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Yuan C, Xu Q, Ning Y, Xia Q. Potential mechanisms implied in tick infection by arboviruses and their transmission to vertebrate hosts. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 39016029 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit many pathogens, including arboviruses, to their vertebrate hosts. Arboviruses must overcome or evade defense mechanisms during their passage from the tick gut to the hemolymph, salivary glands, and the feeding site in the host skin. This review summarizes current knowledge of defense mechanisms in specific tick tissues and at the feeding site in the host skin. We discuss the possible roles of these defense mechanisms in viral infection and transmission. The responses of tick salivary proteins to arbovirus infection are also discussed. This review provides information that may help accelerate research on virus-tick interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yunjia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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2
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Li J, Zhao M, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Yao D, Yang S, Chen T, Zhang Y, Aweya JJ. The evolutionary adaptation of shrimp hemocyanin subtypes and the consequences on their structure and functions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109347. [PMID: 38160900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hemocyanin is the main respiratory protein of arthropods and is formed by hexameric and/or oligomeric subunits. Due to changes in the living environment and gene rearrangement, various hemocyanin subtypes and subunits evolved in crustaceans. This paper reviews the various hemocyanin subtypes and isoforms in shrimp and analyses published genomic data of sixteen hemocyanin family genes from Litopenaeus vannamei to explore the evolution of hemocyanin genes, subunits, and protein structure. Analysis of hemocyanin subtypes distribution and structure in various tissues was also performed and related to multiple and tissue-specific functions, i.e., immunological activity, immune signaling, phenoloxidase activity, modulation of microbiota homeostasis, and energy metabolism. The functional diversity of shrimp hemocyanin due to molecular polymorphism, transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, degradation into functional peptides, interaction with other proteins or genes, and structural differences will also be highlighted for future research. Inferences would be drawn from other crustaceans to explain how evolution has changed the structure-function of hemocyanin and its implication for evolutionary research into the multifunctionality of hemocyanin and other related proteins in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Zhao M, Zheng Z, Wang C, Yao D, Lin Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Li S, Aweya JJ, Zhang Y. Penaeid shrimp counteract high ammonia stress by generating and using functional peptides from hemocyanin, such as HMCs27. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167073. [PMID: 37714341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and anthropogenic activities release high ammonia levels into aquatic ecosystems, severely affecting aquatic organisms. Penaeid shrimp can survive high ammonia stress conditions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, total hemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin levels decreased in Penaeus vannamei plasma under high ammonia stress. When shrimp were subjected to high ammonia stress for 12 h, 24 hemocyanin (HMC) derived peptides were identified in shrimp plasma, among which one peptide, designated as HMCs27, was chosen for further analysis. Shrimp survival was significantly enhanced after treatment with the recombinant protein of HMCs27 (rHMCs27), followed by high ammonia stress. Transcriptome analysis of shrimp hepatopancreas after treatment with or without rHMCs27 followed by high ammonia stress revealed 973 significantly dysregulated genes, notable among which were genes involved in oxidation and metabolism, such as cytochrome C, catalase (CAT), isocitrate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), trypsin, chymotrypsin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase (GST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, levels of key biochemical indicators, such as SOD, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), were significantly enhanced, whereas hepatopancreas malondialdehyde levels and plasma pH, NH3, GST, and ALT levels were significantly decreased after rHMCs27 treatment followed by high ammonia stress. Moreover, high ammonia stress induced hepatopancreas tissue injury and apoptosis, but rHMCs27 treatment ameliorated these effects. Collectively, the current study revealed that in response to high ammonia stress, shrimp generate functional peptides, such as peptide HMCs27 from hemocyanin, which helps to attenuate the ammonia toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant system and the tricarboxylic acid cycle to decrease plasma NH3 levels and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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4
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Coates CJ, Belato FA, Halanych KM, Costa-Paiva EM. Structure-Function Relationships of Oxygen Transport Proteins in Marine Invertebrates Enduring Higher Temperatures and Deoxygenation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:134-148. [PMID: 36548976 DOI: 10.1086/722472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPredictions for climate change-to lesser and greater extents-reveal a common scenario in which marine waters are characterized by a deadly trio of stressors: higher temperatures, lower oxygen levels, and acidification. Ectothermic taxa that inhabit coastal waters, such as shellfish, are vulnerable to rapid and prolonged environmental disturbances, such as heatwaves, pollution-induced eutrophication, and dysoxia. Oxygen transport capacity of the hemolymph (blood equivalent) is considered the proximal driver of thermotolerance and respiration in many invertebrates. Moreover, maintaining homeostasis under environmental duress is inextricably linked to the activities of the hemolymph-based oxygen transport or binding proteins. Several protein groups fulfill this role in marine invertebrates: copper-based extracellular hemocyanins, iron-based intracellular hemoglobins and hemerythrins, and giant extracellular hemoglobins. In this brief text, we revisit the distribution and multifunctional properties of oxygen transport proteins, notably hemocyanins, in the context of climate change, and the consequent physiological reprogramming of marine invertebrates.
