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Zhang E, Ji X, Ouyang F, Lei Y, Deng S, Rong H, Deng X, Shen H. A minireview of the medicinal and edible insects from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125600. [PMID: 37007003 PMCID: PMC10060509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomoceuticals define a subset of pharmaceuticals derived from insects. The therapeutic effect of insect-derived drugs has been empirically validated by the direct use of various folk medicines originating from three sources in particular: the glandular secretions of insects (e.g., silk, honey, venom), the body parts of the insect or the whole used live or by various processing (e.g., cooked, toasted, ground), and active ingredients extracted from insects or insect-microbe symbiosis. Insects have been widely exploited in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) relative to other ethnomedicines, especially in the prospect of insect species for medicinal uses. It is noticeable that most of these entomoceuticals are also exploited as health food for improving immune function. In addition, some edible insects are rich in animal protein and have high nutritional value, which are used in the food field, such as insect wine, health supplements and so on. In this review, we focused on 12 insect species that have been widely used in traditional Chinese herbal formulae but have remained less investigated for their biological properties in previous studies. We also combined the entomoceutical knowledge with recent advances in insect omics. This review specifies the underexplored medicinal insects from ethnomedicine and shows their specific medicinal and nutritional roles in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ji
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ouyang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lei
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Deng, ; Haibo Rong,
| | - Haibo Rong
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Deng, ; Haibo Rong,
| | - Xuangen Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Shen
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Cabanelas E, Panadero R, Baumman A, Alves MP, Summerfield A, García-Dios D, Díaz P, Remesar S, Fernández G, Morrondo MP, Díez-Baños P, López CM. Cytokine expression in bovine PBMC cultures stimulated with Hypoderma lineatum antigens. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109165. [PMID: 32535488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoderma antigens are involved in host inflammation and immune response, conditioning larvae survival. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from Hypoderma sensitized and unsensitized cattle were performed to determine the effect of H. lineatum antigens and incubation time (18, 24, 48 h) on IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA gene expression determined by RT-qPCR. TNF-α and IL-4 gene expression were higher in Hypoderma previously sensitized PBMCs, suggesting that a mixed Th1/Th2 response may play a significant role in host defence reactions against Hypoderma exhibited by previously infested cattle. Incubation time had a significant effect on IL-10 and TNF-α gene expression, which decreased over time. Regarding to H. lineatum antigens, the crude larval extract and the purified fraction hypodermin B (HB) produced a significant reduction of the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN-γ; moreover, the HB had a stimulating effect on the mRNA gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, demonstrating that the parasite would modulate the host defence mechanisms by avoiding harmful immune responses that would limit its survival into the host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cabanelas
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - R Panadero
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
| | - A Baumman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M P Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D García-Dios
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - P Díaz
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - S Remesar
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - G Fernández
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - M P Morrondo
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - P Díez-Baños
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - C M López
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal: Sanidade Animal (Grupo INVESAGA). Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
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Chen R, Yuan L, Cao N, Li P, Chen H, Zhou J, Hao X, Liu T, Yang WH, Cui S, Yan X. An immunosuppressive peptide from the horsefly inhibits inflammation by repressing macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14116-14126. [PMID: 30977239 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasites repress host immune responses while they obtain nutrition from their hosts. Understanding the immunosuppressive mechanisms between ectoparasites and their hosts will provide new strategies to develop potential immunosuppressive drugs against immune disorder diseases. Previously, we have discovered that a small peptide, immunoregulin HA, from the horsefly (Hybomitra atriperoides) may play an immunosuppressive role in rat splenocytes. However, the targeting cells and detailed mechanisms of immunoregulin HA in immunosuppressive reactions are not well defined. Here, we show that immunoregulin HA reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interestingly, we discover that the major cytokines repressed by immunoregulin HA are secreted by macrophages, rather than by T cells. Furthermore, immunoregulin HA inhibits macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. Mechanically, the activations of c-JUN N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase upon LPS stimulation are decreased by immunoregulin HA. Consistently, immunoregulin HA treatment exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model of adjuvant-induced paw inflammation. Taken together, our data reveal that immunoregulin HA conducts the anti-inflammatory activity by blocking macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nengqi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Unit of Human Parasite Molecular and Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Volfova V, Tothova V, Volf P. Hyaluronidase activity in the salivary glands of tabanid flies. