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Bishnoi S, Jyotsana B, Kumar V, Prakash V, Ranjan R, Narnaware SD, Pannu U. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene polymorphism and its association with somatic cell score and milk production traits in Indian dromedary camels. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2331642. [PMID: 38520296 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2331642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene and establish its association with somatic cell score (SCS) and milk production traits in four Indian camel breeds namely Bikaneri, Kachchhi, Jaisalmeri and Mewari. TLR4 gene fragment of 573 bp spanning 5' UTR, exon-1 and partial intron-1 region was amplified and genotyped using the PCR-sequence based typing method. Only one SNP located at position C472T was identified. Genotyping revealed two alleles (C and T) and three genotypes: CC, CT and TT. The genotype frequencies for CC, CT and TT were 0.116, 0.326 and 0.558 and allele frequencies for C and T alleles were 0.279 and 0.721, respectively. Association study inferred that the effect of genotype on SCS, lactation yield (LY) and peak yield (PY) was non-significant however heterozygote (CT) genotypes recorded lower SCS and higher LY and PY. It can be concluded that the TLR4 gene possesses limited genetic variation, depicting polymorphism at a single locus in Indian camel breeds with a predominance of the TT genotype. The association study indicated that heterozygote animals possess better udder health and production performance, the statistical significance of which needs to be established using a large data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bishnoi
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Basanti Jyotsana
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Urmila Pannu
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Fereig RM, Mazeed AM, El Tawab AAA, El-Diasty M, Elsayed A, Shaapan RM, Abdelbaset AE, Frey CF, Alawfi BS, Altwaim SA, Alharbi AS, Wareth G. Exposure to Brucella Species, Coxiella burnetii, and Trichinella Species in Recently Imported Camels from Sudan to Egypt: Possible Threats to Animal and Human Health. Pathogens 2024; 13:179. [PMID: 38392917 PMCID: PMC10892970 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis and coxiellosis/Q fever are bacterial infections caused by Brucella species and Coxiella burnetii, respectively; camels are highly susceptible to both pathogens. Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by various Trichinella nematode species. Reportedly, camels are susceptible to experimental infection with Trichinella spp., but information on this potential host species is scarce. All three infections are of zoonotic nature and thus of great public health concern. The current study aimed to determine antibodies against the three pathogens in recently imported camels (n = 491) from Sudan at the two main ports for the entrance of camels into southern Egypt using commercial indirect ELISAs. Samples were collected in two sampling periods. The seropositivity rates of Brucella spp., C. burnetii, and Trichinella spp. were 3.5%, 4.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Mixed seropositivity was found in 1% for Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. Marked differences were found between the two study sites and the two sampling periods for Brucella. A higher rate of seropositivity was recorded in the Red Sea/older samples that were collected between 2015 and 2016 (4.3%, 17/391; odds ratio = 9.4; p < 0.030) than in those collected in Aswan/recent samples that were collected between 2018 and 2021 (0/100). Concerning C. burnetii, samples collected during November and December 2015 had a significantly higher positivity rate than the other samples (13%, 13/100; OD = 4.8; p < 0.016). The same effect was observed for antibodies to Trichinella spp., with samples collected during November and December 2015 showing a higher positivity rate than the other samples (7%, 7/100; OD = 10.9; p < 0.001). This study provides valuable information on the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and additional novel information on C. burnetii and Trichinella spp. in recently imported camels kept in quarantine before delivery to other Egyptian regions. This knowledge can be utilized to reduce health hazards and financial burdens attributable to brucellosis, Q fever, and trichinellosis in animals and humans in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Amira M. Mazeed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Arish University, Arish 45516, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed El-Diasty
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Mansoura Provincial Laboratory, (AHRI-Mansoura), Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Elsayed
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Al Shalateen Provincial Laboratory (AHRI-Al Shalateen), Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Raafat M. Shaapan
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Centre, 33 El-Tahrir Street, Dokki 12622, Egypt;
| | - Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan;
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bader S. Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah A. Altwaim
