 127:4691-4694. [PMID: 27478261 PMCID: PMC4955227 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of substituted d-phenylalanines in high yield and excellent optical purity, starting from inexpensive cinnamic acids, has been achieved with a novel one-pot approach by coupling phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) amination with a chemoenzymatic deracemization (based on stereoselective oxidation and nonselective reduction). A simple high-throughput solid-phase screening method has also been developed to identify PALs with higher rates of formation of non-natural d-phenylalanines. The best variants were exploited in the chemoenzymatic cascade, thus increasing the yield and ee value of the d-configured product. Furthermore, the system was extended to the preparation of those l-phenylalanines which are obtained with a low ee value using PAL amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
| | - Sarah L Lovelock
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
| | - Nicholas J Weise
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
| | - Syed T Ahmed
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester (UK)
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35
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Yu K, Liu X, Lin X, Lin L, Feng X. Organocatalytic dynamic kinetic resolution of azlactones to construct chiral N-acyl amino acid oxime esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14897-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a chiral bisguanidinium salt catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of azlactones with oximes. A variety of chiral N-acyl amino acid oxime esters were generated with up to 97% ee and 99% yield. The products are useful in peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiaobin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
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36
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Paik MJ, Jeon SH, Kang JS, Kim KM, Lee W. Deracemization of Racemic Amino Acids Using (R)- and (S)-Alanine Racemase Chiral Analogues as Chiral Converters. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Schrittwieser JH, Groenendaal B, Resch V, Ghislieri D, Wallner S, Fischereder EM, Fuchs E, Grischek B, Sattler JH, Macheroux P, Turner NJ, Kroutil W. Deracemization by simultaneous bio-oxidative kinetic resolution and stereoinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3731-4. [PMID: 24615790 PMCID: PMC4499246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deracemization, that is, the transformation of a racemate into a single product enantiomer with theoretically 100% conversion and 100% ee, is an appealing but also challenging option for asymmetric synthesis. Herein a novel chemo-enzymatic deracemization concept by a cascade is described: the pathway involves two enantioselective oxidation steps and one non-stereoselective reduction step, enabling stereoinversion and a simultaneous kinetic resolution. The concept was exemplified for the transformation of rac-benzylisoquinolines to optically pure (S)-berbines. The racemic substrates were transformed to optically pure products (ee>97%) with up to 98% conversion and up to 88% yield of isolated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Bas Groenendaal
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Verena Resch
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Diego Ghislieri
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität GrazPetersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Eva-Maria Fischereder
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Barbara Grischek
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Johann H Sattler
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität GrazPetersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie, Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria)
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38
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Schrittwieser JH, Groenendaal B, Resch V, Ghislieri D, Wallner S, Fischereder EM, Fuchs E, Grischek B, Sattler JH, Macheroux P, Turner NJ, Kroutil W. Deracemisierung durch simultane bio-oxidative Racematspaltung und Stereoinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. New generation of biocatalysts for organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3070-95. [PMID: 24520044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes as catalysts for the preparation of novel compounds has received steadily increasing attention over the past few years. High demands are placed on the identification of new biocatalysts for organic synthesis. The catalysis of more ambitious reactions reflects the high expectations of this field of research. Enzymes play an increasingly important role as biocatalysts in the synthesis of key intermediates for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, and new enzymatic technologies and processes have been established. Enzymes are an important part of the spectrum of catalysts available for synthetic chemistry. The advantages and applications of the most recent and attractive biocatalysts--reductases, transaminases, ammonia lyases, epoxide hydrolases, and dehalogenases--will be discussed herein and exemplified by the syntheses of interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Nestl
- Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart (Germany)
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40
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Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese - die neue Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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de Miranda AS, de Souza ROMA, Miranda LSM. Ammonium formate as a green hydrogen source for clean semi-continuous enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of (+/−)-α-methylbenzylamine. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00462k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of (+/−)-α-methylbenzylamine under continuous flow conditions in the presence of Pd/BaSO4as racemization catalyst and ammonium formate as reductant is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. de Miranda
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Lab
- Chemistry Institute
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Lab
- Chemistry Institute
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Lab
- Chemistry Institute
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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42
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Simon RC, Richter N, Busto E, Kroutil W. Recent Developments of Cascade Reactions Involving ω-Transaminases. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400930v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Simon
