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Sultana R, Kamihira M. Bioengineered heparin: Advances in production technology. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108456. [PMID: 39326809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is considered an indispensable anticoagulant with diverse therapeutic applications and has been a mainstay in medical practice for nearly a century. Its potential extends beyond anticoagulation, showing promise in treating inflammation, cancer, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, its current sourcing from animal tissues poses challenges due to variable structures and adulterations, impacting treatment efficacy and safety. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology offer alternatives through bioengineered heparin production, albeit with challenges such as controlling molecular weight and sulfonation patterns. This review offers comprehensive insight into recent advancements, encompassing: (i) the metabolic engineering strategies in prokaryotic systems for heparin production; (ii) strides made in the development of bioengineered heparin; and (iii) groundbreaking approaches driving production enhancements in eukaryotic systems. Additionally, it explores the potential of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells in heparin synthesis, discussing recent progress, challenges, and future prospects, thereby opening up new avenues in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Masamichi Kamihira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Alharthi FA, Potter GT, Jayson GC, Whitehead GFS, Vitórica-Yrezábal IJ, Gardiner JM. Unexpected Diastereomer Formation and Interconversions in Cyclohexane-1,2-diacetal Derivatization of a Glucuronic Acid Thioglycoside. Org Lett 2023; 25:2196-2200. [PMID: 36972327 PMCID: PMC10088025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) β-thioglycoside with cyclohexadione show initial formation of the two anticipated all-trans decalin-type O2,O3 and O3,O4 cyclohexane-1,2-diacetals (CDAs) along with an epimer of the main O2,O3 acetal. This trans-cis isomer is then interconverted leading to higher amounts of the two all-trans products. Isomerization studies indicate slow interconversion between the all-trans CDA acetals, with only one undergoing significant interconversion with the minor 2,3-diastereomer. Crystal structures of all three isomers are included. These findings are relevant to other uses of CDA protections where occurrence of apparently disfavored isomers may be occurring, along with interconversions between CDA isomers.
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3
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Solid state structure of sodium β-1-thiophenyl glucuronate identifies 5-coordinate sodium with three independent glucoronates. Carbohydr Res 2021; 502:108281. [PMID: 33770633 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronic acid is a key component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Chrondroitin Sulfate (CS), Heparin/Heparan sulfate (HS) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA), as well an important metabolite derivative. In biological systems the carboxylate of uronic acids in GAGs is involved in important H-binding interactions, and the role of metal coordination, such as sodiated systems, has indications associated with a number of biological effects, and physiological GAG-related processes. In synthetic approaches to GAG fragments, thioglycoside intermediates, or derivatives from these, are commonly employed. Of the reported examples of sodium coordination in carbohydrates, 6-coordinate systems are usually observed often with water ligands involved, Herein we report an unexpected 5-coordinate sodiated GlcA crystal structure of the parent GlcA, but as a thioglycoside derivative, whose crystal coordination differs from previous examples, with no involvement of water as a ligand and containing a distorted trigonal bypramidal sodium with each GlcA having five of 6 oxygens sodium-coordinated.
