1
|
Li S, Jin S, Jin C. The correlative hypotheses between Pitchfork and Kif3a in palate development. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:23-25. [PMID: 31010494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that dysfunction of primary cilia during embryonic development causes a range of developmental disorders such as cleft lip and palate, lung, kidney and heart disease. Both Pitchfork and Kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a) are associating with primary cilia, but whether there is a correlation between them are still inconclusive. Our research confirmed that Pitchfork over-expression induced lateral cleft palate and primary cilia disassembly during palate development. We also demonstrated that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Patched1 (Ptc1) expression levels were altering in the over-expressed Pitchfork group during palate development. Then we observed by consulting a vast amount of literature that specific knockout of the Kif3a also induced lateral cleft palate and expended the expression domains of Shh and Gli1 during palate development. Furthermore, loss of the Kif3a results in disassembly of the primary cilia and eventually leads to abnormal palatal development. Finally, we found that both Pitchfork and Kif3a are accumulating at the basal body and ciliary necklace during the early phase of cilia assembly and disassembly and both of them are involved in ciliary transport. Based on the above evidence, we hypotheses that there may be a potential correlation between Pitchfork and Kif3a, that could regulate primary cilia disassembly during palate development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Li
- Department of Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China.
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
| | - Chengri Jin
- Department of Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bariwal J, Kumar V, Dong Y, Mahato RI. Design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1137-1204. [PMID: 30484872 DOI: 10.1002/med.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in the initiation and progression of various cancers and is essential for embryonic and postnatal development. This pathway remains in the quiescent state in adult tissues but gets activated upon inflammation and injuries. Inhibition of Hh signaling pathway using natural and synthetic compounds has provided an attractive approach for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. While the majority of Hh pathway inhibitors target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), some small molecules that target the signaling cascade downstream of SMO are of particular interest. Substantial efforts are being made to develop new molecules targeting various components of the Hh signaling pathway. Here, we have discussed the discovery of small molecules as Hh inhibitors from the diverse chemical background. Also, some of the recently identified natural products have been included as a separate section. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each chemical class is the focus of this review. Also, clinically advanced molecules are discussed from the last 5 to 7 years. Nanomedicine-based delivery approaches for Hh pathway inhibitors are also discussed concisely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khatra H, Khan PP, Pattanayak S, Bhadra J, Rather B, Chakrabarti S, Saha T, Sinha S. Hedgehog Antagonist Pyrimidine-Indole Hybrid Molecule Inhibits Ciliogenesis through Microtubule Destabilisation. Chembiochem 2018; 19:723-735. [PMID: 29363254 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the crucial regulators of embryonic patterning and tissue development is the Hedgehog-glioma (Hh-Gli) signalling pathway; its uncontrolled activation has been implicated in different types of cancer in adult tissues. Primary cilium is one of the important factors required for the activation of Hh signalling, as it brings the critical components together for key protein-protein interactions required for Hh pathway regulation. Most of the synthetic and natural small molecule modulators of the pathway primarily antagonise Smoothened (Smo) or other effectors like Hh ligand or Gli. Here, we report a previously described Hh antagonist, with a pyrimidine-indole hybrid (PIH) core structure, as an inhibitor of ciliogenesis. The compound is unique in its mode of action, as it shows perturbation of microtubule dynamics in both cell-based assays and in vivo systems (zebrafish embryos). Further studies revealed that the probable targets are α-tubulin and its acetylated form, found in the cytoplasm and primary cilia. PIH also showed axonal defasiculation in developing zebrafish embryos. We thus propose that PIH antagonises Hh signalling by repressing cilia biogenesis and disassembling α-tubulin from its stabilised form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Khatra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Pragya Paramita Khan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sankha Pattanayak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Jhuma Bhadra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Bilal Rather
- Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Taniya Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Surajit Sinha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li W, Sun Q, Song L, Gao C, Liu F, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Discovery of 1-(3-aryl-4-chlorophenyl)-3-(p-aryl)urea derivatives against breast cancer by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Hedgehog signalings. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:721-733. [PMID: 29107429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog (Hh) signalings are two important pathways in breast cancer, which are usually connected with the drug resistance and cancer migration. Many studies indicated that PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors and Hh inhibitors displayed synergistic effects, and the combination of the two signaling drugs could delay drug resistance and inhibit cancer migration in breast cancer. Therefore, the development of molecules simultaneously inhibiting these two pathways is urgent needed. Based on the structures of PI3K inhibitor buparlisib and Hh inhibitor vismodegib, a series of hybrid structures were designed and synthesized utilizing rational drug design and computer-based drug design. Several compounds displayed excellent antiproliferative activities against several breast cancer cell lines, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cell. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the representative compound 9i could inhibit both PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog (Hh) signalings by inhibiting the phosphorylation of S6K and Akt as well as decreasing the SAG elevated expression of Gli1. Compound 9i could also induce apoptosis remarkably in T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells. In the transwell assay, 9i showed significant inhibition on the migration of MDA-MB-231.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qinsheng Sun
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yuzong Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khatra H, Kundu J, Khan PP, Duttagupta I, Pattanayak S, Sinha S. Piperazic acid derivatives inhibit Gli1 in Hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4423-4426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
6
|
Kötzner L, Leutzsch M, Sievers S, Patil S, Waldmann H, Zheng Y, Thiel W, List B. Organokatalytische Synthese von enantiomerenreinen 2H- und 3H-Pyrrolen: Inhibitoren des Hedgehog-Signalwegs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kötzner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS); Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Sumersing Patil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kötzner L, Leutzsch M, Sievers S, Patil S, Waldmann H, Zheng Y, Thiel W, List B. The Organocatalytic Approach to Enantiopure 2H- and 3H-Pyrroles: Inhibitors of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7693-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kötzner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS); Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sumersing Patil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Akare UR, Bandaru S, Shaheen U, Singh PK, Tiwari G, Singare P, Nayarisseri A, Banerjee T. Molecular docking approaches in identification of High affinity inhibitors of Human SMO receptor. Bioinformation 2014; 10:737-42. [PMID: 25670876 PMCID: PMC4312366 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the Hh signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of several types of cancers including prostate, lung, pancreas, breast, brain and skin. Present study identified the binding affinities of eight established inhibitors viz., Cyclopamine, Saridegib, Itraconazole, LDE-225, TAK-441, BMS-833923 (XL139), PF-04449913 and Vismodegib targeting SMO receptor - a candidate protein involved in hedgehog pathway and sought to identify the best amongst the established inhibitors through by molecular docking. Exelxis® BMS 833923 (XL 139) demonstrated superior binding affinity aided by MolDock scoring docking algorithm. Further BMS 833923 (XL 139) was evaluated for pharmacophoric features which revealed appreciable ligand receptor interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Raj Akare
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Bandaru
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500 016, Telangana, India
| | - Uzma Shaheen
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500 016, Telangana, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Singh
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Geet Tiwari
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Paramanand Singare
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore - 452 001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar Banerjee
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore - 452 001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Manetti F, Taddei M, Petricci E. Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Small Molecule Smoothened Modulators Discovered by High-Throughput Screening and Rational Design. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
11
|
Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways through the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of an iridoid-inspired compound collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12404-8. [PMID: 24115579 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cousins you can count on: An iridoid-inspired compound collection was synthesized efficiently by the resolution of cyclic enones in an asymmetric cycloaddition with azomethine ylides. The collection contained novel potent inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takayama
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of Inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog Signaling Pathways through the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of an Iridoid-Inspired Compound Collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
