High dissolved oxygen exacerbates ammonia toxicity with sex-dependent manner in zebrafish

Combined effects of hypoxia and ammonia-N exposure on the oxygen consumption, glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂)

This study evaluated the influence of hypoxia and ammonia-N co-exposure on oxygen consumption, glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism in hybrid grouper. The results showed that elevated expression of GLUT1, MCT1, PFK, HK and LDH were induced by co-exposure to hypoxia and ammonia. In addition, co-exposure to hypoxia and ammonia reduced the tolerance of hybrid grouper to ammonia-N. Furthermore, ammonia-N exposure caused an increase in oxygen consumption in hybrid grouper. After ammonia-N exposure for 96 h, 10 amino acids contents and activities of AST and ALT elevated in hybrid grouper muscle. The study revealed that combined exposure to hypoxia and ammonia-N significantly increased glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption and amino acid metabolism in hybrid grouper, and presented significant synergistic effects.