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4
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Bolten SN, Knoll AS, Li Z, Gellermann P, Pepelanova I, Rinas U, Scheper T. Purification of the human fibroblast growth factor 2 using novel animal-component free materials. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461367. [PMID: 32797846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the use of animal-component free chromatographic materials for the efficient purification of the human fibroblast growth factor 2 (hFGF-2). hFGF-2 is produced in Escherichia coli and purified via three different chromatography steps, which include a strong cation exchange chromatography as a capture step, followed by heparin affinity chromatography and an anion exchange chromatography as a polishing step. The affinity chromatography step is based on the animal-derived material heparin. Chemically produced ligands provide a viable alternative to animal-derived components in production processes, since they are characterized by a defined structure which leads to reproducible results and a broad range of applications. The alternative ligands can be assigned to adsorber of the mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) and pseudo-affinity chromatography. Eight different animal-component free materials used as adsorbers in MMC or pseudo-affinity chromatography were tested as a substitute for heparin. The MMCs were cation exchangers characterized with further functional residues. The ligands of the pseudo-affinity chromatography were heparin-like ligands which are based on heparin's molecular structure. The alternative methods were tested as a capture step and in combination with another chromatographic step in the purification procedure of hFGF-2. In each downstream step purity, recovery and yield were analysed and compared to the conventional downstream process. Two types of MMC - the column ForesightTM NuviaTM cPrimeTM from Bio-Rad Laboratories and the column HiTrapTM CaptoTM MMC from GE Healthcare Life Sciences - can be regarded as effective animal-component free alternatives to the heparin - based adsorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nicolin Bolten
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Knoll
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Zhaopeng Li
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Pia Gellermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Iliyana Pepelanova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
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5
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Rajarathnam K, Desai UR. Structural Insights Into How Proteoglycans Determine Chemokine-CXCR1/CXCR2 Interactions: Progress and Challenges. Front Immunol 2020; 11:660. [PMID: 32391006 PMCID: PMC7193095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), present in diverse environments, such as the cell membrane surface, extracellular milieu, and intracellular granules, are fundamental to life. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently attached to the core protein of proteoglycans. PGs are complex structures, and are diverse in terms of amino acid sequence, size, shape, and in the nature and number of attached GAG chains, and this diversity is further compounded by the phenomenal diversity in GAG structures. Chemokines play vital roles in human pathophysiology, from combating infection and cancer to leukocyte trafficking, immune surveillance, and neurobiology. Chemokines mediate their function by activating receptors that belong to the GPCR class, and receptor interactions are regulated by how, when, and where chemokines bind GAGs. GAGs fine-tune chemokine function by regulating monomer/dimer levels and chemotactic/haptotactic gradients, which are also coupled to how they are presented to their receptors. Despite their small size and similar structures, chemokines show a range of GAG-binding geometries, affinities, and specificities, indicating that chemokines have evolved to exploit the repertoire of chemical and structural features of GAGs. In this review, we summarize the current status of research on how GAG interactions regulate ELR-chemokine activation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, and discuss knowledge gaps that must be overcome to establish causal relationships governing the impact of GAG interactions on chemokine function in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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6
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Li J, Song D, Wang S, Dai Y, Zhou J, Gu J. Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020176. [PMID: 32033244 PMCID: PMC7077276 DOI: 10.3390/v12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exhibits antiviral activity against various viruses. Whether EGCG also inhibits the infectivity of circovirus remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral effect of EGCG on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). EGCG targets PCV2 virions directly and blocks the attachment of virions to host cells. The microscale thermophoresis assay showed EGCG could interact with PCV2 capsid protein in vitro with considerable affinity (Kd = 98.03 ± 4.76 μM), thereby interfering with the binding of the capsid to the cell surface receptor heparan sulfate. The molecular docking analysis of capsid–EGCG interaction identified the key amino acids which formed the binding pocket accommodating EGCG. Amino acids ARG51, ASP70, ARG73 and ASP78 of capsid were found to be critical for maintaining the binding, and the arginine residues were also essential for the electrostatic interaction with heparan sulfate. The rescued mutant viruses also confirm the importance of the key amino acids of the capsid to the antiviral effect of EGCG. Our findings suggest that catechins could act as anti-infective agents against circovirus invasion, as well as provide the basic information for the development and synthesis of structure-based anti-circovirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Song
