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Martínez-Gómez C, Fernández B, Barcala E, García-Aparicio V, Jumilla E, Gea-Pacheco Á, León VM. The impact of chemical pollution on the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from a Mediterranean hypersaline coastal lagoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:80106-80122. [PMID: 37289386 PMCID: PMC10344999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a critically endangered species. The impact of environmental contamination on this species has been highlighted as contributing to the decline in recruitment. The Mar Menor hypersaline coastal lagoon (SE Spain) is one of the most productive fisheries of European eel in Europe, making it a critical habitat for species conservation. The present study aimed to provide an initial overview of the impact of organic chemical contaminants on the European eel and the potential sublethal effects of chemical pollution on pre-migrating eels in this hypersaline habitat. We investigated muscle bioaccumulation of main persistent and hazardous organic contaminants (including some current-use pesticides) and genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and xenobiotic detoxification system responses. The findings show that lagoon eels were exposed to high levels of legacy organochlorine contaminants, recently banned pesticides (chlorpyrifos), and some emerging chemicals. Some individuals surpassed the maximum levels of CBs authorized by the European Commission for human consumption. In this species, residuals of chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, and chlorthal dimethyl have been reported for the first time. This field study provides relevant data to stock management and human health consumption and provides the first biomarker responses in European eel under permanent hypersaline conditions. Furthermore, the high frequency of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of lagoon eels indicates sublethal genotoxic effects on the organism. Overall, the European eels growing and maturing in the Mar Menor lagoon are exposed to toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. The lack of seafood safety regulations for human consumption for some legacy chemicals that were measured in high concentrations in our study requires special action. Further biomonitoring and research are recommended to protect the animal, public, and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, 30740, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, 30740, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Barcala
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, 30740, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Aparicio
- Centro de Edafología Y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo. Espinardo 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esther Jumilla
- Chemistry Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gea-Pacheco
- Sciences Faculty, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road. S/N, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Manuel León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, 30740, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
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Vieira M, Nunes B. Cholinesterases of marine fish: characterization and sensitivity towards specific chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48595-48609. [PMID: 33913109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cholinesterases has been frequently used as a biomarker for contamination of aquatic environments, because these enzymes are frequent targets for toxic effects of contaminants, such as insecticides derived from phosphoric and carbamic acids. However, this enzyme is also responsive to other contaminants, including metals. The use of cholinesterase inhibition as effect criterion in ecotoxicology studies requires the previous characterization of the specific enzymatic forms that can be present in the different tissues and/or organs of species. This work characterized the soluble ChEs present in the brain and dorsal muscle of three marine fish species, namely Scomber scombrus, Sardina pilchardus and Chelidonichthys lucerna. Pesticides (chlorpyrifos) and metals (copper sulphate) in vitro assays were conducted to quantify the effects of these contaminants on cholinesterases activity. The results of this study showed that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was the predominant form present in the brain tissues of the three species and in the muscle tissue of one species (Sardina pilchardus). For Scomber scombrus and Chelidonichthys lucerna, the cholinesterase form present in the muscle tissue evidenced properties between the classic acetylcholinesterase and those of pseudocholinesterase forms. The results for the metal (copper) and pesticide (chlorpyrifos) showed that this species may be suitable for monitoring contaminations for these types of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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A Comparative Assessment of the Chronic Effects of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on the Physiology of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030649. [PMID: 33800064 PMCID: PMC8001054 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ocean contamination caused by micro- and nano-sized plastics is a matter of increasing concern regarding their potential effects on marine organisms. This study compared the effects of a 21-day exposure to 1.5, 15, and 150 ng/L of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MP, 3-µm) and nanoplastics (PS-NP, 50-nm) on a suite of biomarkers measured in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Endpoints encompassed immunological/lysosomal responses, oxidative stress/detoxification parameters, and neurotoxicological markers. Compared to PS-MP, PS-NP induced higher effects on lysosomal parameters of general stress. Exposures to both particle sizes increased lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in gills; PS-NP elicited greater effects on the phase-II metabolism enzyme glutathione S-transferase and on lysozyme activity, while only PS-MP inhibited the hemocyte phagocytosis, suggesting a major role of PS particle size in modulating immunological/detoxification pathways. A decreased acetylcholinesterase activity was induced by PS-NP, indicating their potential to impair neurological functions in mussels. Biomarker data integration in the Mussel Expert System identified an overall greater health status alteration in mussels exposed to PS-NP compared to PS-MP. This study shows that increasing concentrations of nanoplastics may induce higher effects than microplastics on the mussel’s lysosomal, metabolic, and neurological functions, eventually resulting in a greater impact on their overall fitness.