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Raczyński M, Stoks R, Johansson F, Bartoń K, Sniegula S. Phenological Shifts in a Warming World Affect Physiology and Life History in a Damselfly. INSECTS 2022; 13:622. [PMID: 35886798 PMCID: PMC9318786 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Under climate warming, temperate ectotherms are expected to hatch earlier and grow faster, increase the number of generations per season, i.e., voltinism. Here, we studied, under laboratory conditions, the impact of artificial warming and manipulated hatching dates on life history (voltinism, age and mass at emergence and growth rate) and physiological traits (phenoloxidase (PO) activity at emergence, as an indicator of investment in immune function) and larval survival rate in high-latitude populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Larvae were divided into four groups based on crossing two treatments: early versus late hatching dates and warmer versus control rearing temperature. Damselflies were reared in groups over the course of one (univoltine) or two (semivoltine) growth seasons, depending on the voltinism. Warming temperature did not affect survival rate. However, warming increased the number of univoltine larvae compared to semivoltine larvae. There was no effect of hatching phenology on voltinism. Early hatched larvae reared under warming had elevated PO activity, regardless of their voltinism, indicating increased investment in immune function against pathogens. Increased PO activity was not associated with effects on age or mass at emergence or growth rate. Instead, life history traits were mainly affected by temperature and voltinism. Warming decreased development time and increased growth rate in univoltine females, yet decreased growth rate in univoltine males. This indicates a stronger direct impact of warming and voltinism compared to impacts of hatching phenology on life history traits. The results strengthen the evidence that phenological shifts in a warming world may affect physiology and life history in freshwater insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Raczyński
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Robby Stoks
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Kamil Bartoń
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
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Butolo NP, Azevedo P, Alencar LD, Malaspina O, Nocelli RCF. Impact of low temperatures on the immune system of honeybees. J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103082. [PMID: 34879910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in temperature resulting from climate change can impact the distribution and survival of species, including bees, where temperature may also affect their immune system. Evaluation of immune system activity is often performed by the total count of circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph. However, there are few studies on bees examining the relationship between the amount of circulating hemocytes and temperature. This study evaluated changes of circulating hemocytes in Apis mellifera hemolymph at different temperatures and development stages. Total hemocytes of bees were determined at - 8, 16, 24, and 32 °C - and at different development stages - in vivo larvae, in vitro larvae, newly emerged, and forager bees. A. mellifera larvae had a greater number of circulating hemocytes compared to the other development stages (newly emerged and foragers). Additionally, temperature was an important factor explaining variation of circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph, according to principal component analyses (PCA), as the number of circulating hemocytes was greater at higher temperatures. Therefore, extreme events arising from climate change, such as variation in temperature, can directly impact the immune system of bees, both individually and at the colony level, threatening the distribution and survival of several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Butolo
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais - CEIS, Instituto de Biociências - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP-SP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - P Azevedo
- Grupo de Genética e Genômica da Conservação, Instituto de Biologia - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP-SP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - L D Alencar
- Grupo de Genética e Genômica da Conservação, Instituto de Biologia - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP-SP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - O Malaspina
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais - CEIS, Instituto de Biociências - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP-SP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - R C F Nocelli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar-SP), Araras, SP, Brazil
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7
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Comparative characterization of the hemocyanin-derived phenol oxidase activity from spiders inhabiting different thermal habitats. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 253:110548. [PMID: 33388391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes adapted to cold temperatures are commonly characterized for having higher Michaelis-Menten constants (KM) values and lower optimum and denaturation temperature, when compared to other meso or thermophilic enzymes. Phenoloxidase (PO) enzymes are ubiquitous in nature, however, they have not been reported in spiders. It is the oxygen carrier protein hemocyanin (Hc), found at high concentrations in their hemolymph, which displays an inducible PO activity. Hence, we hypothesize that Hc-derived PO activity could show features of cold adaptation in alpine species. We analyzed the Hc from two species of Theraphosidae from different thermal environments: Euathlus condorito (2400 m a.s.l.) and Grammostola rosea (500 m a.s.l.). Hc was purified from the hemolymph of both spiders and was characterized by identifying subunit composition and measuring the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-induced PO activity. The high-altitude spider Hc showed higher PO activity under all conditions and higher apparent Michaelis-Menten constant. Moreover, the optimum temperature for PO activity was lower for E. condorito Hc. These findings suggest a potential adaptation at the level of Hc-derived PO activity in Euathlus condorito, giving insights on possible mechanisms used by this mygalomorph spider to occupy extremes and variable thermal environments.