13
|
Filbin MG, Dabral SK, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Ramkissoon S, Kung AL, Pak E, Chung J, Theisen MA, Sun Y, Franchetti Y, Sun Y, Shulman DS, Redjal N, Tabak B, Beroukhim R, Wang Q, Zhao J, Dorsch M, Buonamici S, Ligon KL, Kelleher JF, Segal RA. Coordinate activation of Shh and PI3K signaling in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma: new therapeutic opportunities. Nat Med 2013; 19:1518-23. [PMID: 24076665 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In glioblastoma, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is frequently activated by loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). However, it is not known whether inhibiting PI3K represents a selective and effective approach for treatment. We interrogated large databases and found that sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is activated in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma. We demonstrate that the SHH and PI3K pathways synergize to promote tumor growth and viability in human PTEN-deficient glioblastomas. A combination of PI3K and SHH signaling inhibitors not only suppressed the activation of both pathways but also abrogated S6 kinase (S6K) signaling. Accordingly, targeting both pathways simultaneously resulted in mitotic catastrophe and tumor apoptosis and markedly reduced the growth of PTEN-deficient glioblastomas in vitro and in vivo. The drugs tested here appear to be safe in humans; therefore, this combination may provide a new targeted treatment for glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Gruber Filbin
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
CD200-expressing human basal cell carcinoma cells initiate tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1434-9. [PMID: 23292936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211655110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoothened antagonists directly target the genetic basis of human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common of all cancers. These drugs inhibit BCC growth, but they are not curative. Although BCC cells are monomorphic, immunofluorescence microscopy reveals a complex hierarchical pattern of growth with inward differentiation along hair follicle lineages. Most BCC cells express the transcription factor KLF4 and are committed to terminal differentiation. A small CD200(+) CD45(-) BCC subpopulation that represents 1.63 ± 1.11% of all BCC cells resides in small clusters at the tumor periphery. By using reproducible in vivo xenograft growth assays, we determined that tumor initiating cell frequencies approximate one per 1.5 million unsorted BCC cells. The CD200(+) CD45(-) BCC subpopulation recreated BCC tumor growth in vivo with typical histological architecture and expression of sonic hedgehog-regulated genes. Reproducible in vivo BCC growth was achieved with as few as 10,000 CD200(+) CD45(-) cells, representing ~1,500-fold enrichment. CD200(-) CD45(-) BCC cells were unable to form tumors. These findings establish a platform to study the effects of Smoothened antagonists on BCC tumor initiating cell and also suggest that currently available anti-CD200 therapy be considered, either as monotherapy or an adjunct to Smoothened antagonists, in the treatment of inoperable BCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cucchi D, Occhione MA, Gulino A, De Smaele E. Hedgehog signaling pathway and its targets for treatment in basal cell carcinoma. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:173-85. [PMID: 27186130 PMCID: PMC4863577 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s28553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common type of cancer and accounts for up to 40% of all cancers in the US, with a growing incidence rate over recent decades in all developed countries. Surgery is curative for most patients, although it leaves unaesthetic scars, but those that develop locally advanced or metastatic BCC require different therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, patients with BCC present a high risk of developing additional tumors. The increasing economic burden and the morbidity of BCC render primary interest in the development of targeted treatments for this disease. Among the molecular signals involved in the development of BCC, the critical role of the morphogenetic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has become evident. This pathway is found altered and activated in almost all BCCs, both sporadic and inherited. Given the centrality of the Hh pathway in the pathophysiology of BCC, the primary efforts to identify molecular targets for the topical or systemic treatment of this cancer have focused on the Hh components. Several Hh inhibitors have been so far identified - from the first identified natural cyclopamine to the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved synthetic vismodegib - most of which target the Hh receptor Smoothened (either its function or its translocation to the primary cilium). Other molecules await further characterization (bisamide compounds), while drugs currently approved for other diseases such as itraconazole (an antimicotic agent) and vitamin D3 have been tested on BCC with encouraging results. The outcomes of the numerous ongoing clinical trials are expected to expand the field in the very near future. Further research is needed to obtain drugs targeting downstream components of the Hh pathway (eg, Gli) or to exploit combinatorial therapies (eg, with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors or retinoids) in order to overcome potential drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Cucchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Center of Life NanoScience @ La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheikh A, Alvi AA, Aslam HM, Haseeb A. