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Das S, Kar I, Patra AK. Cadmium induced bioaccumulation, histopathology, gene regulation in fish and its amelioration - A review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127202. [PMID: 37263063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Different anthropogenic activities as well as natural sources contribute enormously towards various heavy metal contaminations in aquatic habitats. Cadmium (Cd) is one of most prevalent and toxic heavy metals with a long half life. Unlike terrestrial animals, exposure of Cd in fishes may happen not only through feeds but also from its habitat water. Bioaccumulation of Cd in fishes occurs in many tissues, but mainly in gill, liver, kidney, skin, and muscle. The concentrations of Cd in fish tissues depend upon the extent and duration of Cd exposure, species and age of fishes, dietary minerals and antioxidant concentrations, and habitat water quality. Specific histopathological observations in liver, kidney, and gill are useful to understand the effects of Cd, which could help to determine the ameliorating methods to be adopted. Exposure of Cd exerts several adverse effects on general growth and development, reproductive processes, osmoregulation, morphological and histological structures, stress tolerance, and endocrine system, mainly due to changes in biological functions induced by differential expressions of several genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, immunosuppressions, genotoxicity, Cd chelation and carbohydrate metabolism. Chronic biomagnifications of Cd exceeding the permitted level may be harmful not only to the fishes itself but also to humans through food chains. Amelioration of such toxic heavy metal that has been categorized as a potent carcinogenic in humans is of utmost importance. Main modes of amelioration encompas reducing oxidative damages by promoting the antioxidative defenses, decreasing Cd absorption, increasing excretion through excretory system and improving the tolerance of fishes to Cd toxicity. Many amelioration measures such as use of minerals (for example, zinc, calcium, and iron), vitamins (vitamin C, A, and E), different herbs, probiotics and other agents (taurine, bentonite, chitosan, zeolite, and metallothionein) have been explored for their effective roles to reduce Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity symptoms in fishes. The present review discusses bioaccumulation of Cd, histopathological alterations, oxidative stress, synergism-antagonism, and gene regulation in different tissues, and its amelioration measures in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinibas Das
- Department of Fish Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Xu Y, Gui Y, Zhi D, Pi J, Liu X, Xiang J, Li D, Li J. Protective effects of calcium against cadmium-induced toxicity in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114972. [PMID: 37141681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the dominant metal pollutants present in the aquatic environment that affects ion homeostasis, oxidative stress (OS) and immune responses of aquatic organisms. Given the physicochemical similarities between Cd2+ and calcium (Ca2+) ions, their antagonism may facilitate the mitigation of Cd-induced toxicity. To better understand the role of Ca in protecting against Cd-induced toxicity in teleosts, juvenile grass carp were exposed to Cd (measured concentration 3 μg/L) and a gradient of Ca concentrations (measured concentration 1.5 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, and 3.5 mg/L in the control (CTL) group, low calcium (LCA) group, medium calcium (MCA) group, and high calcium (HCA) group, respectively) for 30 days. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) data analyses showed that simultaneous exposure to Ca impaired the accumulation of Cd in all tested tissues. Besides, Ca addition maintained the plasma ion (Na+, K+, Cl-) homeostasis, alleviated Cd-induced oxidative stress (OS), and regulated the activities and transcriptional levels of ATPase. Furthermore, transcriptional heatmap analysis demonstrated that several indicator genes for OS and calcium signaling pathway were found to be significantly modulated by Ca addition. This work delineates a protective effect of Ca against Cd-induced toxicity in grass carp, providing new insight into the possible solutions to Cd pollution issues in aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuting Gui
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Applied Technology University, Changde 415100, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Pi
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Applied Technology University, Changde 415100, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianguo Xiang
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Deliang Li
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Lee DC, Choi YJ, Kim JH. Toxic effects of waterborne cadmium exposure on hematological parameters, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and heat shock protein 70 in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthysolivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:476-483. [PMID: 35176470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-induced toxicity can affect fish embryo development, ion homeostasis regulation, energy metabolism, maturation and growth, stress response, and immunity. However, studies on the toxic effects of cadmium exposure to aquatic animals, particularly olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), are limited. In this study, juvenile P. olivaceus (mean length, 12.9 ± 1.3 cm; mean weight, 23.1 ± 3.2 g) was exposed to waterborne cadmium (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/L) for 10 d. Hematological parameters, including hematocrit value and hemoglobin level, in P. olivaceus were significantly decreased after waterborne cadmium exposure. Plasma components such as calcium, glucose, cholesterol, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were significantly altered via cadmium exposure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase, were significantly altered in P. olivaceus after cadmium exposure. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited upon waterborne cadmium exposure. Hepatic heat shock protein 70 was significantly upregulated in P. olivaceus after waterborne cadmium exposure. Therefore, waterborne cadmium at concentrations of >100 or 200 μg/L can induce physiological toxicity in P. olivaceus via changes in hematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, neurotransmitters, and stress indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Chan Lee
- Aquaculture Industry Research Division, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Choi
- Aquaculture Industry Research Division, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Yeosu, South Korea.