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Sanahuja I, Dallarés S, Ibarz A, Solé M. Multi-organ characterisation of B-esterases in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Effects of the insecticide fipronil at two temperatures. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105617. [PMID: 32942115 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the study of cholinesterases (ChEs) and carboxylesterases (CEs), apart from their involvement in neural activity and xenobiotic metabolism, respectively, requires to be further explored. The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was the fish model used to characterise B-esterases in several matrices and organs, as well as to assess the impacts of the insecticide fipronil at two temperatures: the natural temperature at the time of sampling (13 °C) and at 16 °C (based on climate change-related predictions for the Mediterranean region). Fipronil exerts harmful effects in non-target species; however, some countries are reluctant to implement regulations without additional evidence on their toxicity. A comprehensive study was performed in fish pre-acclimated to the two targeted temperatures for 15 days. B-esterases were evaluated in multiple samples after 7 and 14 day exposures to fipronil in feed (dose of 10 mg/kg) and after a 7-day depurative period. Based on hydrolysis rates, results showed that CEs were measurable in all matrices while ChEs were more abundant in muscle and, particularly, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. A + 3 °C increase in temperature had little influence on B-esterase activity; however, fipronil caused a significant increase in brain AChE (1.5-fold) and CE (3-fold) activities. Other matrices and organs also experienced alterations in their B-esterase activities that could compromise their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Marinho CS, Matias MVF, Brandão IGF, Santos EL, Machado SS, Zanta CLPS. Characterization and kinetic study of the brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase from Danio rerio. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 222:11-18. [PMID: 30981910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease and in the detection of pesticides such as organophosphates which are also widely used in chemical warfare. The aim of this study is the physicochemical and kinetic characterization of brain and muscle ChE from Danio rerio (Zebrafish). Optimal activity was found for brain ChE at alkaline pH 9.0 at 30 °C, and for muscle ChE at alkaline pH 8.5 at temperatures between 20 °C and 35 °C. The apparent kinetic constants, Kmapp and Vmaxapp, for brain ChE were determined as 0.191 ± 0.024 mM and 0.566 ± 0.028 U/mg protein, and for muscle ChE as 0.230 ± 0.030 mM and 0.677 ± 0.039 U/mg protein. Both brain and muscle ChE showed inhibition at high substrate concentrations. Brain and muscle ChE showed IC50 values for physostigmine of 0.61 μM and 0.37 μM, respectively. The ChE activity in brain was significantly inhibited by BW254c51 in all concentrations tested, but not by Iso-OMPA, while muscle ChE presented a moderate decrease (13 to 29%) in the activity values, indicating that BuChE is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane S Marinho
- Federal University of Alagoas, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Marcos V F Matias
- Federal University of Alagoas, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Iago G F Brandão
- Federal University of Alagoas, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Elton L Santos
- Federal University of Alagoas, Agricultural Sciences Center, BR-104, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil
| | - Sonia S Machado
- Federal University of Alagoas, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Carmem L P S Zanta
- Federal University of Alagoas, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Lushchak VI, Matviishyn TM, Husak VV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Pesticide toxicity: a mechanistic approach. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1101-1136. [PMID: 30564086 PMCID: PMC6295629 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are known for their high persistence and pervasiveness in the environment, and along with products of their biotransformation, they may remain in and interact with the environment and living organisms in multiple ways, according to their nature and chemical structure, dose and targets. In this review, the classifications of pesticides based on their nature, use, physical state, pathophysiological effects, and sources are discussed. The effects of these xenobiotics on the environment, their biotransformation in terms of bioaccumulation are highlighted with special focus on the molecular mechanisms deciphered to date. Basing on targeted organisms, most pesticides are classified as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Herbicides are known as growth regulators, seedling growth inhibitors, photosynthesis inhibitors, inhibitors of amino acid and lipid biosynthesis, cell membrane disrupters, and pigment biosynthesis inhibitors, whereas fungicides include inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Insecticides mainly affect nerves and muscle, growth and development, and energy production. Studying the impact of pesticides and other related chemicals is of great interest to animal and human health risk assessment processes since potentially everyone can be exposed to these compounds which may cause many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, malnutrition, atherosclerosis, inflammation, pathogen invasion, nerve injury, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Future studies should be directed to investigate influence of long term effects of low pesticide doses and to minimize or eliminate influence of pesticides on non-target living organisms, produce more specific pesticides and using modern technologies to decrease contamination of food and other goods by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana M. Matviishyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Viktor V. Husak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Kaur B, Khera A, Sandhir R. Attenuation of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms in kidney of rats intoxicated with carbofuran. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:393-8. [PMID: 22807346 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbofuran, an anticholinestrase carbamate, is commonly used as an insecticide. Its toxic effect on kidney is less established. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of carbofuran on kidneys and to understand the mechanism involved in its nephrotoxicity. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of eight animals each; control animals received sunflower oil (vehicle) and carbofuran exposed animals were treated with carbofuran (1 mg/kg body weight) orally for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, significant increase was observed in urea and creatinine levels in serum along with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, suggesting nephrotoxicity. The antioxidant defense system of animals treated with carbofuran was altered in terms of increased lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and total thiols and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase). The results indicate that carbofuran is nephrotoxic and increased oxidative stress appears to be involved in its nephrotoxic effects.
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