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors - current status and future prospects. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:29. [PMID: 23116301 PMCID: PMC3523044 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) proteins comprise a group of secreted proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation and survival. Inappropriate activation of the Hh signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of a variety of cancers. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are a relatively new class of therapeutic agents that act by targeting the proteins involved in the regulation of Hh pathway (PTCH, SMO and Gli). Together, they serve as exciting new prospects, with a bright future, both alone or as an adjuvant to the more traditional anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asfandyar Sheikh
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi 74200, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dockendorff C, Nagiec MM, Weïwer M, Buhrlage S, Ting A, Nag PP, Germain A, Kim HJ, Youngsaye W, Scherer C, Bennion M, Xue L, Stanton BZ, Lewis TA, MacPherson L, Palmer M, Foley MA, Perez JR, Schreiber SL. Macrocyclic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors: Optimization of Cellular Activity and Mode of Action Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:808-813. [PMID: 23074541 PMCID: PMC3469069 DOI: 10.1021/ml300172p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Macrocyclic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors have been
discovered
with improved potency and maximal inhibition relative to the previously
reported macrocycle robotnikinin. Analogues were prepared using a
modular and efficient build-couple-pair (BCP) approach, with a ring-closing
metathesis step to form the macrocyclic ring. Varying the position
of the macrocycle nitrogen and oxygen atoms provided inhibitors with
improved activity in cellular assays; the most potent analogue was 29 (BRD-6851), with an IC50 of 0.4 μM against
C3H10T1/2 cells undergoing Hh-induced activation, as measured by Gli1 transcription and alkaline phosphatase induction. Studies
with Patched knockout (Ptch–/–) cells and competition studies with the Smoothened (Smo) agonists
SAG and purmorphamine demonstrate that in contrast to robotnikinin,
select analogues are Smo antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dockendorff
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marek M. Nagiec
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sara Buhrlage
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amal Ting
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Partha P. Nag
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew Germain
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Willmen Youngsaye
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christina Scherer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melissa Bennion
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Linlong Xue
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin Z. Stanton
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Timothy A. Lewis
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lawrence MacPherson
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - José R. Perez
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Davidow L, Arvanites AC, Blanchard J, Lam K, Xu K, Oza V, Yoo JW, Ng JM, Curran T, Rubin LL, McMahon AP. Glucocorticoid compounds modify smoothened localization and hedgehog pathway activity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:972-82. [PMID: 22921064 PMCID: PMC3724998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is linked to a variety of diseases, notably a range of cancers. The first generation of drug screens identified Smoothened (Smo), a membrane protein essential for signaling, as an attractive drug target. Smo localizes to the primary cilium upon pathway activation, and this transition is critical for the response to Hedgehog ligands. In a high content screen directly monitoring Smo distribution in Hedgehog-responsive cells, we identified different glucocorticoids as specific modulators of Smo ciliary accumulation. One class promoted Smo accumulation, conferring cellular hypersensitivity to Hedgehog stimulation. In contrast, a second class inhibited Smo ciliary localization and signaling activity by both wild-type Smo, and mutant forms of Smo, SmoM2, and SmoD473H, that are refractory to previously identified Smo antagonists. These findings point to the potential for developing glucocorticoid-based pharmacological modulation of Smo signaling to treat mutated drug-resistant forms of Smo, an emerging problem in long-term cancer therapy. They also raise a concern about potential crosstalk of glucocorticoid drugs in the Hedgehog pathway, if therapeutic administration exceeds levels associated with on-target transcriptional mechanisms of glucocorticoid action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Lance Davidow
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Anthony C. Arvanites
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Joel Blanchard
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kelvin Lam
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Vatsal Oza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jin Woo Yoo
