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Next-generation microbial drugs developed from microbiome's natural products. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:341-382. [PMID: 34844715 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientists working in natural products chemistry have been enticed by the current advancements being made in the discovery of novel "magic bullets" from microbes homed to all conceivable environments. Even though researchers continue to face challenges funneling the novel bioactive compounds in the global therapeutic industries, it seems most likely that the discovery of some "hit molecules" with significant biomedical applications is not that far. We applaud novel natural products for their ability to combat the spread of superbugs and aid in the prevention of currently observed antibiotic resistance. This in-depth investigation covers a wide range of microbiomes with a proclivity for synthesizing novel compounds to combat the spread of superbugs. Furthermore, we use this opportunity to explore various groups of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic pathways in various microbiota found in mammals, insects, and humans. This systematic study, when taken as a whole, offers detail understanding on the biomedical fate of various groups of compounds originated from diverse microbiomes. For gathering all information that has been uncovered and released so far, we have also presented the huge diversity of microbes that are associated with humans and their metabolic products. To conclude, this concrete review suggests novel ideas that will prove immensely helpful in reducing the danger posed by superbugs while also improving the efficacy of antibiotics.
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2
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Tolani P, Gupta S, Yadav K, Aggarwal S, Yadav AK. Big data, integrative omics and network biology. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 127:127-160. [PMID: 34340766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cell integrates various signals through a network of biomolecules that crosstalk to synergistically regulate the replication, transcription, translation and other metabolic activities of a cell. These networks regulate signal perception and processing that drives biological functions. The biological complexity cannot be fully captured by a single -omics discipline. The holistic study of an organism-in health, perturbation, exposure to environment and disease, is studied under systems biology. The bottom-up molecular approaches (genes, mRNA, protein, metabolite, etc.) have laid the foundation of current biological knowledge covering the horizon from viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Yet, these techniques provide a rather myopic view of biology at the molecular level. To understand how the interconnected molecular components are formed and rewired in disease or exposure to environmental stimuli is the holy grail of modern biology. The omics era was heralded by the genomics revolution but advanced sequencing techniques are now also ubiquitous in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics. Multi-omics data analysis and integration techniques are driving the quest for deeper insights into how the different layers of biomolecules talk to each other in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tolani
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Srishti Gupta
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Kirti Yadav
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suruchi Aggarwal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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3
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Misra BB, Langefeld CD, Olivier M, Cox LA. Integrated Omics: Tools, Advances, and Future Approaches. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0055. [PMID: 30006342 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid adoption of high-throughput omic approaches to analyze biological samples such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, each analysis can generate tera- to peta-byte sized data files on a daily basis. These data file sizes, together with differences in nomenclature among these data types, make the integration of these multi-dimensional omics data into biologically meaningful context challenging. Variously named as integrated omics, multi-omics, poly-omics, trans-omics, pan-omics, or shortened to just 'omics', the challenges include differences in data cleaning, normalization, biomolecule identification, data dimensionality reduction, biological contextualization, statistical validation, data storage and handling, sharing, and data archiving. The ultimate goal is towards the holistic realization of a 'systems biology' understanding of the biological question in hand. Commonly used approaches in these efforts are currently limited by the 3 i's - integration, interpretation, and insights. Post integration, these very large datasets aim to yield unprecedented views of cellular systems at exquisite resolution for transformative insights into processes, events, and diseases through various computational and informatics frameworks. With the continued reduction in costs and processing time for sample analyses, and increasing types of omics datasets generated such as glycomics, lipidomics, microbiomics, and phenomics, an increasing number of scientists in this interdisciplinary domain of bioinformatics face these challenges. We discuss recent approaches, existing tools, and potential caveats in the integration of omics datasets for development of standardized analytical pipelines that could be adopted by the global omics research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswapriya B Misra
- B Misra, Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- C Langefeld, Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Michael Olivier
- M Olivier, Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Laura A Cox
- L Cox, Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
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4
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Abstract
Human-associated microorganisms have the potential to biosynthesize numerous secondary metabolites that may mediate important host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. However, there is currently a limited understanding of microbiome-derived natural products. A variety of complementary discovery approaches have begun to illuminate this microbial "dark matter," which will in turn allow detailed mechanistic studies of the effects of these molecules on microbiome and host. Herein, we review recent efforts to uncover microbiome-derived natural products, describe the key approaches that were used to identify and characterize these metabolites, discuss potential functional roles of these molecules, and highlight challenges related to this emerging research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Wilson
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Li Zha
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Emily P Balskus
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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5
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Yun EJ, Lee AR, Kim JH, Cho KM, Kim KH. 3,6-Anhydro-l-galactose, a rare sugar from agar, a new anticariogenic sugar to replace xylitol. Food Chem 2016; 221:976-983. [PMID: 27979302 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The significance for anticariogenic sugar substitutes is growing due to increasing demands for dietary sugars and rising concerns of dental caries. Xylitol is widely used as an anticariogenic sugar substitute, but the inhibitory effects of xylitol on Streptococcus mutans, the main cause of tooth decay, are exhibited only at high concentrations. Here, the inhibitory effects of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose (AHG), a rare sugar from red macroalgae, were evaluated on S. mutans, in comparison with those of xylitol. In the presence of 5g/l of AHG, the growth of S. mutans was retarded. At 10g/l of AHG, the growth and acid production by S. mutans were completely inhibited. However, in the presence of xylitol, at a much higher concentration (i.e., 40g/l), the growth of S. mutans still occurred. These results suggest that AHG can be used as a new anticariogenic sugar substitute for preventing dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ah Reum Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mun Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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6
