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Kandeel M, Al-Taher A, Venugopala KN, Marzok M, Morsy M, Nagaraja S. Camel Proteins and Enzymes: A Growing Resource for Functional Evolution and Environmental Adaptation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911511. [PMID: 35903143 PMCID: PMC9315206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Miró V, Lifschitz A, Viviani P, Rocha C, Lanusse C, Costa L, Virkel G. In vitro inhibition of the hepatic S-oxygenation of the anthelmintic albendazole by the natural monoterpene thymol in sheep. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:408-414. [PMID: 31305200 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1644390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of bioactive phytochemicals with synthetic compounds have been suggested as promissory tools for the improvement of nematode control in livestock. Bioactive phytochemicals may interfere with the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and delay the metabolic conversion of anthelmintics into less potent metabolites.This research assessed the effect of the monoterpene thymol (TML) on the in vitro hepatic metabolism of the anthelmintic albendazole (ABZ) in sheep.Liver microsomes from four (4) Texel lambs were incubated with ABZ (50 µM) in absence or in presence of TML (0.05-10 mM).The concentration of TML producing a 50% decrease in ABZ S-oxygenation (IC50) was 13.5 mM. The FMO-dependent S-oxygenation of ABZ was markedly inhibited by the monoterpene (54.1 ± 11.6%, p < .01). In agreement with this observation, TML produced a marked inhibition of benzydamine (BZ) N-oxidase, a specific FMO activity.The CYP-dependent production of the sulfoxide metabolite (ABZSO) was less affected, being 25.3 ± 17.5 lower (p < .05) in presence of TML. Additionally, TML completely abolished the specific CYP1A1-dependent enzyme activity 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase.Overall, the results presented here show that, in addition to its own anthelmintic affect, TML may potentiate ABZ anthelmintic activity by preventing its metabolic conversion into a less active metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Miró
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrian Lifschitz
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Paula Viviani
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carolina Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Livio Costa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
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Tian X, Zhao S, Guo Z, Hu B, Wei Q, Tang Y, Su J. Molecular characterization, expression pattern and metabolic activity of flavin-dependent monooxygenases in Spodoptera exigua. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:533-544. [PMID: 29749684 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced detoxification is one of the important mechanisms for insecticide resistance. Most research in this field to date has focused on the role of cytochrome P450s. Our previous work revealed that flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) were involved in metabolic resistance of Spodoptera exigua. In the present study we investigated the molecular characteristics, expression patterns and oxidative activities of SeFMO on insecticides. Three FMO genes, which encode proteins with the typical FMO motifs, were cloned from S. exigua. The oxidative activities of eukaryotically expressed SeFMO enzymes were verified with the model substrate of FMO. Importantly, the SeFMOs had significantly higher oxidative activities on metaflumizone and lambda-cyhalothrin than on model substrates and other insecticides tested. The three SeFMOs were mainly expressed in the midgut, fat body and Malpighian tubules. The tissues responsible for xenobiotic metabolism and their expression characteristics were similar to those of P450s acting as detoxification genes. The study also revealed that the expression of SeFMOs could be induced by insecticide exposure, and that SeFMOs were over-expressed in a metaflumizone-resistant strain of S. exigua. These results suggest that SeFMOs are important insecticide detoxifying enzymes, and that over-expression of FMO genes may be one of the mechanisms for metabolic resistance in S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S Zhao
- Zoonbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Su
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Alanazi MS, Saeed HM, Abduljaleel ZA. Camelus dromedarius Putative Cytochrome P450 Enzyme CYP2E1: Complete Coding Sequence and Phylogenetic Tree. Biochem Genet 2011; 50:285-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-011-9471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecular Characterization of the Camelus dromedarius Putative Cytochrome P450s Genes. Protein J 2010; 29:306-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Redox homeostasis and respiratory metabolism in camels (Camelus dromedaries): comparisons with domestic goats and laboratory rats and mice. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:1121-32. [PMID: 20532892 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the occurrence of multiple forms of drug-metabolizing enzymes in camel tissues. Here, we investigate glutathione (GSH)-dependent redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial respiratory functions in camel tissues and compare them with imported domestic goats and laboratory rats and mice. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) and GSH-metabolizing enzymes were differentially expressed in the liver and kidney of these animals. Camel liver has significantly lower GSH pool than that in goats, rats and mice. Mitochondria isolated from the tissues of these animals showed a comparable ability to metabolize specific substrates for respiratory enzyme complexes I, II/III and IV. These complexes were metabolically more active in the kidney than in the liver of all the species. Furthermore, the activity of complex IV in camel tissues was significantly lower than in other species. On the other hand, complex II/III activity in camel kidney was higher compared to the other species. In addition, as expected, we observed that inhibitors of these enzyme complexes augment the production of mitochondrial ROS in camel and goat tissues. These results help to better understand the metabolic ability and adaptation in desert camels in comparison with domestic goats and laboratory rats and mice since they are exposed to different environmental and dietary conditions. Our study may also have implications in the pharmacology and toxicology of drugs and pollutants in these species.
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Implications of hepatic cytochrome P450-related biotransformation processes in veterinary sciences. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:502-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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