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Khude R, Huxley J, Hunter S, Wightman P, Gartrell BD. Cardiac morphology of North Island brown kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli). N Z Vet J 2023; 71:109-115. [PMID: 36519293 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the cardiac anatomy of North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) through heart morphometric parameters measured at post-mortem examination. METHODS Morphometric cardiac parameters were established at post-mortem examination of 20 North Island brown kiwi. Birds were classified by gender and age (chicks vs. adults). Measurements included: body mass, heart mass, sternal length, midpoint thickness of left ventricular free wall, midpoint thickness of right ventricular free wall and ratios of heart mass to body mass, left ventricular length to sternal length, right ventricular length to sternal length, length of left ventricle to right ventricle, interventricular septal thickness relative to the sternal length and interventricular septal thickness relative to the left ventricular length. Unadjusted estimates of the median difference and their 95% CI were then reported at each age and sex for all the cardiac morphometric parameters and their ratios. RESULTS The small sample size led to wide 95% CI for the median difference between gender and age for the cardiac morphometric measurements. Nevertheless, between adult female and male kiwi, the estimated population median differences for heart mass (2.2 (95% CI = -2.9-5.6) g), length (1.2 (95% CI = -2.2-5.6) mm), width (6.1 (95% CI = -1.0-8.2) mm), left ventricular free wall length (5.5 (95% CI = -0.5-8.8) mm) and right ventricular free wall length (2.6 (95% CI = -3.7-6.9) mm) were established. In adult North Island brown kiwi, the heart mass is 0.8 (95% CI = 0.7-0.8)% of the body mass. CONCLUSIONS The precision of the differences noted in heart measurements recorded between male and female kiwi at each age was limited by the low sample size available for this study. This led to wide CI and an inability to adjust differences observed for gender by differences in other confounders such as body size. With this caveat, there is weak evidence that adult female kiwi have a larger heart size and mass than the adult males. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results can be used to improve the diagnosis of cardiac disease in kiwi at post-mortem examination and aid in interpretation of the results of echocardiography in live birds for the antemortem diagnosis of cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khude
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Huxley
- Apex Cardiology, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Wightman
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B D Gartrell
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2
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Vityazev VA, Azarov JE. Stretch-excitation correlation in the toad heart. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb228882. [PMID: 33161379 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activation sequence of the ventricular myocardium in ectotherms is a matter of debate. We studied the correlation between the ventricular activation sequence and the pattern of local stretches in 13 toads (Bufo bufo). Epicardial potential mapping was done with a 56-lead sock array. Activation times were determined as dV/dt (min) in each lead. Initial epicardial foci of activation were found on the left side of the ventricular base, whereas regions on the apex and the right side of the base demonstrated late activation. Video recordings (50 frames s-1) showed that the median presystolic stretch in left-side ventricular regions was greater than that in right-side regions [4.70% (interquartile range 3.25-8.85%) versus 1.45% (interquartile range 0.38-3.05%), P=0.028, respectively]. Intracardiac bolus injection elicited ventricular activation with a similar sequence and duration. Thus, ventricular areas of earliest activation were associated with greater presystolic stretch, implying the existence of a stretch-excitation relationship in ectotherm hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Vityazev
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Jan E Azarov
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Medicine of the Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, 167001, Komi Republic, Russia
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Borges RSDM, Medeiros ADM, Silva JGD, Paiva RRLT, Costa HDS, Oliveira MFD, Moura CEBD. Morphometry of the heart of greater rhea (Rhea americana americana, Linnaeus, 1758). Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:345-349. [PMID: 33236380 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases in birds are frequent and generate significant production disorders. Morphometry is a valuable tool to provide fundamental information about heart conditions. Few studies have addressed morphological aspects of the heart of ratite birds, such as the Greater rhea. The present study aimed to analyse rhea heart morphometry, comparing young and adult subjects, in order to provide relevant information for the diagnosis of heart disease in this species. Hearts of young (n = 10) and adult (n = 10) female rheas were used in this research. Heart length and width and sternum length were measured using a caliper. Heart length and width and sternum length in adults were approximately three times greater than in young individuals. The left ventricular wall (LVW) was thicker than the right ventricular wall (RVW) at all ages, and the RVW was thicker in adults when compared to young subjects. The basal and middle RVW regions thicken with advancing age, and the thickness of the interventricular septum (ISW) occupies an intermediate position between the LVW and RVW. In general, an increase in rhea heart thickness and size relative to age is observed. The morphometric variations between young and adult rhea hearts observed in the present study may serve as a comparative subsidy for the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities observed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryshely Sonaly De Moura Borges
