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Eaton L, Pamenter ME. What to do with low O 2: Redox adaptations in vertebrates native to hypoxic environments. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111259. [PMID: 35724954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important cellular signalling molecules but sudden changes in redox balance can be deleterious to cells and lethal to the whole organism. ROS production is inherently linked to environmental oxygen availability and many species live in variable oxygen environments that can range in both severity and duration of hypoxic exposure. Given the importance of redox homeostasis to cell and animal viability, it is not surprising that early studies in species adapted to various hypoxic niches have revealed diverse strategies to limit or mitigate deleterious ROS changes. Although research in this area is in its infancy, patterns are beginning to emerge in the suites of adaptations to different hypoxic environments. This review focuses on redox adaptations (i.e., modifications of ROS production and scavenging, and mitigation of oxidative damage) in hypoxia-tolerant vertebrates across a range of hypoxic environments. In general, evidence suggests that animals adapted to chronic lifelong hypoxia are in homeostasis, and do not encounter major oxidative challenges in their homeostatic environment, whereas animals exposed to seasonal chronic anoxia or hypoxia rapidly downregulate redox balance to match a hypometabolic state and employ robust scavenging pathways during seasonal reoxygenation. Conversely, animals adapted to intermittent hypoxia exposure face the greatest degree of ROS imbalance and likely exhibit enhanced ROS-mitigation strategies. Although some progress has been made, research in this field is patchy and further elucidation of mechanisms that are protective against environmental redox challenges is imperative for a more holistic understanding of how animals survive hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Eaton
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Abstract
Anesthetic management of chelonians represents a unique challenge; the order Chelonia includes numerous species that display diverse anatomic features, habitats, body sizes, temperaments, and metabolic rates. Owing to their peculiar characteristics, safe and effective sedation and anesthesia may be more complicated than in other animals. For example, gas inductions are not indicated, and intravenous catheterization requires practice. The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs is severely impacted by body/environmental temperature, site of administration, and organ function. This review will summarize the current knowledge in terms of anatomy, physiology, and drug metabolism in chelonians, before discussing practical aspects of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scarabelli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa-Anicura, Via G. Marconi 27, Samarate, VA 21017, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 2065 West Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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3
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Robinson NJ, García-Párraga D, Stacy BA, Costidis AM, Blanco GS, Clyde-Brockway CE, Haas HL, Harms CA, Patel SH, Stacy NI, Fahlman A. A Baseline Model For Estimating the Risk of Gas Embolism in Sea Turtles During Routine Dives. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678555. [PMID: 34539425 PMCID: PMC8440993 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles, like other air-breathing diving vertebrates, commonly experience significant gas embolism (GE) when incidentally caught at depth in fishing gear and brought to the surface. To better understand why sea turtles develop GE, we built a mathematical model to estimate partial pressures of N2 (PN2), O2 (PO2), and CO2 (PCO2) in the major body-compartments of diving loggerheads (Caretta caretta), leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas). This model was adapted from a published model for estimating gas dynamics in marine mammals and penguins. To parameterize the sea turtle model, we used values gleaned from previously published literature and 22 necropsies. Next, we applied this model to data collected from free-roaming individuals of the three study species. Finally, we varied body-condition and cardiac output within the model to see how these factors affected the risk of GE. Our model suggests that cardiac output likely plays a significant role in the modulation of GE, especially in the deeper diving leatherback turtles. This baseline model also indicates that even during routine diving behavior, sea turtles are at high risk of GE. This likely means that turtles have additional behavioral, anatomical, and/or physiologic adaptions that serve to reduce the probability of GE but were not incorporated in this model. Identifying these adaptations and incorporating them into future iterations of this model will further reveal the factors driving GE in sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Robinson
- Department of Research, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Department of Research, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida (duty station), Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Gabriela S. Blanco
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CCT CONICET-CENPAT), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | | | - Heather L. Haas
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Craig A. Harms
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samir H. Patel
- Coonamessett Farm Foundation, East Falmouth, MA, United States
| | - Nicole I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andreas Fahlman