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yadong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of ultralow and low-molecular weight heparins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Jeanneret RA, Dalton CE, Gardiner JM. Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate- and Dermatan Sulfate-Related Oligosaccharides via Iterative Chemoselective Glycosylation Exploiting Conformationally Disarmed [2.2.2] l-Iduronic Lactone Thioglycosides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15063-15078. [PMID: 31674785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are l-iduronic acid containing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are implicated in a number of biological processes and conditions including cancer and viral infection. Chemical synthesis of HS and DS is required to generate structurally defined oligosaccharides for a biological study. Herein, we present a new synthetic approach to HS and DS oligosaccharides using chemoselective glycosylation which relies on a disarmed [2.2.2] l-ido lactone motif. The strategy provides a general approach for iterative-reducing end chain extension, using only shelf-stable thioglycoside building blocks, exploiting a conformational switch to control reactivity, and thus requires no anomeric manipulation steps between glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Jeanneret
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Charlotte E Dalton
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - John M Gardiner
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
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9
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Bolten SN, Rinas U, Scheper T. Heparin: role in protein purification and substitution with animal-component free material. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8647-8660. [PMID: 30094590 PMCID: PMC6153649 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide which belongs to the family of glycosaminoglycans. It is involved in various important biological activities. The major biological purpose is the inhibition of the coagulation cascade to maintain the blood flow in the vasculature. These properties are employed in several therapeutic drugs. Heparin’s activities are associated with its interaction to various proteins. To date, the structural heparin-protein interactions are not completely understood. This review gives a general overview of specific patterns and functional groups which are involved in the heparin-protein binding. An understanding of the heparin-protein interactions at the molecular level is not only advantageous in the therapeutic application but also in biotechnological application of heparin for downstreaming. This review focuses on the heparin affinity chromatography. Diverse recombinant proteins can be successfully purified by this method. While effective, it is disadvantageous that heparin is an animal-derived material. Animal-based components carry the risk of contamination. Therefore, they are liable to strict quality controls and the validation of effective good manufacturing practice (GMP) implementation. Hence, adequate alternatives to animal-derived components are needed. This review examines strategies to avoid these disadvantages. Thereby, alternatives for the provision of heparin such as chemical synthesized heparin, chemoenzymatic heparin, and bioengineered heparin are discussed. Moreover, the usage of other chromatographic systems mimetic the heparin effect is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nicolin Bolten
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Mourão PAS, Vilanova E, Soares PAG. Unveiling the structure of sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Zulueta MML, Chyan CL, Hung SC. Structural analysis of synthetic heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with fibroblast growth factors and heparin-binding hemagglutinin. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Synthetic heparin and heparan sulfate: probes in defining biological functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 40:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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An C, Zhao L, Wei Z, Zhou X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate coupling with an ATP regeneration system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7535-7544. [PMID: 28920175 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the obligate cosubstrate and source of the sulfonate group in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a commonly used anticoagulant drug. Previously, using ATP as the substrate, we had developed a one-pot synthesis to prepare PAPS with 47% ATP conversion efficiency. During the reaction, 47% of ATP was converted into the by-product, ADP. Here, to increase the conversion ratio of ATP to PAPS, an ATP regeneration system was developed to couple with PAPS synthesis. In the ATP regeneration system, the chemical compound, monopotassium phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP-K+), was synthesized and used as the phospho-donor. By using 3-bromopyruvic acid as the starting material, the total yield of PEP-K+ synthesis was over 50% at low cost. Then, the enzyme PykA from Escherichia coli was overexpressed, purified, and used to convert the by-product ADP into ATP. When coupled the ATP regeneration system with PAPS synthesis, the higher ratio of PEP-K+ to ADP was associated with higher ATP conversion efficiency. By using the ATP regeneration system, the conversion ratio of ATP to PAPS was increased to 98% as determined by PAMN-HPLC analysis, and 5 g of PAPS was produced in 1 L of the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the chemoenzymatic synthesized PAPS was purified and freeze-dried without observed decomposition. However, the powdery PAPS was more unstable than the PAPS sodium salt in aqueous solution at ambient temperature. This developed chemoenzymatic approach of PAPS production will contribute to the synthesis of heparin, in which PAPS is necessary as the individual sulfo-donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying An