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Andre De Macedo Medeiros
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Joelma Gomes da Silva
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Ruana Rafaela Lira Torquato Paiva
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Herson da Silva Costa
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Moacir Franco de Oliveira
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Bezerra de Moura
- Research and Innovation Group on Morphophysiological Studies, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
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Legler M, Koy L, Kummerfeld N, Fehr M. Color Flow Doppler Echocardiography in Healthy Racing Pigeons ( Columba livia f. domestica) and the Evidence of Physiological Blood Flow Vortex Formations. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020060. [PMID: 32375406 PMCID: PMC7355422 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In avian medicine, Doppler sonographic techniques are used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart. In the literature there is a lack of standardized studies of the use of color Doppler flow on healthy avian species. For this purpose, we examined blood flow in the heart in the four-chamber view of clinically healthy awake racing pigeons (n = 43) by color flow Doppler sonography. With this technique the diastolic and systolic blood flow in the heart chambers and the heart valve regions were well visualized. However, the pulse repetition frequency must be adapted to the specific blood flow velocities of the heart region to be measured to reduce aliasing in higher velocities and to visualize blood flow of lower velocities. With the help of color Doppler imaging in the four-chamber view, typical physiological atrial and ventricular blood flow vortex formations were visualized in the avian heart for the first time. In the left ventricle an asymmetric vortex ring in the passive and active ventricular filling, in the right ventricle a great counter-clockwise blood vortex in the active ventricular filling, in the left atrium a vortex clockwise, and in the right atrium counter-clockwise were observed. The knowledge of these physiological blood flow vortices is important to identify pathological blood flow.
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Legler M, Koy L, Kummerfeld N, Fehr M. Differences between the Filling Velocities of the Left and Right Heart Ventricle in Racing Pigeons (Columba Livia F. Domestica) and the Influence of Anesthesia with Isoflurane. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E79. [PMID: 31601033 PMCID: PMC6958432 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular filling velocities during diastole and the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on these blood flow velocities of the racing pigeon (n = 43) are evaluated by pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler sonography. Sonographic examination demonstrates an early passive ventricular (E wave) and late active (A wave) ventricular filling. The results indicate differences between the two heart ventricles. Especially, the E wave velocity of the right heart is significantly lower than in the left heart, which is explained by the crescent-shaped cavity of the right ventricle around the left ventricle. The faster active filling velocities are significantly influenced by heart rate in conscious birds. Anesthesia with isoflurane leads to a significant decrease of the diastolic blood flow velocities, and the A wave velocities of both ventricles are especially influenced. Anesthesia with isoflurane induces a high incidence of insufficiencies of the left atrioventricular valve in the preejection period. These observations indicate that a contraction of the left ventricle myocardium is important for a complete valvular closure and for normal functioning of this heart valve. The effective closure of the right atrioventricular muscle valve in anesthetized pigeons supports the observation of the fast innervation of this muscle valve via a direct connection to the right atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Legler
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lajos Koy
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Norbert Kummerfeld
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael Fehr
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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The electrocardiogram of vertebrates: Evolutionary changes from ectothermy to endothermy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 144:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Prosheva V, Kaseva N, Dernovoj B. Morpho-functional characterization of the heart of Gallus gallus domesticus with special reference to the right muscular atrioventricular valve. J Anat 2019; 235:794-802. [PMID: 31148176 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied the structure and function of the adult chicken heart with a focus on the right muscular atrioventricular valve using anatomic and echocardiographic methods. We demonstrated that the free wall thickness of the right and left ventricles changes from the apex to the base of the heart. The right muscular atrioventricular valve (RAVV) is joined directly to both the parietal right ventricle free wall (one attachment) and the interventricular septum (two attachments: ventral and dorsal). This valve does not have chordae tendineae or papillary muscles. The quantitative morphological and functional characterization of the RAVV is given. In color Doppler echo, no regurgitation of blood flow in the RAVV was observed in any of the studied birds. The blood flow velocity in the RAVV is 56.2 ± 9.6 cm s-1 . A contractile function of the RAVV is shown. Based on the findings obtained, we conclude that the RAVV has a sufficient barrier function. In addition, as this valve is an integral part of the right ventricle free wall, it contributes to the right ventricle pump function. An agreed nomenclature of the parts of the RAVV is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Prosheva