- Department of Research, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- Global Diving Research, Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Larramendi A, Paul GS, Hsu SY. A review and reappraisal of the specific gravities of present and past multicellular organisms, with an emphasis on tetrapods. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1833-1888. [PMID: 33258532 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The density, or specific gravity (SG), of organisms has numerous important implications for their form, function, ecology, and other facets of beings living and dead, and it is especially necessary to apply SG values that are as accurate as practical when estimating their masses which is itself a critical aspect of living things. Yet a comprehensive review and analysis of this notable subject of anatomy has never been conducted and published. This is such an effort, being as extensive as possible with the data on hand, bolstered by some additional observations, and new work focusing on extinct animals who densities are least unknown: pterosaurs and dinosaurs with extensive pneumatic complexes, including the most sophisticated effort to date for a sauropod. Often difficult to determine even via direct observation, techniques for obtaining the best possible SG data are explained and utilized, including observations of floating animals. Neutral specific gravity (NSG) is proposed as the most important value for tetrapods with respiratory tracts of fluctuating volume. SGs of organisms range from 0.08 to 2.6, plant tissues from 0.08 to 1.39, and vertebrates from about 0.75 (some giant pterosaurs) to 1.2 (those with heavy armor and/or skeletons). Tetrapod NSGs tend to be somewhat higher than widely thought, especially those theropod and sauropod dinosaurs and pterosaurs with air-sacs because respiratory system volume is usually measured at maximum inhalation in birds. Also discussed is evidence that the ratio of the mass of skeletons relative to total body mass has not been properly assayed in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Larramendi
- Eofauna Scientific Research, Errondo 6, 10c, Donostia, Basque Country, 20010, Spain
| | | | - Shu-Yu Hsu
- Eofauna Scientific Research, Errondo 6, 10c, Donostia, Basque Country, 20010, Spain
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5
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Souza RBBD, Bonfim VMG, Rios VP, Klein W. Allometric relations of respiratory variables in Amniota: Effects of phylogeny, form, and function. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 252:110845. [PMID: 33197562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological variables are frequently described by analyzing scaling relationships of the variable against body mass (MB). Respiratory variables are no exception and allometric relations for oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume, breathing frequency, and lung volume have been described in the literature. While the allometric relations of respiratory variables given for mammals and birds are very consistent among different studies, scaling relationships for non-avian reptiles have only been scarcely described and show considerable variation between studies. Since no comprehensive study of allometric relations of respiratory variables has been carried out comparing the different groups of non-avian reptiles, we analyzed morphological and physiological variables of the respiratory system of crocodilians, chelonians, lizards, snakes, birds, and mammals, regarding the allometric relations of each variable from a phylogenetic perspective as well as related to lung morphology. Our results indicated that few respiratory variables possess significant phylogenetic signals and that tidal volume, breathing frequency (except mammals), and air convection requirement were independent of phylogeny. Contrary to the literature, lung volume of amniotes scaled isometrically to MB, with the exception of lizards (MB0.78). Air convection requirement scaled isometrically in mammals and birds, but was more variable among non-avian reptiles, from a taxonomic perspective and in regard to different lung structures. In conclusion, respiratory variables among non-avian reptiles scaled more variably than previously expected, both according to phylogeny and to lung type, warranting future studies to explore structure-function relations of the reptilian respiratory system, especially regarding snakes and crocodilians, since these groups had very few data available for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Brasil Bueno de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Maria Gomes Bonfim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Passos Rios
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Passos 37900-106, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Arango BG, Harfush-Meléndez M, Marmolejo-Valencia JA, Merchant-Larios H, Crocker DE. Blood oxygen stores of olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea are highly variable among individuals during arribada nesting. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:185-194. [PMID: 33064209 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sea turtles dive with a full lung of air and these O2 stores are supplemented by O2 stored in blood and muscle. Olive ridley sea turtles exhibit polymorphic nesting behavior, mass nesting behavior called arribada, where thousands of turtles will nest at once, and solitary nesting behavior. The potential physiological differences between the individuals using these strategies are not well understood. We measured blood volume and associated variables, including blood hemoglobin content and hematocrit, to estimate total blood O2 stores. There were no significant differences in mean values between nesting strategies, but arribada nesting individuals were more variable than those performing solitary nesting. Mass-specific plasma volume was relatively invariant among individuals but mass specific blood volume and blood oxygen stores varied widely, twofold and threefold, respectively. Blood O2 stores represented 32% of total body O2 stores. Under typical mean diving conditions of 26 °C and high levels of activity, blood stores confer ~ 14 min to aerobic dive times and are likely critical for the long duration, deep diving exhibited by the species. Individual differences in blood O2 stores strongly impact estimated aerobic dive limits and may constrain the ability of individuals to respond to changes on ocean climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gabriela Arango
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
| | | | | | - Horacio Merchant-Larios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
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7