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Roullier C, Bertrand S, Blanchet E, Peigné M, Robiou du Pont T, Guitton Y, Pouchus YF, Grovel O. Time Dependency of Chemodiversity and Biosynthetic Pathways: An LC-MS Metabolomic Study of Marine-Sourced Penicillium. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14050103. [PMID: 27213411 PMCID: PMC4882577 DOI: 10.3390/md14050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at studying metabolome variations of marine fungal strains along their growth to highlight the importance of the parameter “time” for new natural products discovery. An untargeted time-scale metabolomic study has been performed on two different marine-derived Penicillium strains. They were cultivated for 18 days and their crude extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-HRMS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry) each day. With the example of griseofulvin biosynthesis, a pathway shared by both strains, this work provides a new approach to study biosynthetic pathway regulations, which could be applied to other metabolites and more particularly new ones. Moreover, the results of this study emphasize the interest of such an approach for the discovery of new chemical entities. In particular, at every harvesting time, previously undetected features were observed in the LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) data. Therefore, harvesting times for metabolite extraction should be performed at different time points to access the hidden metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roullier
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- ThalassOMICS, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes 44035, France.
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- ThalassOMICS, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes 44035, France.
| | - Elodie Blanchet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris, USR 3579, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer 66650, France.
| | - Mathilde Peigné
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
| | - Thibaut Robiou du Pont
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
| | - Yann Guitton
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes 44307, France.
| | - Yves François Pouchus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- ThalassOMICS, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes 44035, France.
| | - Olivier Grovel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, 9 rue Bias BP 53508, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France.
- ThalassOMICS, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes 44035, France.
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Luzzatto-Knaan T, Melnik AV, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectrometry tools and workflows for revealing microbial chemistry. Analyst 2015; 140:4949-66. [PMID: 25996313 PMCID: PMC5444374 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the time Van Leeuwenhoek was able to observe microbes through a microscope, an innovation that led to the birth of the field of microbiology, we have aimed to understand how microorganisms function, interact and communicate. The exciting progress in the development of analytical technologies and workflows has demonstrated that mass spectrometry is a very powerful technique for the interrogation of microbiology at the molecular level. In this review, we aim to highlight the available and emerging tools in mass spectrometry for microbial analysis by overviewing the methods and workflow advances for taxonomic identification, microbial interaction, dereplication and drug discovery. We emphasize their potential for future development and point out unsolved problems and future directions that would aid in the analysis of the chemistry produced by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Luzzatto-Knaan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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Chemical communication in the gut: Effects of microbiota-generated metabolites on gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. Anaerobe 2015; 34:106-15. [PMID: 25958185 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal pathogens must overcome many obstacles in order to successfully colonize a host, not the least of which is the presence of the gut microbiota, the trillions of commensal microorganisms inhabiting mammals' digestive tracts, and their products. It is well established that a healthy gut microbiota provides its host with protection from numerous pathogens, including Salmonella species, Clostridium difficile, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to establish an infection and thrive in the face of fierce competition from the microbiota for space and nutrients. Here, we review the evidence that gut microbiota-generated metabolites play a key role in determining the outcome of infection by bacterial pathogens. By consuming and transforming dietary and host-produced metabolites, as well as secreting primary and secondary metabolites of their own, the microbiota define the chemical environment of the gut and often determine specific host responses. Although most gut microbiota-produced metabolites are currently uncharacterized, several well-studied molecules made or modified by the microbiota are known to affect the growth and virulence of pathogens, including short-chain fatty acids, succinate, mucin O-glycans, molecular hydrogen, secondary bile acids, and the AI-2 quorum sensing autoinducer. We also discuss challenges and possible approaches to further study of the chemical interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal pathogens.
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Genomic and metabolomic insights into the natural product biosynthetic diversity of a feral-hog-associated Brevibacillus laterosporus strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90124. [PMID: 24595070 PMCID: PMC3940840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria associated with mammals are a rich source of microbial biodiversity; however, little is known concerning the abilities of these microbes to generate secondary metabolites. This report focuses on a bacterium isolated from the ear of a feral hog from southwestern Oklahoma, USA. The bacterium was identified as a new strain (PE36) of Brevibacillus latersporus, which was shown via genomic analysis to contain a large number of gene clusters presumably involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. A scale-up culture of B. latersporus PE36 yielded three bioactive compounds that inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (basiliskamides A and B and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid). Further studies of the isolate's secondary metabolome provided both new (auripyrazine) and previously-described pyrazine-containing compounds. In addition, a new peptidic natural product (auriporcine) was purified that was determined to be composed of a polyketide unit, two L-proline residues, two D-leucine residues, one L-leucine residue, and a reduced L-phenylalanine (L-phenylalanol). An examination of the genome revealed two gene clusters that are likely responsible for generating the basiliskamides and auriporcine. These combined genomic and chemical studies confirm that new and unusual secondary metabolites can be obtained from the bacterial associates of wild mammals.