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH, c/o Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Busto
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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43
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Denard CA, Hartwig JF, Zhao H. Multistep One-Pot Reactions Combining Biocatalysts and Chemical Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
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44
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Patel RN. Biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols and amino acids for development of pharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:741-77. [PMID: 24970190 PMCID: PMC4030968 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes derived there from for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of chiral alcohols and unntural aminoacids for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates Consultation in Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. RSC Adv 2013; 3:17602-17632. [PMID: 25580241 PMCID: PMC4285126 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are not only one of the most intensively studied classes of natural products, their wide spectrum of pharmacological activities also makes them indispensable drug ingredients in both traditional and modern medicine. Among the methods for their production, biotechnological approaches are gaining importance, and biocatalysis has emerged as an essential tool in this context. A number of chemo-enzymatic strategies for alkaloid synthesis have been developed over the years, in which the biotransformations nowadays take an increasingly 'central' role. This review summarises different applications of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids and discusses how recent developments and novel enzymes render innovative and efficient chemo-enzymatic production routes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
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46
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De Miranda AS, Gomes JC, Rodrigues MT, Costa IC, Almeida WP, Lopes RDO, Miranda LS, Coelho F, de Souza RO. Kinetic resolution of 5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-7-ol, 6,7-dihydro under continuous flow conditions: An intermediate for chiral ionic liquids synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Xiao R, Zhang B, Wang L. Efficient one-step production of (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol from (R)-enantiomer plus NAD(+)-NADPH in-situ regeneration using engineered Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:167. [PMID: 23272948 PMCID: PMC3551732 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011 catalyzes the stereoinversion of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED) through oxidation and reduction. Its NAD+-linked (R)-carbonyl reductase (RCR) catalyzes the oxidization of (R)-PED to 2-hydroxyacetophenone (HAP), and its NADPH-dependent (S)-carbonyl reductase (SCR) catalyzes the reduction of HAP to (S)-PED. The reactions require NAD+ and NADPH as cofactors. However, even if NAD+ and NADPH are added, the biotransformation of (S)-PED from the (R)-enantiomer by an Escherichia coli strain co-expressing RCR and SCR is slow and gives low yields, probably as a result of insufficient or imbalanced redox cofactors. To prepare (S)-PED from the (R)-enantiomer in one-step efficiently, plus redox cofactor regeneration, we introduced pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenases (PNTs) from E. coli to the metabolic pathway of (S)-PED. Results The PNTs were successfully introduced into the E. coli strain RSAB. Most of the PNT activities occurred in the cell membrane of E. coli. The introduction of PNTs increased intracellular NAD+ and NADH concentrations and decreased the NADPH pool without affecting the total nucleotide concentration and cell growth properties. The presence of PNTs increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio slightly and reduced the NADPH/NADP+ ratio about two-fold; the ratio of NADPH/NADP+ to NADH/NAD+ was reduced from 36 to 17. So, the PNTs rebalanced the cofactor pathways: the rate of RCR was increased, while the rate of SCR was decreased. When the ratio of NAD+/NADPH was 3.0 or higher, the RSAB strain produced (S)-PED with the highest optical purity, 97.4%, and a yield of 95.2% at 6 h. The introduction of PNTs stimulated increases of 51.5% and 80.6%, respectively, in optical purity and yield, and simultaneously reduced the reaction time seven-fold. Conclusions In this work, PNTs were introduced into E. coli to rebalance the cofactor pools within the engineered (S)-PED pathways. The efficient one-step production of (S)-PED plus NAD+–NADPH in-situ regeneration was realized. This work provided new insights into cofactor rebalancing pathways, using metabolic engineering methods, for efficient chiral alcohol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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48
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Baxter S, Royer S, Grogan G, Brown F, Holt-Tiffin KE, Taylor IN, Fotheringham IG, Campopiano DJ. An Improved Racemase/Acylase Biotransformation for the Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19310-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305438y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Baxter
- The EastChem School of Chemistry,
Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9
3JJ, U.K
| | - Sylvain Royer
- Department of
Biology and Biochemistry,
University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Fraser Brown
- Ingenza Ltd,Wallace
Building,
Roslin Biocentre, Roslin, EH25 9PP, U.K
| | - Karen E. Holt-Tiffin
- Chirotech Technology Centre,
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge,
CB4 0PE, U.K
| | - Ian N. Taylor
- Chirotech Technology Centre,
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge,
CB4 0PE, U.K
| | | | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- The EastChem School of Chemistry,
Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9
3JJ, U.K
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Development of a high-throughput screening method for racemase activity and its application to the identification of alanine racemase variants with activity towards l-arginine. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Bongen P, Pietruszka J, Simon RC. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furans: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Analgesic Agent BRL 37959. Chemistry 2012; 18:11063-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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