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Huang TY, Irene D, Zulueta MML, Tai TJ, Lain SH, Cheng CP, Tsai PX, Lin SY, Chen ZG, Ku CC, Hsiao CD, Chyan CL, Hung SC. Structure of the Complex between a Heparan Sulfate Octasaccharide and Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yi Huang
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L. Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jui Tai
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Lain
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Po Cheng
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Ping-Xi Tsai
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Geng Chen
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Deng Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road Taipei 115 Taiwan
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16
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Huang TY, Irene D, Zulueta MML, Tai TJ, Lain SH, Cheng CP, Tsai PX, Lin SY, Chen ZG, Ku CC, Hsiao CD, Chyan CL, Hung SC. Structure of the Complex between a Heparan Sulfate Octasaccharide and Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4192-4196. [PMID: 28294485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) is a 199 amino acid virulence factor at the envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to latent tuberculosis. The binding of HBHA to respiratory epithelial cells, which leads to extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen, is mediated by cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS). We report the structural characterization of the HBHA/HS complex by NMR spectroscopy. To develop a model for the molecular recognition, the first chemically synthesized uniformly 13 C- and 15 N-labeled HS octasaccharide and a uniformly 13 C- and 15 N-labeled form of HBHA were prepared. Residues 180-195 at the C-terminal region of HBHA show large chemical shift perturbation upon association with the octasaccharide. Molecular dynamics simulations conforming to the multidimensional NMR data revealed key electrostatic and even hydrophobic interactions between the binding partners that may aid in the development of agents targeting the binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yi Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jui Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Lain
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Po Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Xi Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Geng Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Deng Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Section 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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17
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Sankarayanarayanan NV, Strebel TR, Boothello RS, Sheerin K, Raghuraman A, Sallas F, Mosier PD, Watermeyer ND, Oscarson S, Desai UR. A Hexasaccharide Containing Rare 2-O-Sulfate-Glucuronic Acid Residues Selectively Activates Heparin Cofactor II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2312-2317. [PMID: 28124818 PMCID: PMC5347859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequences that selectively target heparin cofactor II (HCII), a key serpin present in human plasma, remain unknown. Using a computational strategy on a library of 46 656 heparan sulfate hexasaccharides we identified a rare sequence consisting of consecutive glucuronic acid 2-O-sulfate residues as selectively targeting HCII. This and four other unique hexasaccharides were chemically synthesized. The designed sequence was found to activate HCII ca. 250-fold, while leaving aside antithrombin, a closely related serpin, essentially unactivated. This group of rare designed hexasaccharides will help understand HCII function. More importantly, our results show for the first time that rigorous use of computational techniques can lead to discovery of unique GAG sequences that can selectively target GAG-binding protein(s), which may lead to chemical biology or drug discovery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehru Viji Sankarayanarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tamara R Strebel
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Rio S Boothello
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Sheerin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Arjun Raghuraman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Florence Sallas
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Philip D Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Watermeyer
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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A Hexasaccharide Containing Rare 2-O