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10
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Beebe K, Sampey B, Watkins SM, Milburn M, Eckhart AD. Understanding the apothecaries within: the necessity of a systematic approach for defining the chemical output of the human microbiome. Clin Transl Sci 2014; 7:74-81. [PMID: 24422665 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome harbors a massive diversity of microbes that effectively form an "organ" that strongly influences metabolism and immune function and hence, human health. Although the growing interest in the microbiome has chiefly arisen due to its impact on human physiology, the probable rules of operation are embedded in the roots of microbiology where chemical communication (i.e., with metabolites) is a dominant feature of coexistence. Indeed, recent examples in microbiome research offer the impression that the collective microbiome operates as an "apothecary," creating chemical concoctions that influence health and alter drug response. Although these principles are not unappreciated, the majority of emphasis is on metagenomics and research efforts often omit systematic efforts to interrogate the chemical component of the complex equation between microbial community and host phenotype. One of the reasons for this omission may be due to the inaccessibility to high-breadth, high-throughput, and scalable technologies. Since these technologies are now available, we propose that a more systematic effort to survey the host-microbiota chemical output be embedded into microbiome research as there is strong likelihood, and growing precedence, that this component may often be integral to developing our understanding of these ultimate apothecaries and how they impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Beebe
- Metabolon Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Culligan EP, Sleator RD, Marchesi JR, Hill C. Functional environmental screening of a metagenomic library identifies stlA; a unique salt tolerance locus from the human gut microbiome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82985. [PMID: 24349412 PMCID: PMC3861447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional environmental screening of metagenomic libraries is a powerful means to identify and assign function to novel genes and their encoded proteins without any prior sequence knowledge. In the current study we describe the identification and subsequent analysis of a salt-tolerant clone from a human gut metagenomic library. Following transposon mutagenesis we identified an unknown gene (stlA, for “salt tolerance locus A”) with no current known homologues in the databases. Subsequent cloning and expression in Escherichia coli MKH13 revealed that stlA confers a salt tolerance phenotype in its surrogate host. Furthermore, a detailed in silico analysis was also conducted to gain additional information on the properties of the encoded StlA protein. The stlA gene is rare when searched against human metagenome datasets such as MetaHit and the Human Microbiome Project and represents a novel and unique salt tolerance determinant which appears to be found exclusively in the human gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn P. Culligan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D. Sleator
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (RS); (JM); (CH)
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RS); (JM); (CH)
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (RS); (JM); (CH)
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12
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Foxman B, Rosenthal M. Implications of the human microbiome project for epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:197-201. [PMID: 23296358 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of microorganisms that live in and on us, the human microbiota, are a tremendous resource. Microbiota may help to explain individual variability in health outcomes and be a source of new biomarkers for environmental exposures and of novel prognostic and diagnostic indicators. The increase in availability of low-cost, high-throughput techniques makes it relatively straightforward to include microbiota assessments in epidemiologic studies. With the recent joint publications of the findings of the Human Microbiome Consortium and related studies, the consequent surge of interest in microbiome research, and remarkable media attention, the time is ripe for epidemiologists to contribute their expertise to and translate results of microbiota research for population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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13
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Collison M, Hirt RP, Wipat A, Nakjang S, Sanseau P, Brown JR. Data mining the human gut microbiota for therapeutic targets. Brief Bioinform 2012; 13:751-68. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbs002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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14
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Wang X, Du L, You J, King JB, Cichewicz RH. Fungal biofilm inhibitors from a human oral microbiome-derived bacterium. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2044-50. [PMID: 22281750 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human mouth is home to a rich assortment of native and transient microorganisms. One of the commonly encountered bacterial species, Streptococcus mutans, was shown to generate the novel hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide metabolite mutanobactin A (1). We have characterized three new analogues, mutanobactins B-D (2-4), and subjected these compounds to further biomedical evaluation. Metabolites 1, 2, and 4 were found to inhibit biofilm formation by the fungal oral-pathogen Candida albicans. Compound 4 was the most potent metabolite with an IC(50) value of 5.3 ± 0.9 μM. Using a combination of Marfey's analysis, proton spin-spin coupling, and (1)H-(1)H NOESY data, we proposed absolute configuration assignments in toto for 1-3 and a partial assignment for 4. In addition, feeding studies with isotopically labeled precursor metabolites (acetate and amino acids) have helped to determine the biosynthetic origins of this unique natural product family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Wang
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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15
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Schmitt EK, Moore CM, Krastel P, Petersen F. Natural products as catalysts for innovation: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:497-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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