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- Sun Moon University, Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Science, Asan-si, South Korea.
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Santos B, Andrade T, Domingues I, Ribeiro R, Soares AM, Lopes I. Influence of salinity on the toxicity of copper and cadmium to Zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:106003. [PMID: 34706310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinization has become a serious worldwide environmental perturbation in freshwater ecosystems. Concomitantly, many of such ecosystems are already impacted by other toxicants, which together with increased salinity may result in synergistic, antagonistic or additive toxic effects to biota. This work intended to assess the influence of increasing salinity (by using NaCl) on the lethal and sublethal toxicity of two metallic elements (copper and cadmium) in embryos of the fish species Danio rerio. This goal was achieved by exposing zebrafish embryos to seven concentrations of NaCl, individually or combined with each metal, using a full factorial design. The following endpoints were monitored in the test organisms: mortality, hatching, malformations and the enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cholinesterase (ChE). Overall, moderate salinity levels alleviated the lethal toxicity of both copper and cadmium although this effect was stronger in the copper assay. This effect was also influenced, as expected, by the concentrations of the metals indicating that the protective effect of salt only reaches some levels, after what is overwhelmed by the high metal toxicity, especially with the non-essential metal cadmium. At sub-lethal concentrations, the interactive effect resulting from NaCl and metals was not consistent and varied with the endpoint analyzed and the metal tested. Overall, the interactions between the salt and metals seem complex and with more drastic effects (positive or negative) on lethal endpoints than sub-lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Santos
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Thayres Andrade
- Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Campus of Crateús, 63700-000, Crateús, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Inês Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Mvm Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ferro JP, Ferrari L, Eissa BL. Acute toxicity of cadmium to freshwater fishes and its relationship with body size and respiratory strategy. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109109. [PMID: 34147684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute toxicity assays in freshwater fishes are used in diverse local and regional regulations. Lethality is a complex biological process, depending on both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The extrinsic parameters (pH, temperature, hardness and alkalinity, among others) have been widely studied and their influence on toxicity has been well characterized. In contrast, less attention has been given to intrinsic parameters (body size, sex, life habits) and their influence on toxicological sensitivity is poorly known. This work is focused on the effect of intrinsic parameters on lethality. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed experimental studies that reported data on acute lethality (LC50-96 h) of cadmium to freshwater fishes. We studied the allometric relationship between reported body weight and lethality, and the influence of the respiratory strategy and adaptation to extremely low-ionic strength environments on the sensitivity of fishes to cadmium. We observed a strong relationship between LC50-96 h and body weight. The fish group adapted to low-ionic strength water (OF) showed the highest sensitivity to cadmium, with the allometric constants being a = 0.0045 and b = -1.11, while the group of air-breathing fishes such as Channa marulius and Hepteroneustes fossillis exhibited the lowest sensitivity, with the allometric constants being a = 42.04 and b = -0.44.The effect of the intrinsic parameters can be easily combined with known toxicological models, thus contributing to the construction of models suitable for a wider range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Ferro
- Programa de Ecofisiología Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (PRODEA, INEDES-CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, P.O. Box 221, B6700ZBA Luján, Argentina.
| | - Lucrecia Ferrari
- Programa de Ecofisiología Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (PRODEA, INEDES-CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, P.O. Box 221, B6700ZBA Luján, Argentina
| | - Bettina Lorena Eissa
- Programa de Ecofisiología Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (PRODEA, INEDES-CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, P.O. Box 221, B6700ZBA Luján, Argentina
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Blewett TA, Boyd A, Folkerts EJ, Snihur KN, Alessi DS, Goss G. Effect of temperature on phenanthrene accumulation from hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116411. [PMID: 33486299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has become widely used in recent years to access vast global unconventional sources of oil and gas. This process involves the injection of proprietary mixtures of water and chemicals to fracture shale formations and extract the hydrocarbons trapped within. These injection fluids, along with minerals, hydrocarbons, and saline waters present within the formations being drilled into, return to the surface as flowback and produced water (FPW). FPW is a highly complex mixture, containing metals, salts and clay, as well as many organic chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene. The present study sought to determine the effects of temperature on the accumulation of phenanthrene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This model organism resides in rivers overlapping the Montney and Duvernay formations, both highly developed formations for hydraulic fracturing. Rainbow trout acclimated to temperatures of 4, 13 and 17 °C were exposed to either 5% or 20% FPW, as well as saline mixtures representing the exact ionic content of FPW to determine the accumulation of radiolabelled 14C phenanthrene within the gill, gut, liver and gallbladder. FPW exposure reduced the overall accumulation of phenanthrene in a manner most often similar to high salinity exposure, indicating that the high ionic strength of FPW is the primary factor affecting accumulation. Accumulation was different at the temperature extremes (4 and 17 °C), although no consistent relationship was observed between temperature and accumulation across the observed tissues. These results indicate that several physiological responses occur as a result of FPW exposure and water temperature change which dictate phenanthrene uptake, particularly in the gills. Temperature (and seasonality) alone cannot be used to model the potential accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after FPW spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Aaron Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katherine N Snihur