-Sulfate-Glucuronic Acid Residues Selectively Activates Heparin Cofactor II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Lin Y, Linask KL, Mallon B, Johnson K, Klein M, Beers J, Xie W, Du Y, Liu C, Lai Y, Zou J, Haigney M, Yang H, Rao M, Chen G. Heparin Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Albumin-Free Medium, Enabling Consistent Manufacture of Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:527-538. [PMID: 28191759 PMCID: PMC5442822 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in defined conditions, but efficient and consistent cardiomyocyte differentiation often requires expensive reagents such as B27 supplement or recombinant albumin. Using a chemically defined albumin-free (E8 basal) medium, we identified heparin as a novel factor that significantly promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency, and developed an efficient method to differentiate hPSCs into cardiomyocytes. The treatment with heparin helped cardiomyocyte differentiation consistently reach at least 80% purity (up to 95%) from more than 10 different hPSC lines in chemically defined Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12-based medium on either Matrigel or defined matrices like vitronectin and Synthemax. One of heparin's main functions was to act as a Wnt modulator that helped promote robust and consistent cardiomyocyte production. Our study provides an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective method for cardiomyocyte derivation from hPSCs that can be used for potential large-scale drug screening, disease modeling, and future cellular therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:527-538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Lin
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaari L. Linask
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Klein
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yubin Du
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinzhi Lai
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Haigney
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hushan Yang
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guokai Chen
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Tapai, Macau, People's Republic of China
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20
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Mende M, Bednarek C, Wawryszyn M, Sauter P, Biskup MB, Schepers U, Bräse S. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8193-255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mende
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christin Bednarek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirella Wawryszyn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul Sauter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz B. Biskup
- Division
2—Informatics, Economics and Society, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Unfractionated Heparin Promotes Osteoclast Formation in Vitro by Inhibiting Osteoprotegerin Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17040613. [PMID: 27110777 PMCID: PMC4849062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been proven to enhance bone resorption and induce bone loss. Since osteoclasts play a pivotal role in bone resorption, the effect of heparin on osteoclastogenesis needs to be clarified. Since osteocytes are the key modulator during osteoclastogenesis, we evaluated heparin’s effect on osteoclastogenesis in vitro by co-culturing an osteocyte cell line (MLO-Y4) and pre-osteoclasts (RAW264.7). In this co-culture system, heparin enhanced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption while having no influence on the production of RANKL (receptor activator of NFκB ligand), M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and OPG (osteoprotegerin), which are three main regulatory factors derived from osteocytes. According to previous studies, heparin could bind specifically to OPG and inhibit its activity, so we hypothesized that this might be a possible mechanism of heparin activity. To test this hypothesis, osteoclastogenesis was induced using recombinant RANKL or MLO-Y4 supernatant. We found that heparin has no effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis (contains no OPG). However, after incubation with OPG, the capacity of MLO-Y4 supernatant for supporting osteoclast formation was increased. This effect disappeared after OPG was neutralized and reappeared after OPG was replenished. These results strongly suggest that heparin promotes osteocyte-modulated osteoclastogenesis in vitro, at least partially, through inhibiting OPG activity.
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22
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Structural basis for oligomerization and glycosaminoglycan binding of CCL5 and CCL3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5000-5. [PMID: 27091995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523981113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and CCL3 are critical for immune surveillance and inflammation. Consequently, they are linked to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions and are therapeutic targets. Oligomerization and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding of CCL5 and CCL3 are vital for the functions of these chemokines. Our structural and biophysical analyses of human CCL5 reveal that CCL5 oligomerization is a polymerization process in which CCL5 forms rod-shaped, double-helical oligomers. This CCL5 structure explains mutational data and offers a unified mechanism for CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 assembly into high-molecular-weight, polydisperse oligomers. A conserved, positively charged BBXB motif is key for the binding of CC chemokines to GAG. However, this motif is partially buried when CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 are oligomerized; thus, the mechanism by which GAG binds these chemokine oligomers has been elusive. Our structures of GAG-bound CCL5 and CCL3 oligomers reveal that these chemokine oligomers have distinct GAG-binding mechanisms. The CCL5 oligomer uses another positively charged and fully exposed motif, KKWVR, in GAG binding. However, residues from two partially buried BBXB motifs along with other residues combine to form a GAG-binding groove in the CCL3 oligomer. The N termini of CC chemokines are shown to be involved in receptor binding and oligomerization. We also report an alternative CCL3 oligomer structure that reveals how conformational changes in CCL3 N termini profoundly alter its surface properties and dimer-dimer interactions to affect GAG binding and oligomerization. Such complexity in oligomerization and GAG binding enables intricate, physiologically relevant regulation of CC chemokine functions.