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Wang L, Sathuvan M, Chen S, Cai K, Chen S, Liu Y. Purification and stability analysis of antimicrobial proteins from Varuna litterata. Microb Pathog 2020; 153:104637. [PMID: 33232765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten marine species, including different crabs, bivalve molluscs, and fish intestines were selected to screen the natural antimicrobial protein or peptide as they are enriched with various microorganisms. The crude extract from Varuna litterata, a marine crab which is used as a raw material in the preparation of pickled crabs in Chaoshan area of China, was proved to have a potent bacteriostatic effect against gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive bacterium(Staphylococcus aureus) compared with other marine species. The crude proteins of Varunalitterata were salted-out for preliminary purification and further purified by gel filtration (Sephadex G-150) or anion exchange (DEAE-cellulose 52) chromatographic column. An increase in the antimicrobial activity was noted with the increase in the purity level of the protein. A relatively pure protein was eventually obtained, which was determined to be belonging to the hemocyanin family based on the mass spectrometric data analysis. The purified proteins solution (1 mg/ml) from Varuna litterata exhibited similar antimicrobial activity to that of gentamycin sulfate (0.2 mg/ml), which were relatively stable in a certain pH or temperature range. A structure-activity relationship of the purified hemocyanin was determined based on the interaction of hemocyanin and different chromatographic medium, which revealed that the integrated hexamers played a remarkable role in its bacteriostatic activity. Moreover, the phenoloxidase activity of hemocyanin from Varuna litterata was found as the underlying cause of its antimicrobial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Malairaj Sathuvan
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Shengqin Chen
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Kun Cai
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China.
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Pan L, Zhang X, Yang L, Pan S. Effects of Vibro harveyi and Staphyloccocus aureus infection on hemocyanin synthesis and innate immune responses in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:659-668. [PMID: 31419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin, a multifunctional oxygen-carrying protein, has critical effects on immune defense in crustaceans. To explore the role of hemocyanin in anti-pathogen mechanism, effects of Vibrio harveyi (V. harvey) and Staphyloccocus aureus (S. aureus) on hemocyanin synthesis and innate immune responses were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) during infection in vivo. Results showed that 105 and 106 cells mL-1V. harveyi and 106 cells mL-1S. aureus significantly affected plasma hemocyanin concentration, hepatopancreas hemocyanin mRNA and subunits expressions, plasma phenol oxidase (PO), hemocyanin-derived PO (Hd-PO), antibacterial, and bacteriolytic activities during the experiment under bacterial stress, while these parameters did not change remarkably in control group. The concentration of hemocyanin in plasma fluctuated, with a minimum at 12 h and a maximum at 24 h. Moreover, the expression of hemocyanin mRNA peaked at 12 h, while the level of hemocyanin p75 and p77 subunits reached maximum at 24 h. Besides, plasma PO and Hd-PO activities peaked at 24 h, and antimicrobial and bacteriolytic activities peaked at 12 h and 24 h, respectively. In addition, 105 cells mL-1S. aureus had no significant effect on the synthesis of hemocyanin and prophenoloxidase activating (pro-PO) system, but significantly increased antimicrobial activity at 12 h and bacteriolytic activity at 24 h. Therefore, these results suggest that the hemocyanin synthesis was initiated after invasion of pathogen, and the newly synthesized hemocyanin, acted as an immune molecule, can exerts PO activity to regulate the immune defense in L. vannamei in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Liubing Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Li C, Wang F, Aweya JJ, Yao D, Zheng Z, Huang H, Li S, Zhang Y. Trypsin of Litopenaeus vannamei is required for the generation of hemocyanin-derived peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:95-104. [PMID: 29079148 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin is a copper containing respiratory glycoprotein in arthropods and mollusks, which also have multiple functions in vivo. Recent studies have shown that hemocyanin could generate several peptides, which play important roles in shrimp innate immunity. However, how these hemocyanin-derived peptides are generated is still largely unknown. In this study, we report for the first time that the generation of hemocyanin-derived peptides was closely correlated with trypsin expression in shrimp hepatopancreas following infection with different bacteria. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of trypsin or treatment with the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, resulted in significant decrease in the levels of hemocyanin-derived peptides. Moreover, recombinant trypsin (rTrypsin) was able to hydrolyse hemocynin in vitro with the hydrolysate having a high bacterial agglutination activity while the denatured hemocynin untreated with rTrypsin lost its agglutination activity. Taken together, our current results showed that the generation of hemocyanin-derived peptides correlates with an increase trypsin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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11