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | | | - Tom Curran
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cancer stem cell targeting: the next generation of cancer therapy and molecular imaging. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:227-44. [PMID: 22834199 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the capacity to generate the heterogeneous lineages of all cancer cells comprising a tumor and these populations of cells are likely to be more relevant in determining prognosis. However, these cells do not operate in isolation, but instead rely upon signals co-opted from their microenvironment, making the targeting and imaging of CSCs within a cancer mass a daunting task. A better understanding of the molecular cell biology underlying CSC pathology will facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets and novel strategies for the successful eradication of cancer. In addition, the continued investigation of sensitive molecular-imaging modalities will enable more accurate staging, treatment planning and the ability to monitor the effectiveness of CSC-targeted therapies in vivo. In this review, we explore the possibilities and limitations of CSC-directed therapies and molecular imaging modalities.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mazumdar T, DeVecchio J, Agyeman A, Shi T, Houghton JA. The GLI genes as the molecular switch in disrupting Hedgehog signaling in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2012; 2:638-45. [PMID: 21860067 PMCID: PMC3248207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway leads to activation of GLI, which transcriptionally regulate target genes. Regulated HH signaling activity is critical during embryogenesis while aberrantly activated HH signaling is evident in a variety of human cancers. Canonical HH signaling engages the transmembrane receptor Patched (PTCH) and the signaling intermediate Smoothened (SMO) to activate GLI1 and GLI2. In addition GLI1 and GLI2 are activated by non-canonical oncogenic signaling pathways to further drive HH-dependent survival. We have demonstrated in human colon carcinoma cells that inhibition of the RAS/RAF pathway by U0126 decreases p-ERK protein expression and also inhibits GLI-luciferase activity and GLI1 mRNA and protein levels. Of importance is the demonstration that targeting of SMO (using cyclopamine) has minimal effect on cell survival in comparison to the inhibition of GLI (using GANT61), which induced extensive cell death in 7/7 human colon carcinoma cell lines. Genetic inhibition of the function of GLI1 and GLI2 by transient transfection of the C-terminus deleted repressor GLI3R, reduced proliferation and induced cleavage of caspase-3 and cell death in HT29 cells, similar to the effects of GANT61. Mechanistically, downstream of GLI1 and GLI2 inhibition, γH2AX (a marker of DNA double strand breaks) expression was upregulated, and γH2AX nuclear foci were demonstrated in cells that expressed GLI3R. Activation of the ATM/Chk2 axis with co-localization of γH2AX and p-Chk2 nuclear foci were demonstrated following GLI1/GLI2 inhibition. GANT61 induced cellular accumulation at G1/S and early S with no further progression before cells became subG1, while cDNA microarray gene profiling demonstrated downregulation of genes involved in DNA replication, the DNA damage response, and DNA repair, mechanisms that are currently being pursued. These studies highlight the importance of targeting the GLI genes downstream of SMO for terminating HH-dependent survival, suggesting that GLI may constitute a molecular switch that determines the balance between cell survival and cell death in human colon carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapati Mazumdar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang DC, Song H, Yang C, Huang WC, Yao S. 2-Chloro- N-(4-chloro-3-iodophenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o189. [PMID: 22259473 PMCID: PMC3254527 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811053633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C14H10Cl2INO3S, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 52.13 (10)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O(sulfonyl) hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Dysregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in a growing number of human cancers. Although first identified as an important developmental signaling pathway crucial for cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration during organogenesis in invertebrates, these fundamental processes have been co-opted in human cancers. Initial evidence for the Hh pathway in tumor biology comes from mutations of signaling pathway components in a hereditary cancer syndrome that typically results in basal-cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Subsequent analysis revealed that Hh pathway mutations are found in sporadic tumors as well as activated Hh signaling in several epithelial cancers independent of Hh pathway mutation status. Further, recent evidence has demonstrated paracrine Hh signaling within stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment with implications for drug delivery. Several Hh antagonists targeting the Hh receptor, Smoothened (SMO), have been developed and show efficacy in preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials in humans. However, major issues with these small molecule compounds include rapid acquired resistance, potential developmental toxicities secondary to use in children, and limited efficacy in cancers driven by Hh signaling downstream of the SMO receptor.