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23
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Mohamed S, Krenske EH, Ferro V. The stereoselectivities of tributyltin hydride-mediated reductions of 5-bromo-D-glucuronides to L-iduronides are dependent on the anomeric substituent: syntheses and DFT calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2950-60. [PMID: 26878700 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00283h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the shortest synthetic routes to L-iduronic acid derivatives is via free radical reduction of the C-5 bromide of the corresponding protected D-glucuronic acid derivative. The epimerization of such C-5 bromides to the L-ido derivatives via reaction with tributyltin hydride was investigated. It was found that the stereoselectivity of the reaction was dependent on the anomeric substituent. If the substituent was fluoride the L-ido product was obtained exclusively in 65-72% yield whereas the O-methyl or O-acetyl derivatives led to isomeric mixtures of both the L-ido and D-gluco products in different ratios depending on the reaction conditions. DFT calculations were performed to determine the stereoelectronic factors that favour formation of the L-ido isomer from the fluoride and suggest the selectivity is due to a transition state gauche effect and an Sn-F interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaza Mohamed
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Vito Ferro
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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24
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Dunne A, Palomo JM. Efficient and green approach for the complete deprotection of O-acetylated biomolecules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work shows the complete O-deprotection of per-acetylated molecules catalyzed by Aspergillus niger lipase (A-ANL) under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dunne
- Departamento de Biocatálisis
- Instituto de Catálisis (CSIC)
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento de Biocatálisis
- Instituto de Catálisis (CSIC)
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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25
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Monneau Y, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. The sweet spot: how GAGs help chemokines guide migrating cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:935-53. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0915-440r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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26
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Bao F, Yan H, Sun H, Yang P, Liu G, Zhou X. Hydrolysis of by-product adenosine diphosphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate preparation using Nudix hydrolase NudJ. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10771-8. [PMID: 26293337 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the obligate cosubstrate and source of the sulfonate group in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a clinically used anticoagulant drug. Previously, we have developed a method to synthesize PAPS with Escherichia coli crude extracts, which include three overexpressed enzymes and a fourth unidentified protein. The unknown protein degrades adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the by-product of PAPS synthesis reaction. To further understand and control the process of in vitro enzymatic PAPS synthesis, we decide to identify the fourth protein and develop a defined method to synthesize PAPS using purified enzymes. Here, we show that the purified Nudix hydrolase NudJ degrades ADP at high efficiency and serves as the fourth enzyme in PAPS synthesis. Under the defined condition of PAPS synthesis, all of the 10-mM ADP is hydrolyzed to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in a 15-min reaction. ADP is a better substrate for NudJ than adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Most importantly, the purified NudJ does not cleave the product PAPS. The removal of ADP makes the PAPS peak more separable from other components in the chromatographic purification process. This developed enzymatic approach of PAPS production will contribute to the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Bao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Hanju Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Peizhou Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China.
