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Tawfeek WS, Kassab AS, Al-Sokary ET, Abass ME, Sherif AH. Chlorella vulgaris algae ameliorates chlorpyrifos toxicity in Nile tilapia with special reference to antioxidant enzymes and Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:616. [PMID: 38722391 PMCID: PMC11082019 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide in the production of plant crops. Despite rapid CPF biodegradation, fish were exposed to wastewater containing detectable residues. Recently, medicinal plants and algae were intensively used in aquaculture to replace antibiotics and ameliorate stress impacts. METHODS AND RESULTS An indoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the deleterious impacts of CPF pollution on Nile tilapia health and the potential mitigation role of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Firstly, the median lethal concentration LC50 - 72 h of CPF was determined to be 85.8 µg /L in Nile tilapia (35.6 ± 0.5 g body weight) at a water temperature of 27.5 °C. Secondly, fish were exposed to 10% of LC50 - 72 h for six weeks, and tissue samples were collected and examined every two weeks. Also, Nile tilapia were experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Exposed fish were immunosuppressed expressed with a decrease in gene expressions of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Also, a decline was recorded in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) gene expression in the head kidney tissue. A high mortality rate (MR) of 100% was recorded in fish exposed to CPF for six weeks and challenged with S. agalactiae. Fish that received dietary C. vulgaris could restore gene expression cytokines and antioxidants compared to the control. After six weeks of CPF exposure, fish suffered from anemia as red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) significantly declined along with downregulation of serum total protein (TP), globulin (GLO), and albumin (ALB). Liver enzymes were significantly upregulated in fish exposed to CPF pollution, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (42.5, 53.3, and 61.7 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (30.1, 31.2, and 22.8) after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. On S. agalactiae challenge, high MR was recorded in Nile tilapia exposed to CPF (G3) 60%, 60%, and 100% in week 2, week 4, and week 6, and C. vulgaris provided a relative protection level (RPL) of 0, 14.29, and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that CPF pollution induces immunosuppressed status, oxidative stress, and anemic signs in Nile tilapia. In contrast, C. vulgaris at a 50 g/kg fish feed dose could partially ameliorate such withdrawals, restoring normal physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa S Tawfeek
- Fish Disease Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Dokki, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Amina S Kassab
- Fish Disease Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Dokki, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Eman T Al-Sokary
- Biochemistry, Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Toxicology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Mona E Abass
- Biochemistry, Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Toxicology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Sherif
- Fish Disease Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Dokki, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt.
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Jindal R, Sharma R, Kaur P, Kaur S, Multisanti CR, Faggio C. Mitigation of haemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus carpio via silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28419. [PMID: 38590886 PMCID: PMC10999925 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examined the potential of Silymarin, a blend of bioactive flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle Silybum marianum, to mitigate Deltamethrin-induced toxicity in the blood of Cyprinus carpio. Fish were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.66 μg/L), the plant extract, or a combination of both for a duration of thirty days. Various parameters, including serum biochemical markers, erythrocytic abnormalities, and genotoxicity endpoints, were assessed. Results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and TLC in the fish exposed to the pesticide. Conversely, total protein, TEC, and Hb showed a notable decrease. There was also a notable rise in micronuclei and erythrocytic abnormalities such as acanthocytes, microcytes, and notched cells. Under ultrastructural examination, phenotypic deformities like spherocytosis, discocytes, and clumped erythrocytes were observed. However, dietary supplementation of silymarin (1 g/kg) significantly restored the biochemical, genetic, and cellular parameters, resembling those of the control group. This suggests the potential of this plant extract in protecting the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Deltamethrin-induced damage by scavenging free radicals and reducing DNA oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ritu Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmani Kaur
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina-Italy Messina, Italy
- Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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Sinha V, Shrivastava S. Cypermethrin: An Emerging Pollutant and Its Adverse Effect on Fish Health and some Preventive Approach-A Review. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:48-58. [PMID: 38468737 PMCID: PMC10924887 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are substance that are used to manage pests, such as aquatic weeds, plant diseases and insects. It has been shown that these substances are highly hazardous to fish as well as other organisms that are part of the food chain. The presence of cypermethrin in food and groundwater has raised environmental concerns, there is a need to develop economical, rapid, and reliable techniques that can be used for field applications Many studies have shown that Cypermethrin (CYP) can cause toxic effect in various animals including fishes. But the molecular mechanism behind the toxicity mediated Cypermethrin (CYP) at genome levels and proteome levels is still need to be studied. However, there is a gap in emerging and undeveloped nations to begin to use these methods and several other recently developed approaches to inhibit the negative consequences and enhance health which may be profitable. The toxicological information currently available might be used to gain a clear understanding of the possibilities of these synthetic pyrethroid insecticides causing various health hazards to environmental and provides insight for future research evaluating the toxic effects of pyrethroid insecticides. This present review article is concerned with the toxicological effects of pesticides and a brief overview of sources, classification of pesticides with an emphasis on the effects of Cypermethrin (CYP) on fish as well mode of toxicity and the mechanism of action (CYP) and toxicity signs in several fish species have been illustrated. The primary controls and appropriate preventive measures that must be adopted are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Sinha
- Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar 800005 India
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Gültekin VK, Atamanalp M, Ucar A, Alak G, Parlak V. Testing the detoxification power of black cumin oil ( Nigella sativa) over cypermethrin insecticide effects in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) at multiple scales. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38326995 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2311279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the curative effect of black cumin oil (Nigella sativa, NS), which is a phytotherapeutic agent against to cypermethrin (CYP), which is known to have adverse effects on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)'s behavioral changes, oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity parameters.At the end of the trial period; (i) evaluation of critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (ii) hematology indices [white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin) (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] (iii) Elucidation of the mechanism of functional damage in brain tissue of O. mykiss by neurological parameter [acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] (iv) Evaluation of oxidative damage in oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in liver, gill and brain tissue of O. mykiss with antioxidant enzymes [(Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione (GSH)] and [(detection by means of malondialdehyde (MDA)] (v) Obtaining applicable data in the toxicological field using a multi-biomarker approach to investigate the modulation of NS administration via target markers in the physiological pathway of O. mykiss were aimed.As a result of CYP application, it was determined that the Ucrit value of O. mykiss decreased significantly. It was determined that the changes in the values of RBC, Hgb and Hct, which are among the hematology parameters examined in the blood tissue, were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was determined that WBC value was inhibited by CYP application and NS tried to make a positive contribution to WBC. It was determined that the AChE activity of O. mykiss in the brain tissue had a statistically significant inhibition in the CYP-treated group (p < 0.05). SOD, CAT, GPx, enzyme activities were found to be inhibited by CYP application and were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Acute toxicity of CYP was determined by antioxidant enzyme biomarkers in gill tissue. In the results obtained; While inhibitions were determined in SOD, CAT, GPx activities compared to the control group, an induction occurred in MDA value.NS administration was noted to be an important modulator of the SOD-CAT system against CYP exposure at both concentrations. Thus, it can be said that it indirectly functions as an effective antioxidant through the NS receptor protein and structurally stimulates the synthesis and activity of antioxidative enzymes under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Sea Food Processing, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ramya S, Barathinivas A, Jayakumararaj R, Pothiraj C, Ali D, Piccione G, Multisanti CR, Balaji P, Faggio C. Ecotoxicological insights: Effects of pesticides on ionic metabolism regulation in freshwater catfish, Mystus keletius. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106764. [PMID: 37972502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Fish maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis using sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms through gills ionocytes. Pesticide-induced ionic imbalance in fish has been recognized as a valuable tool to determine its toxic effects. Acute exposure to synthetic and organo-chemical pesticides on the regulation of ionic (Na+, Ca2+, P) metabolism in freshwater catfish Mystus keletius was evaluated. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/l) of selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results indicated that chemical pesticides - Impala and Ekalux - evoked adverse toxic effects on selected tissues compared to organo-chemical pesticide tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two-way ANOVA was significant (p-value<0.001). Variations in the cellular parameters analysed were attributed to the physiological acclimatization of fish to the pesticide exposed. Based on the results it is concluded that organic pesticides may be preferred for rice field application considering safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Ramya
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Yadava College (Men), Madurai, TN, India
| | - Ayyanar Barathinivas
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Yadava College (Men), Madurai, TN, India
| | | | | | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Paulraj Balaji
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur, TN, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy.