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; NRC-University of Alberta Nanotechnology Initiative, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, Canada
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Petrea ȘM, Costache M, Cristea D, Strungaru ȘA, Simionov IA, Mogodan A, Oprica L, Cristea V. A Machine Learning Approach in Analyzing Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Turbot Tissues. Molecules 2020; 25:E4696. [PMID: 33066472 PMCID: PMC7587397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are considered to be one of the most hazardous substances due to their potential for accumulation, magnification, persistence, and wide distribution in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms. Demersal fish species, such as turbot (Psetta maxima maeotica), are accepted by the scientific communities as suitable bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment. The present study uses a machine learning approach, which is based on multiple linear and non-linear models, in order to effectively estimate the concentrations of heavy metals in both turbot muscle and liver tissues. For multiple linear regression (MLR) models, the stepwise method was used, while non-linear models were developed by applying random forest (RF) algorithm. The models were based on data that were provided from scientific literature, attributed to 11 heavy metals (As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Zn) from both muscle and liver tissues of turbot exemplars. Significant MLR models were recorded for Ca, Fe, Mg, and Na in muscle tissue and K, Cu, Zn, and Na in turbot liver tissue. The non-linear tree-based RF prediction models (over 70% prediction accuracy) were identified for As, Cd, Cu, K, Mg, and Zn in muscle tissue and As, Ca, Cd, Mg, and Fe in turbot liver tissue. Both machine learning MLR and non-linear tree-based RF prediction models were identified to be suitable for predicting the heavy metal concentration from both turbot muscle and liver tissues. The models can be used for improving the knowledge and economic efficiency of linked heavy metals food safety and environment pollution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefan-Mihai Petrea
- Department of Foood Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania; (I.-A.S.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Mioara Costache
- The Fish Culture Research and Development Station of Nucet, 137335 Dâmbovița-Nucet, Romania
| | - Dragoș Cristea
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania;
| | - Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Science Research Department, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Lascar Catargi Str. 54, 700107 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ira-Adeline Simionov
- Department of Foood Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania; (I.-A.S.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Platform (ReForm), University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania
| | - Alina Mogodan
- Department of Foood Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania; (I.-A.S.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Lacramioara Oprica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Victor Cristea
- Department of Foood Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania; (I.-A.S.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Platform (ReForm), University “Dunărea de Jos” of Galați, 800008 Galați, Romania
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Bielmyer-Fraser G, Llazar K, Ramirez J, Ward A, Santiago F. Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Assessment in the Lower St. Johns River, Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/058.019.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Bielmyer-Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N., Jacksonville, FL 32211
| | - Ksenja Llazar
- Department of Chemistry, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N., Jacksonville, FL 32211
| | - Joceff Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N., Jacksonville, FL 32211
| | - Ashlen Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N., Jacksonville, FL 32211
| | - Fasinia Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N., Jacksonville, FL 32211
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Ren X, Wang S, Zhang C, Hu X, Zhou L, Li Y, Xu L. Selenium ameliorates cadmium-induced mouse leydig TM3 cell apoptosis via inhibiting the ROS/JNK /c-jun signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110266. [PMID: 32058163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-known acknowledgement of both the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and the ameliorative effect of selenium (Se), the mechanism of the protective effect of selenium on cadmium-induced Mouse Leydig (TM3) cell apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is involved in anti-apoptosis of selenium against cadmium in TM3 cells. We found that exposure to cadmium caused evident cytotoxicity, in which cell viability was inhibited, followed by inducement of apoptosis. Moreover, the level of ROS generation was elevated, leading to the phosphorylation of JNK. In addition, following cadmium exposure, the nuclear transcription factor c-jun was significantly activated, which led to increased expression of downstream gene c-jun, resulting in downstream activation of the apoptosis-related protein Caspase3 and upregulation of Cleaved-PARP, as well as inhibition of the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. However, pretreatment with selenium remarkably suppressed cadmium-induced TM3 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the level of ROS declined, and the JNK signaling pathway was blocked. Following this, the gene expression of c-jun decreased while Bcl-2 increased, which was consistent with the effects on proteins, that Caspase3 activity and Cleaved-PARP were inhibited while Bcl-2 level was restored. In order to explain the relationship between molecules of the signaling pathway, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the ROS inhibitor, and JNK1/2 siRNA were administered, which further indicated the mediatory role of the ROS/JNK/c-jun signaling pathway in regulating anti-apoptosis of selenium against cadmium-induced TM3 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Ren
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Susu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chaoqin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xindi Hu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Lichun Xu
- Department of Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, China
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