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27
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Mohamed S, Ferro V. Synthetic Approaches to L-Iduronic Acid and L-Idose: Key Building Blocks for the Preparation of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 72:21-61. [PMID: 26613814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is an important monosaccharide component of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. GAGs are complex, highly sulfated polysaccharides that mediate a multitude of physiological and pathological processes via their interactions with a range of diverse proteins. The main challenge in the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides is the efficient gram-scale preparation of IdoA building blocks since neither IdoA nor L-idose is commercially available or readily accessible from natural sources. In this review, the different synthetic approaches for the preparation of IdoA and its derivatives, including L-idose, are presented and discussed. Derivatives of the latter are often used in GAG synthesis and are elaborated to IdoA via selective oxidation at C-6 after incorporation into a GAG chain. Particular focus will be given to the preparation of IdoA synthons most commonly used for GAG oligosaccharide synthesis, and on the progress made since the last systematic review in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaza Mohamed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Jayson GC, Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cole CL, Rushton G, Avizienyte E, Gardiner JM. Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13846-9. [PMID: 26234943 PMCID: PMC4608306 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The multigram-scale synthesis of a sulfation-site programmed heparin-like dodecasaccharide is described. Evaluation alongside dodecasaccharides lacking this single glucosamine O6-sulfation, or having per-O6-sulfation, shows that site-specific modification of the terminal glucosamine dramatically interconverts regulation of in vitro and in vivo biology mediated by the two important chemokines, CXCL12 (SDF1α) or CXCL8 (IL-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Jayson
- Christie Hospital, Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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29
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Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cliff MJ, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. Making the longest sugars: a chemical synthesis of heparin-related [4] n oligosaccharides from 16-mer to 40-mer. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6158-6164. [PMID: 30090231 PMCID: PMC6054106 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of long oligosaccharides remains a major challenge. In particular, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides belonging to the heparin and heparan sulfate (H/HS) family has been a high profile target, particularly with respect to the longer heparanome. Herein we describe a synthesis of the longest heparin-related oligosaccharide to date and concurrently provide an entry to the longest synthetic oligosaccharides of any type yet reported. Specifically, the iterative construction of a series of [4] n -mer heparin-backbone oligosaccharides ranging from 16-mer through to the 40-mer in length is described. This demonstrates for the first time the viability of generating long sequence heparanoids by chemical synthesis, via practical solution-phase synthesis. Pure-Shift HSQC NMR provides a dramatic improvement in anomeric signal resolution, allowing full resolution of all 12 anomeric protons and extrapolation to support anomeric integrity of the longer species. A chemically pure 6-O-desfulfated GlcNS-IdoAS icosasaccharide (20-mer) represents the longest pure synthetic heparin-like oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen U Hansen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute or Cancer Studies , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
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30
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Boothello RS, Sarkar A, Tran VM, Nguyen TKN, Sankaranarayanan NV, Mehta AY, Alabbas A, Brown S, Rossi A, Joice AC, Mencio CP, Quintero MV, Kuberan B, Desai UR. Chemoenzymatically prepared heparan sulfate containing rare 2-O-sulfonated glucuronic acid residues. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1485-94. [PMID: 25742429 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of natural sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) presents major promise for discovery of chemical biology tools or therapeutic agents. Yet, few GAGs have been identified so far to exhibit this promise. We reasoned that a simple approach to identify such GAGs is to explore sequences containing rare residues, for example, 2-O-sulfonated glucuronic acid (GlcAp2S). Genetic algorithm-based computational docking and filtering suggested that GlcAp2S containing heparan sulfate (HS) may exhibit highly selective recognition of antithrombin, a key plasma clot regulator. HS containing only GlcAp2S and 2-N-sulfonated glucosamine residues, labeled as HS2S2S, was chemoenzymatically synthesized in just two steps and was found to preferentially bind antithrombin over heparin cofactor II, a closely related serpin. Likewise, HS2S2S directly inhibited thrombin but not factor Xa, a closely related protease. The results show that a HS containing rare GlcAp2S residues exhibits the unusual property of selective antithrombin activation and direct thrombin inhibition. More importantly, HS2S2S is also the first molecule to activate antithrombin nearly as well as the heparin pentasaccharide although being completely devoid of the critical 3-O-sulfonate group. Thus, this work shows that novel functions and mechanisms may be uncovered by studying rare GAG residues/sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio S. Boothello
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Aurijit Sarkar
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | | | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Akul Y. Mehta
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - AlHumaidi Alabbas