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Pu T, Zhao ZN, Yu X. The complete chloroplast genome of Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehd (Rosaceae), a medicinal and edible plant in Southwest China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:81-85. [PMID: 36643811 PMCID: PMC9833407 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2160668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehd is a medicinal and edible plant in Southwest China. The chloroplast genome of C. scabrifolia was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology, and its genetic relationship to related species was discussed. The chloroplast genome is 159,637 bp long, with two inverted repeat (IR) regions (26,384 bp each) that separate a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,730 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,139 bp). A total of 127 genes were annotated, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 36 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree shows that C. hupehensis is closely related to C. scabrifolia with strong bootstrap support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Pu
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhao
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China,CONTACT Xiao Yu School of Landscape Architecture, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong temple, Qingyun Street, Kunming, 650224China
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7
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Ecotoxicological Effects of Pesticides on Hematological Parameters and Oxidative Enzymes in Freshwater Catfish, Mystus keletius. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematological parameters and changes in stress-induced functionalities of cellular enzymes have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health and determining the toxic effects of pesticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of selected pesticides viz., Ekalux (EC-25%), Impala (EC-55%), and Neemstar (EC-15%) on freshwater catfish Mystus keletius. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/L) of the selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) packed cell volume values decreased with an increase in exposure time to pesticides, whereas the values for parameters viz., leucocytes (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased significantly. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin values coupled with decreased and deformed erythrocytes as signs of anemia were also observed. The effect of pesticides on RBC content was 1.43 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reduced to 1.18 (million/mm3) on days 14 and 21. A similar trend was found for Impala on RBC, which had an initial value of 1.36 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reached a value of 1.10 (million/mm3) on day 28. In contrast, the value of Neemstar decreased from 1.59 (million/mm3) on day 7 in control to 1.02 (million/mm3) on day 28. Data indicates that the order of toxic effect of pesticides recorded a maximum for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar in the selected fish model. Likewise, the overall pattern of pesticidal activity on cellular enzymes (GDH, MDH, and SDH) recorded a maximum toxic effect for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results indicate that Chlorpyrifos pesticide-Impala evoked maximum toxic effect on selected tissues compared to the other two pesticides tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two way ANOVA was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The differences in the hematological parameters analyzed are attributed to the physiological acclimatization of the fish to the local conditions, which influences the energy metabolism and consequently determines the health status of the fish. Overall, Impala exhibited the highest pesticidal activity on cellular enzyme, followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results suggest that natural pesticides may be preferable for rice field application in terms of environmental safety.
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Banaee M, Sureda A, Faggio C. Protective effect of protexin concentrate in reducing the toxicity of chlorpyrifos in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103918. [PMID: 35753671 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of protexin supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in Cyprinus carpio. After 21 days, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant levels significantly decreased in hepatocytes of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos, while malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Treatment with protexin was able to reverse the decrease in SOD and GR and significantly reduce MDA levels. Exposure to chlorpyrifos also induced alterations in blood biochemical parameters and caused immunosuppression. Dietary protexin return some parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase activities, and glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, and complement C4 levels) to values similar to those of the control group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that protexin exerted protective effects against chlorpyrifos exposure in C. carpio reducing oxidative damage, and ameriorating blood biochemical alterations and the immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp.