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 73:38-46. [PMID: 27045753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tabanids are haematophagous insects that act as biological and mechanical vectors of various diseases, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. The saliva of these insects contains strong anticoagulant and vasodilatory activities as well as immunoregulatory peptides. Here we demonstrate pronounced hyaluronidase (hyase) activity in ten tabanid species of the genera Chrysops, Haematopota, Hybomitra and Tabanus. Compared to other haematophagous insects, the ability of tabanid hyases to hydrolyze hyaluronic acid (HA) is extremely high, for example the enzyme activity of Hybomitra muehlfeldi was found to be 32-fold higher than the salivary hyase activity of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. Hyases of all ten tabanid species tested also cleaved chondroitin sulfate A, another glycosaminoglycan present in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates. The pH optimum of the enzyme activity was measured in eight tabanid species; the hyase of Haemopota pluvialis was the only one with optimum at pH 4.0, while in the other seven species the activity optimum was at 5.0. SDS PAGE zymography showed the monomeric character of the enzymes in all tabanid species tested. Under non-reducing conditions the activities were visible as single bands with estimated MW between 35 and 52 kDa. The very high hyaluronidase activity in tabanid saliva might be related to their aggressive biting behavior as well as to their high efficiency as mechanical vectors. As they are supposedly involved in the enlargement of feeding hematomas, hyases might contribute to the mechanical transmission of pathogens. Pathogens present in vector mouthparts are co-inoculated into the vertebrate host together with saliva and may benefit from increased tissue permeability and the immunomodulatory activity of the salivary hyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Volfova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech republic
| | - Viktorie Tothova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech republic.
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Wei L, Huang C, Yang H, Li M, Yang J, Qiao X, Mu L, Xiong F, Wu J, Xu W. A potent anti-inflammatory peptide from the salivary glands of horsefly. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:556. [PMID: 26496724 PMCID: PMC4619319 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A diverse group of physiologically active peptides/proteins are present in the salivary glands of horsefly Tabanus yao (Diptera, Tabanidae) that facilitate acquisition of blood meal. However, their roles in the regulation of local inflammation remains poorly understood. Methods Induction expression profiles of immune-related molecules in the salivary glands of T. yao was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) after bacterial feeding. A significantly up-regulated molecule (cecropin-TY1) was selected for anti-inflammatory assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The transcription levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified by qPCR. Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Griess reagent. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inflammatory signals were assayed by Western blotting analysis. The secondary structure of cecropin-TY1 was measured by Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Interaction of cecropin-TY1 with LPS was evaluated by the dissociation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated LPS aggregates and neutralization of LPS determined by a quantitative Chromogenic End-point Tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) assay kit. Homology modeled structure analysis and mutation of key residues/structures were performed to understand its structure-activity relationship. Results Cecropin-TY1 was demonstrated to possess high anti-inflammatory activity and low cytotoxicity toward mouse macrophages. In LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage, addition of cecropin-TY1 significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further study revealed that cecropin-TY1 inhibited inflammatory cytokine production by blocking activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and transcriptional nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signals. Cecropin-TY1 even interacted with LPS and neutralized LPS. The secondary structure analysis revealed that cecropin-TY1 adopted unordered structures in hydrophobic environment but converted to α-helical confirmation in membrane mimetic environments. Homology modeled structure analysis demonstrated that cecropin-TY1 adopted two α-helices (Leu3-Thr24, Ile27-Leu38) linked by a hinge (Leu25-Pro26) and the structure surface was partly positively charged. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that several key residues/structures are crucial for its anti-inflammatory activity including α-helices, aromatic residue Trp2, positively charged residues Lys and Arg, hinge residue Pro26 and N-terminal amidation. Conclusions We found a novel anti-inflammatory function of horsefly-derived cecropin-TY1 peptide, laying groundwork for better understanding the ectoparasite-host interaction of horsefly with host and highlighting its potency in anti-inflammatory therapy for sepsis and endotoxin shock caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1149-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chunjing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- Institute of Marine Biological Technology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lixian Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Ribeiro JMC, Kazimirova M, Takac P, Andersen JF, Francischetti IMB. An insight into the sialome of the horse fly, Tabanus bromius. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 65:83-90. [PMID: 26369729 PMCID: PMC4646416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood feeding animals face their host's defenses against tissue injury and blood loss while attempting to feed. One adaptation to surmount these barriers involves the evolution of a salivary potion that disarms their host's inflammatory and anti-hemostatic processes. The composition of the peptide moiety of this potion, or sialome (from the Greek sialo = saliva), can be deducted in part by proper interpretation of the blood feeder' sialotranscriptome. In this work we disclose the sialome of the blood feeding adult female Tabanus bromius. Following assembly of over 75 million Illumina reads (101 nt long) 16,683 contigs were obtained from which 4078 coding sequences were extracted. From these, 320 were assigned as coding for putative secreted proteins. These 320 contigs mapped 85% of the reads. The antigen-5 proteins family was studied in detail, indicating three Tabanus specific clades with and without disintegrin domains, as well as with and without leukotriene binding domains. Defensins were also detailed; a clade of salivary tabanid peptides was found lacking the propeptide domain ending in the KR dipeptide signaling furin cleavage. Novel protein families were also disclosed. Viral transcripts were identified closely matching the Kotonkan virus capsid proteins. Full length Mariner transposases were also identified. A total of 3043 coding sequences and their protein products were deposited in Genbank. Hyperlinked excel spreadsheets containing the coding sequences and their annotation are available at http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/T_bromius/Tbromius-web.xlsx (hyperlinked excel spreadsheet, 11 MB) and http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/T_bromius/Tbromius-SA.zip (Standalone excel with all local links, 360 MB). These sequences provide for a platform from which further proteomic studies may be designed to identify salivary proteins from T. bromius that are of pharmacological interest or used as immunological markers of host exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M C Ribeiro
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Maryland 20852, USA.
| | - Maria Kazimirova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - John F Andersen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Maryland 20852, USA
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Kuster RD, Boncristiani HF, Rueppell O. Immunogene and viral transcript dynamics during parasitic Varroa destructor mite infection of developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:1710-8. [PMID: 24829325 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.097766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic Varroa destructor mite is a major contributor to the ongoing honey bee health crisis. Varroa interacts with honey bee viruses, exacerbating their pathogenicity. In addition to vectoring viruses, immunosuppression of the developing honey bee hosts by Varroa has been proposed to explain the synergy between viruses and mites. However, the evidence for honey bee immune suppression by V. destructor is contentious. We systematically studied the quantitative effects of experimentally introduced V. destructor mites on immune gene expression at five specific time points during the development of the honey bee hosts. Mites reproduced normally and were associated with increased titers of deformed wing virus in the developing bees. Our data on different immune genes show little evidence for immunosuppression of honey bees by V. destructor. Experimental wounding of developing bees increases relative immune gene expression and deformed wing virus titers. Combined, these results suggest that mite feeding activity itself and not immunosuppression may contribute to the synergy between viruses and mites. However, our results also suggest that increased expression of honey bee immune genes decreases mite reproductive success, which may be explored to enhance mite control strategies. Finally, our expression data for multiple immune genes across developmental time and different experimental treatments indicates co-regulation of several of these genes and thus improves our understanding of the understudied honey bee immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Kuster
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1000 Spring Garden Street, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
| | - Humberto F Boncristiani
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1000 Spring Garden Street, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1000 Spring Garden Street, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
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Effect of saliva from horse fly Hybomitra bimaculata on kinetic properties of Na,K-ATPase: possible role in regulation of relaxation. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 4:154-8. [PMID: 22058657 PMCID: PMC3203918 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-011-0024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible involvement of salivary gland extract (SGE) from horse flies in modifying hyperpolarization and relaxation via alterations in functional properties of sarcolemmal Na,K-ATPase in the host tissue was tested in vitro by application of various amounts of SGE from Hybomitra bimaculata.SGE in the amount of 3 µg proteins representing approximately the equivalent of one salivary gland of Hybomitra bimaculata induced a stimulatory effect on Na,K-ATPase at all ATP concentrations applied. This effect resulted from the improved ATP-binding site affinity in the Na,K-ATPase molecule, as implicated by the reduction in K(M). Increasing the amount of SGE to 6.5 µg resulted in inhibition of the enzyme, which was characterized by reduction in V(max) and also K(M). This suggests that in the presence of relatively high Hybomitra bimaculata SGE concentration some SGE components affect Na,K-ATPase, when ATP is already bound to the enzyme.Our results indicate that SGE from the horse fly Hybomitra bimaculata contain at least two different biologically active compounds modifying the acute recovery and maintenance of excitability during contractile activity in the host tissue by affecting Na,K-ATPase with opposite effects, depending on the ratio of SGE-proteins to proteins of the host tissue.
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