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Favilla AB, Costa DP. Thermoregulatory Strategies of Diving Air-Breathing Marine Vertebrates: A Review. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.555509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Antoł A, Labecka AM, Horváthová T, Zieliński B, Szabla N, Vasko Y, Pecio A, Kozłowski J, Czarnoleski M. Thermal and oxygen conditions during development cause common rough woodlice (Porcellio scaber) to alter the size of their gas-exchange organs. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Clarac F, Scheyer TM, Desojo JB, Cerda IA, Sanchez S. The evolution of dermal shield vascularization in Testudinata and Pseudosuchia: phylogenetic constraints versus ecophysiological adaptations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190132. [PMID: 31928197 PMCID: PMC7017437 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on living turtles have demonstrated that shells are involved in the resistance to hypoxia during apnea via bone acidosis buffering; a process which is complemented with cutaneous respiration, transpharyngeal and cloacal gas exchanges in the soft-shell turtles. Bone acidosis buffering during apnea has also been identified in crocodylian osteoderms, which are also known to employ heat transfer when basking. Although diverse, many of these functions rely on one common trait: the vascularization of the dermal shield. Here, we test whether the above ecophysiological functions played an adaptive role in the evolutionary transitions between land and aquatic environments in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata. To do so, we measured the bone porosity as a proxy for vascular density in a set of dermal plates before performing phylogenetic comparative analyses. For both lineages, the dermal plate porosity obviously varies depending on the animal lifestyle, but these variations prove to be highly driven by phylogenetic relationships. We argue that the complexity of multi-functional roles of the post-cranial dermal skeleton in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata probably is the reason for a lack of obvious physiological signal, and we discuss the role of the dermal shield vascularization in the evolution of these groups. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Clarac
- Department of Organismal Biology, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia B. Desojo
- CONICET, División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n°, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio A. Cerda
- CONICET, Argentina y Instituto de Investigacion en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Museo Carlos Ameghino, Belgrano 1700, Paraje Pichi Ruca (predio Marabunta), 8300 Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Department of Organismal Biology, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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10
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Okuyama J, Shiozawa M, Shiode D. Heart rate and cardiac response to exercise during voluntary dives in captive sea turtles (Cheloniidae). Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049247. [PMID: 32033966 PMCID: PMC7055368 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In chelonids, oxygen is primarily stored in the lungs during a dive. Therefore, management of blood oxygen transportation to peripheral tissues by cardiovascular adjustments during submergence is crucial to maximize their dive duration, and consequently, the time spent for ecological activities such as foraging. However, the cardiac response to exercise has rarely been examined in sea turtles. In this study, heart rate and its relationship with exercise during voluntary dives were determined in six captive green turtles (19.4±1.5 kg) by simultaneously recording depth, acceleration and electrocardiogram. Our results demonstrated that the heart rate of green turtles was generally low (11.1±0.4 bpm) during resting dives, but they often exhibited instantaneously extreme tachycardia (up to 78.4 bpm). Green turtles elevated their heart rate up to 39.8±1.5 bpm during ventilation after resting dives, while up to 33.1±1.4 bpm after active dives. The heart rate immediately elevated with onset of exercise, and increased linearly with exercise. This result may indicate that turtles immediately need to transport oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues by pulmonary and systemic circulations to meet the metabolic demands of exercise because they mainly store oxygen in their lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okuyama
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan
| | - Maika Shiozawa
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiode
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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11
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Twenty-three Years of Sea Turtle Stranding/ bycatch Research in Taiwan. Zool Stud 2019; 58:e44. [PMID: 31966345 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2019.58-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coastal sea turtle stranding and bycatch are common phenomena worldwide and have received more attention in recent years. They are caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. One thousand and seventy-two turtles were reported to be victims of these phenomena from March 1997 to November 2019 in Taiwan. Number of stranding/bycatch were variable and infrequent for the first 14 years, but increased each year after 2012 and peaked in 2019 with 217 cases. Most turtles were juveniles to subadults. All five of Taiwan's species were reported in stranding and bycatch records, and the green turtle was reported the most common. The main reported seasons lasted from winter to spring, when the weather changes dramatically. The sex ratio (female: male) ranged from 7 in the hawksbill turtle to 0.7 in the olive ridley, with an average of 2.4 for all species. Green turtles were the dominant stranded species, and more loggerhead turtles were by-caught. The hotspots were the towns of Dougou and Tochen in Yilan County, and Gongliao District in New Taipei City, located in NE coast of Taiwan respectively. Stranding was the more common of the two phenomena reported, and 80% of all stranded turtles were subadult green turtles. Eighty percent of all stranded/bycaught turtles were dead. Pond-nets were the fishing gear that accounted for the most bycatch, and captured mainly living young and subadult green turtles as well as subadult loggerhead turtles. The hotspots for bycatch were the towns of Dongou and Tochen in Yilan County. The Coast Guard and concerned citizen were the main sources of reports. This is the first study to analyze the long-term stranding/bycatch of sea turtles in Taiwan.