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Zeng Y. The cDNA Sequence of Two Hemocyanin Subunits from Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii and their Responses to White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:39-45. [PMID: 26949985 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2015.1125966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin, the respiratory protein of crustaceans, participates in the innate immune defense in these organisms. We cloned two hemocyanin subunit genes (PcHc1 and PcHc2), by using a degenerate primer PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach, from the hepatopancreas of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The transcripts of these two subunits were only detected in the hepatopancreas by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. The neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses indicated that PcHc2 associated with a clade belong to the α-type hemocyanins and PcHc1 associated with another clade belonging to the β-type hemocyanins. The data obtained from the RT-qPCR indicated that the mRNA expression levels of these subunit genes followed almost the same regulation pattern in the crayfish challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The fluctuation of mRNA expression levels of these two subunits after the WSSV challenge indicated that both of them may participate in the antiviral immune response of crayfish. Received April 12, 2015; accepted November 22, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zeng
- a College of Life Science , Yantai University , Shandong 264005 , China
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12
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Coates CJ, Nairn J. Diverse immune functions of hemocyanins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:43-55. [PMID: 24486681 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence gathered recently has revealed the multiple functionalities of hemocyanin. Contrary to previous claims that this ancient protein is involved solely in oxygen transport within the hemolymph of invertebrates, hemocyanin and hemocyanin-derived peptides have been linked to key aspects of innate immunity, in particular, antiviral and phenoloxidase-like activities. Both phenoloxidase and hemocyanin belong to the family of type-3 copper proteins and share a high degree of sequence homology. While the importance of phenoloxidase in immunity and development is well characterised, the contribution of hemocyanin to biological defence systems within invertebrates is not recognised widely. This review focusses on the conversion of hemocyanin into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme and the array of hemocyanin-derived immune responses documented to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Nairn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Gasser CA, Hommes G, Schäffer A, Corvini PFX. Multi-catalysis reactions: new prospects and challenges of biotechnology to valorize lignin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1115-34. [PMID: 22782247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been dedicated to the chemical depolymerization of lignin, a biopolymer constituting a possible renewable source for aromatic value-added chemicals. However, these efforts yielded limited success up until now. Efficient lignin conversion might necessitate novel catalysts enabling new types of reactions. The use of multiple catalysts, including a combination of biocatalysts, might be necessary. New perspectives for the combination of bio- and inorganic catalysts in one-pot reactions are emerging, thanks to green chemistry-driven advances in enzyme engineering and immobilization and new chemical catalyst design. Such combinations could offer several advantages, especially by reducing time and yield losses associated with the isolation and purification of the reaction products, but also represent a big challenge since the optimal reaction conditions of bio- and chemical catalysis reactions are often different. This mini-review gives an overview of bio- and inorganic catalysts having the potential to be used in combination for lignin depolymerization. We also discuss key aspects to consider when combining these catalysts in one-pot reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland
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Dolashki A, Voelter W, Dolashka P. Phenoloxidase activity of intact and chemically modified functional unit RvH1: a from molluscan Rapana venosa hemocyanin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:1-7. [PMID: 21536147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
o-Diphenol oxidase activities (o-diPO) of chemically modified functional unit RvH1-a of molluscan hemocyanin Rapana venosa were studied using L-Dopa and dopamine as substrates. With L-Dopa as substrate the native FU RvH1-a did not show any o-diPO activity. Therefore the native FU RvH1-a was converted to enzymatic active form, after treatment with SDS, trypsin, urea and different values of pH when its o-diPO activity was studied. The highest artificial induction of o-diPO activity was observed after incubation of FU with 3.0mM SDS, and RvH1-a shows both, dopamine (K(M)=6.53mM, k(cat)/K(M)=1.29) and L-Dopa (K(M)=2.0mM, k(cat)/K(M)=2.1) activity due to a more open active site of the enzyme and better access of the substrates. It was determined that the K(M) value of SDS-activated RvH1-a against dopamine is higher compared to those of hemocyanins from Helix vulgaris, Helix pomatia and native tyrosinase from Ipomoea batatas but much lower than that from Illex argentinus (ST94) tyrosinase and arthropodan hemocyanin from Carcinus aestuarii. The Km value of SDS-activated RvH1-a against L-Dopa is higher than those of hemocyanins from H. vulgaris and Cancer magister, but lower than that of the tyrosinase from Streptomyces albus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
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