Collapse
|
23
|
Heller E, Hurchla MA, Xiang J, Su X, Chen S, Schneider J, Joeng KS, Vidal M, Goldberg L, Deng H, Hornick MC, Prior JL, Piwnica-Worms D, Long F, Cagan R, Weilbaecher KN. Hedgehog signaling inhibition blocks growth of resistant tumors through effects on tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2011; 72:897-907. [PMID: 22186138 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in bone development and cellular transformation. Here we show that inhibition of Hh pathway activity inhibits tumor growth through effects on the microenvironment. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Hh effector Smoothened (Smo) increased trabecular bone in vivo and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In addition, enhanced Hh signaling due to heterozygosity of the Hh inhibitory receptor Patched (Ptch1(+/-)) increased bone resorption, suggesting direct regulation of osteoclast (OC) activity by the Hh pathway. Ptch1(+/-) mice had increased bone metastatic and subcutaneous tumor growth, suggesting that increased Hh activation in host cells promoted tumor growth. Subcutaneous growth of Hh-resistant tumor cells was inhibited by LDE225, a novel orally bioavailable SMO antagonist, consistent with effects on tumor microenvironment. Knockdown of the Hh ligand Sonic Hh (SHH) in these cells decreased subcutaneous tumor growth and decreased stromal cell production of interleukin-6, indicating that tumor-derived Hh ligands stimulated tumor growth in a paracrine fashion. Together our findings show that inhibition of the Hh pathway can reduce tumor burden, regardless of tumor Hh responsiveness, through effects on tumor cells, OCs, and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment. Hh may be a promising therapeutic target for solid cancers and bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Heller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Redmond EM, Guha S, Walls D, Cahill PA. Investigational Notch and Hedgehog inhibitors--therapies for cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1649-64. [PMID: 22007748 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.628658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the past decade, a variety of Notch and Hedgehog pathway inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of several cancers. An emerging paradigm suggests that these same gene regulatory networks are often recapitulated in the context of cardiovascular disease and may now offer an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED This article briefly reviews the profile of Notch and Hedgehog inhibitors that have reached the preclinic and clinic for cancer treatment and discusses the clinical issues surrounding targeted use of these inhibitors in the treatment of vascular disorders. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical data using pan-Notch inhibitors (γ-secretase inhibitors) and selective antibodies to preferentially target notch receptors and ligands have proven successful but concerns remain over normal organ homeostasis and significant pathology in multiple organs. By contrast, the Hedgehog-based drug pipeline is rich with more than a dozen Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors at various stages of development. Overall, refined strategies will be necessary to harness these pathways safely as a powerful tool to disrupt angiogenesis and vascular proliferative phenomena without causing prohibitive side effects already seen with cancer models and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Redmond
- University of Rochester, Department of Surgery, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box SURG, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brown ML, Aaron W, Austin RJ, Chong A, Huang T, Jiang B, Kaizerman JA, Lee G, Lucas BS, McMinn DL, Orf J, Rong M, Toteva MM, Xu G, Ye Q, Zhong W, DeGraffenreid MR, Wickramasinghe D, Powers JP, Hungate R, Johnson MG. Discovery of amide replacements that improve activity and metabolic stability of a bis-amide smoothened antagonist hit. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5206-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Toku AE, Tekir SD, Özbayraktar FBK, Ülgen KÖ. Reconstruction and crosstalk of protein-protein interaction networks of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:282-92. [PMID: 22000799 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, researchers have an intense interest in the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways which have crucial roles during embryonic development. The most intriguing factor of this interest is that malfunctioning of these signaling pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt etc.) leads to several human diseases, especially to cancer. This study deals with the β-catenin dependent branch of Wnt signaling and the Hedgehog signaling pathways which offer potential targeting points for cancer drug development. The identification of all proteins functioning in these signaling networks is crucial for the efforts of preventing tumor formation. Here, through integration of protein-protein interaction data and Gene Ontology annotations, Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog signaling networks