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12
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Arcangeli A, Maffucci F, Atzori F, Azzolin M, Campana I, Carosso L, Crosti R, Frau F, David L, Di-Méglio N, Roul M, Gregorietti M, Mazzucato V, Pellegrino G, Giacoletti A, Paraboschi M, Zampollo A, de Lucia GA, Hochscheid S. Turtles on the trash track: loggerhead turtles exposed to floating plastic in the Mediterranean Sea. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Ennen JR, Hoffacker ML, Selman W, Murray C, Godwin J, Brown RA, Agha M. The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Body Size and Shape of a Freshwater Vertebrate. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-18-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, 175 Baylor School Road, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37805; (JRE) . Send reprints to JRE
| | - Mary Lou Hoffacker
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, 175 Baylor School Road, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37805; (JRE) . Send reprints to JRE
| | - Will Selman
- Department of Biology, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Box 150263, Jackson, Mississippi 39210;
| | - Christopher Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, 500 W. University Ave., Hammond, Louisiana 70402;
| | - James Godwin
- Alabama Natural Heritage Program, Auburn University Museum of Natural History, 1090 South Donahue Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849;
| | - Rocko A. Brown
- Cramer Fish Sciences, River Science and Restoration Lab, 3300 Industrial Blvd., Suite 100, West Sacramento, California 95691;
| | - Mickey Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616;
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14
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Marn N, Jusup M, Legović T, Kooijman S, Klanjšček T. Environmental effects on growth, reproduction, and life-history traits of loggerhead turtles. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Lambertz M, Shelton CD, Spindler F, Perry SF. A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1385:3-20. [PMID: 27859325 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the diaphragm remains a poorly understood yet crucial step in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates, as this unique structure serves as the main respiratory motor for mammals. Here, we analyze the paleobiology and the respiratory apparatus of one of the oldest lineages of mammal-like reptiles: the Caseidae. Combining quantitative bone histology and functional morphological and physiological modeling approaches, we deduce a scenario in which an auxiliary ventilatory structure was present in these early synapsids. Crucial to this hypothesis are indications that at least the phylogenetically advanced caseids might not have been primarily terrestrial but rather were bound to a predominantly aquatic life. Such a lifestyle would have resulted in severe constraints on their ventilatory system, which consequently would have had to cope with diving-related problems. Our modeling of breathing parameters revealed that these caseids were capable of only limited costal breathing and, if aquatic, must have employed some auxiliary ventilatory mechanism to quickly meet their oxygen demand upon surfacing. Given caseids' phylogenetic position at the base of Synapsida and under this aquatic scenario, it would be most parsimonious to assume that a homologue of the mammalian diaphragm had already evolved about 50 Ma earlier than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christen D Shelton
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Palaeobiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rhodes Gift, South Africa
| | - Frederik Spindler
- Institut für Geologie, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany.,Dinosaurier-Park Altmühltal, Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Steven F Perry
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Marn N, Klanjscek T, Stokes L, Jusup M. Size Scaling in Western North Atlantic Loggerhead Turtles Permits Extrapolation between Regions, but Not Life Stages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143747. [PMID: 26629702 PMCID: PMC4668024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sea turtles face threats globally and are protected by national and international laws. Allometry and scaling models greatly aid sea turtle conservation and research, and help to better understand the biology of sea turtles. Scaling, however, may differ between regions and/or life stages. We analyze differences between (i) two different regional subsets and (ii) three different life stage subsets of the western North Atlantic loggerhead turtles by comparing the relative growth of body width and depth in relation to body length, and discuss the implications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results suggest that the differences between scaling relationships of different regional subsets are negligible, and models fitted on data from one region of the western North Atlantic can safely be used on data for the same life stage from another North Atlantic region. On the other hand, using models fitted on data for one life stage to describe other life stages is not recommended if accuracy is of paramount importance. In particular, young loggerhead turtles that have not recruited to neritic habitats should be studied and modeled separately whenever practical, while neritic juveniles and adults can be modeled together as one group. Even though morphometric scaling varies among life stages, a common model for all life stages can be used as a general description of scaling, and assuming isometric growth as a simplification is justified. In addition to linear models traditionally used for scaling on log-log axes, we test the performance of a saturating (curvilinear) model. The saturating model is statistically preferred in some cases, but the accuracy gained by the saturating model is marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marn
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tin Klanjscek
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lesley Stokes
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marko Jusup
- Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maffucci F, Annona G, de Girolamo P, Bologna MA, Meomartino L, Montesano A, Bentivegna F, Hochscheid S. Bone density in the loggerhead turtle: functional implications for stage specific aquatic habits. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Maffucci
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Naples Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - G. Annona
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Naples Italy
| | - P. de Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni animali; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - M. A. Bologna