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Grover A, Sinha R, Jyoti D, Faggio C. Imperative role of electron microscopy in toxicity assessment: A review. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1976-1989. [PMID: 34904321 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscope (EM) was developed in 1931 and since then microscopical examination of both the biological and non-biological samples has been revolutionized. Modifications in electron microscopy techniques, such as scanning EM and transmission EM, have widened their applicability in the various sectors such as understanding of drug toxicity, development of mechanism, criminal site investigation, and characterization of the nano-molecule. The present review summarizes its role in important aspects such as toxicity assessment and disease diagnosis in special reference to SARS-COV2. In the biological system, EM studies have elucidated the impact of toxicants at the ultra-structural level in various tissue in conformity to physiological alterations. Thus, EM can be concluded as an important tool in toxicity assessment and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Grover
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, India
| | - Reshma Sinha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, India
| | - Divya Jyoti
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
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Archunan S, Athisuyambulingam M, Pradhoshini KP, Yelappu N, Viswambaran G, Kannayiram M, Priyadharshini M, Musthafa MS, Faggio C. Cytopathological and ultrastructural changes in the male reproductive organs of freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii (Rathbun) exposed to nurocombi. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1355-1362. [PMID: 34820937 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of pollutants in the aquatic system has a high impact on the reproductive physiology of crustaceans. The objective of the present study was to assess the possible histopathological effects of combined chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin (nurocombi) exposure on reproductive tissue in male freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii using light and electron microscopy. The testis of experimental crabs showed disorganization of testicular lobules, increased inters cellular space, necrosis, and cellular damage in both germinal cells and Sertoli cells. The treated vas deferens exhibited epithelial degeneration, misshaped spermatophores, decline in the number of spermatophores, and dehiscence of spermatophore wall. These clinical manifestations expressed in crabs following the exposure of nurocombi significantly reduce the testicular activity and substantially inhibits the seminal secretions, which ultimately lead to impairment of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuganathan Archunan
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Kumara Perumal Pradhoshini
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), PG & Research Department of Zoology, The New College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Narayanaswamy Yelappu
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ganapiriya Viswambaran
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Muthukumaravel Kannayiram
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Marckasagayam Priyadharshini
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), PG & Research Department of Zoology, The New College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), PG & Research Department of Zoology, The New College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina-Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
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Chronic Effects of Diazinon® Exposures Using Integrated Biomarker Responses in Freshwater Walking Catfish, Clarias batrachus. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diazinon exposures have been linked to the onset of toxic pathways and adverse outcomes in aquatic species, but the ecological implications on model species are not widely emphasized. The objective of this study was to determine how the organophosphate pesticide diazinon affected hematological (hemoglobin, total red blood count, total white blood count, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin), growth (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, specific growth rate), biochemical (total serum glucose, total serum protein), and endocrine (growth hormone, tri-iodothyronine, and thyroxine) parameters in Clarias batrachus after chronic exposure. Diazinon was administered at predefined exposure doses (0.64 and 1.28 mg/L) and monitored at 15, 30, and 45 days into the investigation. Observation for most biomarkers revealed patterns of decreasing values with increasing toxicant concentration and exposure duration. Correlation analysis highlighted a significant inverse relationship between variables (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, condition factor, specific growth rate, tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and total serum protein) and elevated chronic diazinon exposure concentrations. The integrated indices (IBR and BRI) indexes were used to provide visual and understandable depictions of toxicity effects and emphasized the relativity of biomarkers in terms of sensitivity and magnitude or severity of responses under graded toxicant exposures. The significant damage reflected by evaluated parameters in diazinon exposure groups compared to control portends risks to the health of local fish populations, including Clarias batrachus in aquatic systems adjacent to agrarian landscapes.
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Sharma R, Jindal R, Faggio C. Impact of cypermethrin in nephrocytes of freshwater fish Catla catla. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103739. [PMID: 34506907 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The kidney of Catla catla, chronically exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.24 μg/L and 0.41 μg/L) of cypermethrin revealed a significant elevation in the activity of antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) after 15 days, followed by a decline of up to 45 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) remained elevated throughout the exposure duration. Histology presented proliferated haematopoietic tissue, tubular and glomerular degeneration. The maximum increase in the mean degree of tissue change (DTC) was observed on the 45th day of treatment. Ultra-structure study depicted cytoplasmic vacuolation, fragmented RER, the proliferation of lysosomes, mitochondrial degeneration, and degenerative changes in the epithelial lining of renal tubules. Principal component analysis (PCA) of various biomarkers generated two components PCI (SOD, GST, GSH, LPO and DTC) and PCII (CAT). These findings suggest that long term exposure to cypermethrin can lead to various pathological alterations in the fish kidney which in turn might interfere with normal renal excretory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sharma
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
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