consisting of proteins that have statistically high probability of being biologically related to these signaling pathways were reconstructed in Drosophila melanogaster. Next, by the structural network analyses, the crucial components functioning in these pathways were identified. The proteins Arm, Frizzled receptors (Fz and Fz2), Arr, Apc, Axn, Ci and Ptc were detected as the key proteins in these networks. Futhermore, the hub protein Mer having tumor suppressor function may be proposed as a putative drug target for cancer and deserves further investigation via experimental methods. Finally, the crosstalk analysis between the reconstructed networks reveals that these two signaling networks crosstalk to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Eren Toku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek-İstanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gallet A. Hedgehog morphogen: from secretion to reception. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:238-46. [PMID: 21257310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge of developmental biology is to understand how cells coordinate developmental behaviors with their neighbors. To achieve this, cells often employ signaling molecules that emanate from a local source and act at a distance on target cells. The Hedgehog morphogen is an essential signaling molecule required for numerous processes during animal development. Emphasizing the importance of this molecule for both growth control and patterning, Hedgehog signaling activity is often deregulated during cancer formation and progression. The secretion and spread of Hedgehog are not passive processes, but require accessory molecules involved in Hedgehog processing, release, spread and reception. In this review, I focus on the factors that are required to control the spread and activity of Hedgehog, highlighting recent data that have shed light on these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armel Gallet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement & Cancer - IBDC, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR6543 CNRS, Centre de Biochimie, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Raju GP. Arsenic: a potentially useful poison for Hedgehog-driven cancers. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:14-6. [PMID: 21183780 DOI: 10.1172/jci45692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in a growing number of human cancers. To date, most antagonists of this signaling pathway that have been developed target the Hh receptor Smoothened. However, these are predicted to have minimal effect when the pathway is activated as a result of dysregulation downstream of this receptor. In this issue of the JCI, Beauchamp and colleagues provide preclinical evidence that arsenic trioxide, a drug FDA approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, inhibits the growth of Ewing sarcoma and medulloblastoma cells by targeting GLI family zinc finger (GLI) proteins, which are Hh signaling pathway components downstream of Smoothened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Praveen Raju
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Modulators of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6613-24. [PMID: 20708941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery by C. Nüsslein-Volhard and E. F. Wieschaus, hedgehog (hh) signaling has come a long way. Today it is regarded as a key regulator in embryogenesis where it governs processes like cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue patterning. Furthermore, in adults it is involved in the maintenance of stem cells, and in tissue repair and regeneration. But hh signaling has a second-much darker-face: it plays an important role in several types of human cancers where it promotes growth and enables proliferation of tumor stem cells. The etiology of medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma is tightly linked to aberrant hh activity, but also cancers of the prostate, the pancreas, the colon, the breasts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and leukemia, are dependent on irregular hh activity. Recent clinical studies have shown that hh signaling can be the basis of an important new class of therapeutic agents with far-reaching implications in oncology. Thus, modulation of hh signaling by means of small molecules has emerged as a valuable tool in combating these hh-dependent cancers. Cyclopamine, a unique natural product with a fascinating history, was the first identified inhibitor of hh signaling and its story is closely linked to the progress in the whole field. In this review we will trace the story of cyclopamine, give an overview on the biological modes of hh signaling both in untransformed and malignant cells, and finally present potent modulators of the hh pathway-many of them already in clinical studies. For more than 30 years now the knowledge on hh signaling has grown steadily-an end to this development is far from being conceivable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut for Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dandapani S, Marcaurelle LA. Current strategies for diversity-oriented synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|