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - L. Meomartino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Radiologia Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Montesano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni animali; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Naples Italy
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18
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Okuyama J, Nakajima K, Noda T, Kimura S, Kamihata H, Kobayashi M, Arai N, Kagawa S, Kawabata Y, Yamada H. Ethogram of Immature Green Turtles: Behavioral Strategies for Somatic Growth in Large Marine Herbivores. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65783. [PMID: 23840367 PMCID: PMC3686772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are assumed to obtain/conserve energy effectively to maximise their fitness, which manifests itself in a variety of behavioral strategies. For marine animals, however, these behavioral strategies are generally unknown due to the lack of high-resolution monitoring techniques in marine habitats. As large marine herbivores, immature green turtles do not need to allocate energy to reproduction but are at risk of shark predation, although it is a rare occurrence. They are therefore assumed to select/use feeding and resting sites that maximise their fitness in terms of somatic growth, while avoiding predation. We investigated fine-scale behavioral patterns (feeding, resting and other behaviors), microhabitat use and time spent on each behavior for eight immature green turtles using data loggers including: depth, global positioning system, head acceleration, speed and video sensors. Immature green turtles at Iriomote Island, Japan, spent an average of 4.8 h feeding on seagrass each day, with two peaks, between 5∶00 and 9∶00, and between 17∶00 and 20∶00. This feeding pattern appeared to be restricted by gut capacity, and thus maximised energy acquisition. Meanwhile, most of the remaining time was spent resting at locations close to feeding grounds, which allowed turtles to conserve energy spent travelling and reduced the duration of periods exposed to predation. These behavioral patterns and time allocations allow immature green turtles to effectively obtain/conserve energy for growth, thus maximising their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okuyama
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kana Nakajima
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Noda
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Kimura
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kamihata
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Arai
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Kagawa
- Nature and Science Programs, NHK Enterprises, Inc., Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kawabata
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamada
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
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19
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Wang S, Lillywhite HB, Cheng YC, Tu MC. Variation of traits and habitat use in three species of sea kraits in
T
aiwan. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wang
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Y. C. Cheng
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | - M. C. Tu
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
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20
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Williard A. Physiology as Integrated Systems. THE BIOLOGY OF SEA TURTLES, VOLUME III 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Merritt L, Matthews PGD, White CR. Performance correlates of resting metabolic rate in garden skinks Lampropholis delicata. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:663-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Okuyama J, Kataoka K, Kobayashi M, Abe O, Yoseda K, Arai N. The regularity of dive performance in sea turtles: a new perspective from precise activity data. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Hochscheid S, Bentivegna F, Hamza A, Hays GC. When surfacers do not dive: multiple significance of extended surface times in marine turtles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1328-37. [PMID: 20348345 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine turtles spend more than 90% of their life underwater and have been termed surfacers as opposed to divers. Nonetheless turtles have been reported occasionally to float motionless at the surface but the reasons for this behaviour are not clear. We investigated the location, timing and duration of extended surface times (ESTs) in 10 free-ranging loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and the possible relationship to water temperature and diving activity recorded via satellite relay data loggers for 101-450 days. For one turtle that dived only in offshore areas, ESTs contributed 12% of the time whereas for the other turtles ESTs contributed 0.4-1.8% of the time. ESTs lasted on average 90 min but were mostly infrequent and irregular, excluding the involvement of a fundamental regulatory function. However, 82% of the ESTs occurred during daylight, mostly around noon, suggesting a dependence on solar radiation. For three turtles, there was an appreciable (7 degrees C to 10.5 degrees C) temperature decrease with depth for dives during periods when ESTs occurred frequently, suggesting a re-warming function of EST to compensate for decreased body temperatures, possibly to enhance digestive efficiency. A positive correlation between body mass and EST duration supported this explanation. By contrast, night-active turtles that exceeded their calculated aerobic dive limits in 7.6-16% of the dives engaged in nocturnal ESTs, probably for lactate clearance. This is the first evidence that loggerhead turtles may refrain from diving for at least two reasons, either to absorb solar radiation or to recover from anaerobic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hochscheid
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Communale 1, Naples, Italy
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24
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von Brandis RG, Mortimer JA, Reilly BK. In-Water Observations of the Diving Behaviour of Immature Hawksbill Turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, on a coral reef at D'Arros Island, Republic of Seychelles. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0815.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Campbell HA, Sullivan S, Read MA, Gordos MA, Franklin CE. Ecological and physiological determinants of dive duration in the freshwater crocodile. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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