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Natalya Kaseva
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Bronislav Dernovoj
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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Kroneman JGH, Faber JW, Schouten JCM, Wolschrijn CF, Christoffels VM, Jensen B. Comparative analysis of avian hearts provides little evidence for variation among species with acquired endothermy. J Morphol 2019; 280:395-410. [PMID: 30667083 PMCID: PMC6590421 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammals and birds acquired high performance hearts and endothermy during their independent evolution from amniotes with many sauropsid features. A literature review shows that the variation in atrial morphology is greater in mammals than in ectothermic sauropsids. We therefore hypothesized that the transition from ectothermy to endothermy was associated with greater variation in cardiac structure. We tested the hypothesis in 14 orders of birds by assessing the variation in 15 cardiac structures by macroscopic inspection and histology, with an emphasis on the atria as they have multiple features that lend themselves to quantification. We found bird hearts to have multiple features in common with ectothermic sauropsids (synapomorphies), such as the presence of three sinus horns. Convergent features were shared with crocodylians and mammals, such as the cranial offset of the left atrioventricular junction. Other convergent features, like the compact organization of the atrial walls, were shared with mammals only. Pacemaker myocardium, identified by Isl1 expression, was anatomically node‐like (Mallard), thickened (Chicken), or indistinct (Lesser redpoll, Jackdaw). Some features were distinctly avian, (autapomorphies) including the presence of a left atrial antechamber and the ventral merger of the left and right atrial auricles, which was found in some species of parrots and passerines. Most features, however, exhibited little variation. For instance, there were always three systemic veins and two pulmonary veins, whereas among mammals there are 2–3 and 1–7, respectively. Our findings suggest that the transition to high cardiac performance does not necessarily lead to a greater variation in cardiac structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle G H Kroneman
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobine C M Schouten
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sheard TMD, Kharche SR, Pinali C, Shiels HA. 3D ultrastructural organisation of calcium release units in the avian sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.197640. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling in vertebrate hearts is underpinned by calcium (Ca2+) release from Ca2+ release units (CRUs). CRUs are formed by clusters of channels called ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within the cardiomyocyte. Distances between CRUs influence the diffusion of Ca2+, thus influencing the rate and strength of excitation-contraction coupling. Avian myocytes lack T-tubules, thus Ca2+ from surface CRUs (peripheral couplings, PCs), must diffuse to internal CRU sites of the corbular SR (cSR) during centripetal propagation. Despite this, avian hearts achieve higher contractile rates and develop greater contractile strength than many mammalian hearts, which have T-tubules to provide simultaneous activation of the Ca2+ signal through the myocyte. We used 3D electron tomography to test the hypothesis that the intracellular distribution of CRUs in the avian heart permits faster and stronger contractions despite the absence T-tubules. Nearest edge-edge distances between PCs and cSR, and geometric information including surface area and volumes of individual cSR, were obtained for each cardiac chamber of the White Leghorn chicken. Computational modelling was then used to establish a relationship between CRUs distances and cell activation time in the avian heart. Our data suggest that cSR clustered close together along the Z-line is vital for rapid propagation of the Ca2+ signal from the cell periphery to the cell centre which would aid in the strong and fast contractions of the avian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. D. Sheard
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sanjay R. Kharche
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Christian Pinali
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Holly A. Shiels
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Prosheva VI, Kaseva NN. Location and functional characterization of the right atrioventricular pacemaker ring in the adult avian heart. J Morphol 2015; 277:363-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina I. Prosheva
- Institute of Physiology; Komi Science Centre, The Russian Academy of Sciences; 50 Pervomayskaya Street, 167982 GSP-2 Syktyvkar Komi Republic Russia
| | - Natalya N. Kaseva
- Institute of Physiology; Komi Science Centre, The Russian Academy of Sciences; 50 Pervomayskaya Street, 167982 GSP-2 Syktyvkar Komi Republic Russia
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