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Chuphal B, Sathoria P, Rai U, Roy B. Crosstalk between reproductive and immune systems: the teleostean perspective. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:302-316. [PMID: 36477945 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the immune system plays a crucial role in the adaptation of an organism to its environment, its survival and the continuance of a species. Nonetheless, very little is known about this interaction among teleost, the largest group of extant vertebrates. Fishes being seasonal breeders, their immune system is exposed to seasonally changing levels of HPG hormones. On the contrary, the presence and infiltration of leukocytes, the expression of pattern recognition receptors as well as cytokines in gonads suggest their key role in teleostean gametogenesis as in the case of mammals. Moreover, the modulation of gametogenesis and steroidogenesis by lipopolysaccharide implicates the pathological significance of inflammation on reproduction. Thus, it is important to engage in the understanding of the interaction between these two important physiological systems, not only from a phylogenetic perspective but also due to the importance of fish as an important economic resource. In view of this, the authors have reviewed the crosstalk between the reproductive and immune systems in teleosts and tried to explore the importance of this interaction in their survival and reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chuphal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Sathoria
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Brototi Roy
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Campbell JH, Dixon B, Whitehouse LM. The intersection of stress, sex and immunity in fishes. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:111-129. [PMID: 33426582 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While sexual dimorphism in immune responses has been documented in other vertebrates, evidence for a similar phenomenon in fish is lacking. Here, we review the relationship between immunity, stress, spawning, and sex hormones in fish to gain a better understanding of sex-based differences in fish immune responses and its consequences for aquaculture. It is well known that there is a strong link between the stress response and immune function in fish. In addition, research to date has demonstrated that sexual dimorphism in the stress response exists in many species; yet, the relationship between the sexual dimorphic stress responses and immune function has rarely been explored together. Aside from stress, spawning is also known to trigger changes in fish immune responses. Estrogens and androgens have been shown to modulate the immune system which could account for differences between the two sexes of fish when spawning; however, evidence regarding the sexual dimorphism of these changes varies between fishes and is likely related to the spawning strategy employed by a given species. Sex hormones are also used in aquaculture practices to produce monosex populations, and exposure to these hormones early in development has been shown to impact the development of immune organs in several fishes. While female fish are generally thought to be more robust than males, aquaculture practices should also consider the role that maternal stress has on the immune function of the offspring and what role this plays in compromising the immune response of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA.
| | - Lindy M Whitehouse
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA
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Pontigo JP, Vargas-Chacoff L. Growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone release factor (GRF) modulate the immune response in the SHK-1 cell line and leukocyte cultures of head kidney in Atlantic salmon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113631. [PMID: 33010262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of growth hormone (GH) in the immune system of fish, we examine the comparative effect of GH and Growth Hormone Release Factor (GRF) on leukocytes culture of the head kidney of Atlantic salmon and the SHK-1 cell line. There are studies that associate the growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis with the immune regulation of fish. However, there is no evidence that GH and GRF stimulate Atlantic salmon leukocyte cell lines, where there areńt reports on expression changes in different immune response markers. Thus, we investigated the effect of GH and GRF in Atlantic salmon leukocytes extracted from head kidney and the SHK-1 cell line on the different immune response markers such as: NLRC5, NLRC3, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 through qPCR. Our data suggest that GH increases the expression of NLRC5, NLRC3, and IL-1β mainly at 16 h post-stimulation in Atlantic salmon leukocytes. This indicates differential regulation between the two models used, helping us to better understand the independent action of GH on the immune system and the GH / IGF axis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pontigo
- Instituto de ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterianaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Huang Q, Li Q, Chen H, Lin B, Chen D. Neuroendocrine immune-regulatory of a neuropeptide ChGnRH from the Hongkong oyster, Crassostrea Hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:911-916. [PMID: 31132465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that neuroendocrine-immune interactions hold the key to understand the complex immune system. In this study, we explored the role of a reproductive regulation-related hormone, GnRH, in the regulation of immunity in Hong Kong oysters. We found that vibrio bacterial strains injection increased the expression of ChGnRH. Moreover, ChGnRH neuropeptide promotes the phagocytic ability and bacterial clearance effect of hemocytes which regarded to be the central immune organ. The content of cAMP after incubation with ChGnRH peptide was increased, which could be blocked by adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536. Furthermore, the stimulated effect of ChGnRH peptide on the phagocytosis and bacterial clearance was also blocked by SQ 22,536, H89 and enzastaurin, strongly demonstrating that cAMP dependent PKA and PKC signaling pathway was involved in ChGnRH mediated immune regulation. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of neuroendocrine-immune regulatory system in marine invertebrates, which contributes to understand the complexity of oyster immune defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Bioparmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Bioparmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bioparmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baohua Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Bioparmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bioparmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Chang JP, Pemberton JG. Comparative aspects of GnRH-Stimulated signal transduction in the vertebrate pituitary - Contributions from teleost model systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:142-167. [PMID: 28587765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a major regulator of reproduction through actions on pituitary gonadotropin release and synthesis. Although it is often thought that pituitary cells are exposed to only one GnRH, multiple GnRH forms are delivered to the pituitary of teleost fishes; interestingly this can include the cGnRH-II form usually thought to be non-hypophysiotropic. GnRHs can regulate other pituitary cell-types, both directly as well as indirectly, and multiple GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) may also be expressed in the pituitary, and even within a single pituitary cell-type. Literature on the differential actions of native GnRH isoforms in primary pituitary cells is largely derived from teleost fishes. This review will outline the diversity and complexity of GnRH-GnRHR signal transduction found within vertebrate gonadotropes as well as extra-gonadotropic sites with special emphasis on comparative studies from fish models. The implications that GnRHR transduction mechanisms are GnRH isoform-, function-, and cell-specific are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Szwejser E, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Maciuszek M, Chadzinska M. Estrogen-dependent seasonal adaptations in the immune response of fish. Horm Behav 2017; 88:15-24. [PMID: 27760301 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence shows that estrogens affect immunity in mammals. Less is known about this interaction in the evolutionary older, non-mammalian, vertebrates. Fish form an excellent model to identify evolutionary conserved neuroendocrine-immune interactions: i) they are the earliest vertebrates with fully developed innate and adaptive immunity, ii) immune and endocrine parameters vary with season, and iii) physiology is constantly disrupted by increasing contamination of the aquatic environment. Neuro-immuno-endocrine interactions enable adaption to changing internal and external environment and are based on shared signaling molecules and receptors. The presence of specific estrogen receptors on/in fish leukocytes, implies direct estrogen-mediated immunoregulation. Fish leukocytes most probably are also capable to produce estrogens as they express the cyp19a and cyp19b - genes, encoding aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme critical for conversion of C19 steroids to estrogens. Immunoregulatory actions of estrogens, vary among animal species, and also with dose, target cell type, or physiological condition (e.g., infected/non-infected, reproductive status). They moreover are multifaceted. Interestingly, season-dependent changes in immune status correlate with changes in the levels of circulating sex hormones. Whereas E2 circulating in the bloodstream is perhaps the most likely candidate to be the physiological mediator of systemic immune-reproductive trade-offs, leukocyte-derived hormones are hypothesized to be mainly involved in local tuning of the immune response. Contamination of the aquatic environment with estrogenic EDCs may violate the delicate and precise allostatic interactions between the endogenous estrogen system and the immune system. This has negative effects on fish health, but will also affect the physiology of its consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Hou ZS, Wen HS, Li JF, He F, Li Y, Tao YX. Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early ovarian development and under dense rearing condition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:131-138. [PMID: 27401261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early ovarian development and under high rearing density. Trouts were sampled from 240 (ovarian stage II) to 540 (ovarian stage IV) days following hatching (DFH) as control group (Ctrl, 4.6-31.1kg/m(3)) to determine HPG axis during early ovarian development. Trouts from the same batch of fertilized eggs were reared in two higher densities during 240-540 DFH as stocking density 1 and 2 (SD1, 6.6-40.6kg/m(3); SD2, 8.6-49.3kg/m(3)) to elucidate effects of high density on reproductive parameters. Dopamine, E2 (estradiol), 17α,20β-P (17α,20β-dihydroxy4-pregnen-3-one) and P4 (progesterone) were evaluated by radioimmunoassay or ELISA. mRNA expression of hypothalamic gnrh-1, -2 (gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1, -2), pituitary gonadotropins (fsh/lh, follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone) and their cognate receptors (fshr/lhr) in ovaries were examined by qRT-PCR. Our findings demonstrated mRNA expression of hypothalamic sgnrh-1, pituitary fsh and ovarian fshr increased in early ovarian development (360 DFH). Serum 17α,20β-P and pituitary lh mRNA expression first increased when trouts were in ovarian stage III (420 DFH). Ovaries were at different stages when reared in different densities. Long-term high density treatment (over 31.7kg/m(3)) resulted in decreased hypothalamic sgnrh-1, pituitary fsh, ovarian fshr, serum E2, and increased hypothalamus gnrh-2 and serum dopamine during vitellogenin synthesis, suggesting HPG of rainbow trout might be retarded under dense rearing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ji-Fang Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng He
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
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