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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31
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Pomin VH, Mulloy B. Current structural biology of the heparin interactome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:17-25. [PMID: 26038285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the best known therapeutically active carbohydrate. It can bind and regulate multiple functional proteins such as coagulation cofactors, chemokines, and growth factors. This versatility has led to the recently developed concept of the heparin interactome--a group of proteins that, as the name implies, interact with heparin. The heparin interactome is structurally and functionally diverse. Though natural ligands of this class of proteins may be any of the glycosaminoglycans however, their structural biology is generally studied using heparin as a model compound. NMR spectroscopy contributes significantly to structural investigations of the resultant complexes in solution. This review aims therefore at discussing the current status in structural biology of the molecular complexes formed between heparin and its protein partners through the current concept of the heparin interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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32
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Modular synthesis of heparin-related tetra-, hexa- and octasaccharides with differential o-6 protections: programming for regiodefined 6-o-modifications. Molecules 2015; 20:6167-6180. [PMID: 25859776 PMCID: PMC4421873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulphate (H/HS) are important members of the glycosaminoglycan family of sugars that regulate a substantial number of biological processes. Such biological promiscuity is underpinned by hetereogeneity in their molecular structure. The degree of O-sulfation, particularly at the 6-position of constituent D-GlcN units, is believed to play a role in modulating the effects of such sequences. Synthetic chemistry is essential to be able to extend the diversity of HS-like fragments with defined molecular structure, and particularly to deconvolute the biological significance of modifications at O6. Here we report a synthetic approach to a small matrix of protected heparin-type oligosaccharides, containing orthogonal D-GlcN O-6 protecting groups at programmed positions along the chain, facilitating access towards programmed modifications at specific sites, relevant to sulfation or future mimetics.
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Hansen SU, Dalton CE, Baráth M, Kwan G, Raftery J, Jayson GC, Miller GJ, Gardiner JM. Synthesis of l-Iduronic Acid Derivatives via [3.2.1] and [2.2.2] l-Iduronic Lactones from Bulk Glucose-Derived Cyanohydrin Hydrolysis: A Reversible Conformationally Switched Superdisarmed/Rearmed Lactone Route to Heparin Disaccharides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3777-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steen U. Hansen
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Charlotte E. Dalton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Marek Baráth
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Glenn Kwan
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - James Raftery
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gordon C. Jayson
- Institute
of Cancer Sciences, Christie Hospital and University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - John M. Gardiner
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. Can we produce heparin/heparan sulfate biomimetics using "mother-nature" as the gold standard? Molecules 2015; 20:4254-76. [PMID: 25751786 PMCID: PMC6272578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are heterogeneous in nature, not only due to differing disaccharide combinations, but also their sulfate modifications. HS is well known for its interactions with various growth factors and cytokines; and heparin for its clinical use as an anticoagulant. Due to their potential use in tissue regeneration; and the recent adverse events due to contamination of heparin; there is an increased surge to produce these GAGs on a commercial scale. The production of HS from natural sources is limited so strategies are being explored to be biomimetically produced via chemical; chemoenzymatic synthesis methods and through the recombinant expression of proteoglycans. This review details the most recent advances in the field of HS/heparin synthesis for the production of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and as a tool further our understanding of the interactions that occur between GAGs and growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- The Raymond Purves Research Labs, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, The Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Chang CH, Lico LS, Huang TY, Lin SY, Chang CL, Arco SD, Hung SC. Synthesis of the heparin-based anticoagulant drug fondaparinux. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9876-9. [PMID: 25044485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide based on the heparin antithrombin-binding domain, is an approved clinical anticoagulant. Although it is a better and safer alternative to pharmaceutical heparins in many cases, its high cost, which results from the difficult and tedious synthesis, is a deterrent for its widespread use. The chemical synthesis of fondaparinux was achieved in an efficient and concise manner from commercially available D-glucosamine, diacetone α-D-glucose, and penta-O-acetyl-D-glucose. The method involves suitably functionalized building blocks that are readily accessible and employs shared intermediates and a series of one-pot reactions that considerably reduce the synthetic effort and improve the yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiu Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115 (Taiwan); Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300 (Taiwan)
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Chang CH, Lico LS, Huang TY, Lin SY, Chang CL, Arco SD, Hung SC. Synthesis of the Heparin-Based Anticoagulant Drug Fondaparinux. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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