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azzah S. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Farouk SM, Basha WAA, Emam MA, Metwally E. Differential expression of epithelial and smooth muscle lineage-specific markers of metanephros in one-humped camel foetuses. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12985. [PMID: 37814965 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of the metanephros in one-humped camels involves a complex series of interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. As a result, there is a synchronized differentiation process of stromal, vascular and epithelial cell types during glomerulogenesis, angiogenesis and tubulogenesis. In the current work, the metanephros of camel foetuses were divided into four stages where kidneys from each stage were processed and immunoassayed, followed by quantitative analysis to determine target protein intensities throughout metanephrogenesis in the camel. This study demonstrated robust expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the glomerular mesangium, as well as in interlobular and glomerular arterioles during the earlier stages of development. However, in the late stages, α-SMA expression became more localized around the blood capillaries in both the cortex and medulla. Strong expression of CD34 was observed in the immature glomerular and peritubular endothelial cells within the subcapsular zone, as well as in the glomerular, proximal tubular and distal tubular epithelium of stage one foetuses, although its expression gradually diminished with foetal maturation. The expression pattern of osteopontin was prominently observed in the distal convoluted tubules throughout all stages, however, no expression was detected in the proximal tubules, glomeruli and arterioles. E-cadherin was detected in the developing renal tubular epithelial cells but not in the glomeruli. In conclusion, this study reveals the spatiotemporal distribution of key proteins, including α-SMA, CD34, Osteopontin and E-cadherin, which play a crucial role in metanephrogenesis in camel foetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh M Farouk
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Walaa A A Basha
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Emam
- Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Hunduma D, Amenu K, Desta H, Grace D, Agga GE, Kerro Dego O. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, and the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Cattle and Camels under Pastoral Production System. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 38247585 PMCID: PMC10812533 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus are common foodborne pathogens. We determined the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in feces and milk and the prevalence of S. aureus in milk from dairy cattle and camels in the Borana pastoral community in the Southern Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Paired individual cow composite (pooled from all quarters in equal proportions) milk and fecal samples were collected from cows (n = 154) and camels (n = 158). Samples were cultured on bacterial isolation and identification media. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella isolates were further tested for susceptibility against nine antimicrobial drugs. Different risk factors associated with hygienic milking practices were recorded and analyzed for their influence on the prevalence of these bacteria in milk and feces. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in feces were 3.9% and 8.4%, respectively, in cows, and 0.6% and 2.5%, respectively, in camels. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were detected in the composite milk samples of 2.6% and 3.9% of the cows, respectively, and 0% and 1.3% of the camels, respectively. S. aureus was detected in composite milk samples of 33.4% of the cows and 41.7% of the camels. All E. coli O157:H7 (n = 11) and Salmonella (n = 25) isolates from both animal species and sample types were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug. Multidrug resistance was observed in 70% (7/10) of the E. coli O157:H7 fecal and milk isolates from cows and 33.3% (2/6) of the Salmonella fecal and milk isolates from camels. The prevalence of these bacteria in feces and milk was not affected by risk factors associated with milking practices. Given the very close contact between herders and their animals and the limited availability of water for hand washing and udder cleaning, these bacteria are most likely present in all niches in the community. Improving community awareness of the need to boil milk before consumption is a realistic public health approach to reducing the risk of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diriba Hunduma
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Arsi University, Asella P.O. Box 193, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia;
| | - Hiwot Desta
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia;
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya;
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Hussen J, AL-Jabr OA, Alkuwayti MA, Alrabiah NA, Falemban B, Alouffi A, Al Salim WS, Kamyingkird K, Desquesnes M. A Flow Cytometry Study of the Binding and Stimulation Potential of Inactivated Trypanosoma evansi toward Dromedary Camel Leukocytes. Pathogens 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38251329 PMCID: PMC10820945 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra, a wasting disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the major animal health burdens in camel-rearing countries, imposing significant economic losses due to reduced fertility and high mortality rates. The present study used inactivated T. evansi (from the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomes/Trypanosoma evansi; CATT/T. evansi) and flow cytometry to investigate their binding and activation potential toward camel leukocyte subsets. Labeling T. evansi with propidium iodide (PI) enabled their flow cytometric enumeration and identification with forward scatter (FSC; indicative for cell size) and side scatter (SSC; indicative for cell internal complexity) characteristics that are comparable with values reported for Trypanosoma cruzi. The incubation of PI-labeled non-opsonized T. evansi with camel leukocyte populations revealed that camel monocytes have the highest potential to bind T. evansi, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. The identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on camel immune cells and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in T. evansi that are responsible for this different binding capacity requires further studies. Stimulation of camel neutrophils with Trypanosoma evansi induced shape change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-formation. To ensure that T. evansi, in the parasite concentration used in this study, is not apoptotic or necrotic to camel leukocytes, we evaluated cell apoptosis and necrosis after stimulation with T. evansi. The results revealed no impact of T. evansi stimulation for 2 h on the cell viability of camel leukocytes. Subsequent work may focus on the diagnostic employment of labeled T. evansi and flow cytometry for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in camel serum. In addition, more efforts should be deployed to investigate the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms and the escape mechanisms of T. evansi in camels. To complete these data, further studies using the living or freshly killed parasites could also be implemented in camels and/or horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
| | - Omar A. AL-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Mayyadah Abdullah Alkuwayti
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Noof Abdulrahman Alrabiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Al Salim
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31300 Toulouse, France;
- Interactions Hosts-Vectors-Parasites-Environment in the Tropical Neglected Disease due to Trypanosoma-Tids (INTERTRYP), University Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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THARWAT M, EL MOGHAZY HM, OIKAWA S. Ultrasonographic verification of hepatic hydatidosis in a female dromedary camel: a case report. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1286-1290. [PMID: 37880080 PMCID: PMC10788162 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes for the first time, the antemortem diagnosis of hydatidosis in dromedary camel based on the WHO informal working groups on echinococcosis guidelines of echinococcosis classification. The case was admitted at the University Veterinary Hospital, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, with a history of progressive weight loss and decreased appetite for the past 4 months. Alterations in hematobiochemical parameters included leukopenia, neutropenia, decreased hematocrit percent, red blood cells count and hemoglobin concentration, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperglycemia and azotemia. Ultrasonographically, multiple cysts were imaged within the hepatic tissue containing anechoic fluid and fibrin tags. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of a cyst revealed a clear non-turbid fluid. Ultrasonographic diagnostic is recommended for the work-up of cystic lesions of camel liver suspected to be due to Echinococcus granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed THARWAT
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture
and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem M EL MOGHAZY
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Shin OIKAWA
- Department of Veterinary Herd Health, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Konuspayeva G, Faye B, Nurseitova M, Akhmetsadykova S. What are the challenges for implementing an "organic label" to camel milk? Front Nutr 2023; 10:1288553. [PMID: 38035351 PMCID: PMC10684678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1288553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for camel's milk worldwide occurred in the context of the development of the organic sector in agriculture. The implementation of an organic label for camel milk has never been established. However, the creation of such a label faces to important challenges that are investigated in the present paper. Indeed, although camel milk conveys the image of a "natural product" issued from remote places, the risk of being produced in contaminated areas (mining activities, oil extraction) cannot be neglected for grazing animals. Moreover, the management of veterinary drugs for prevention or curative treatment can lead to the presence of residues in milk, especially in camel species with different pharmacokinetics, although similar instructions than for cow milk are used. Moreover, the lack of international standards regarding both composition and hygienic rules, the risks of adulteration, and the necessity to use specific indicators or analytical procedures adapted to the behavior of camel milk, have to be taken in account in the establishment of the specifications for the camel milk producers through the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Research and Production Enterprise “ANTIGEN” Co., Ltd., Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bernard Faye
- UMR SELMET, International Campus of Baillarguet, CIRAD-ES, Montpellier, France
| | - Moldir Nurseitova
- Research and Production Enterprise “ANTIGEN” Co., Ltd., Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Shynar Akhmetsadykova
- Research and Production Enterprise “ANTIGEN” Co., Ltd., Almaty, Kazakhstan
- LLP Kazakh Research Institute for Livestock and Fodder Production, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Elsawy BSM, Mahmoud MS, Suarez CE, Alzan HF. Impact of Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt: How Much Do We Know about the Current Situation? Pathogens 2023; 12:1318. [PMID: 38003783 PMCID: PMC10675018 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Piroplasmosis is a global tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites, which causes high morbidity and substantial economic losses in farm animals. Equine and camel piroplasmosis causes significant losses worldwide and in Egypt. The multifactorial effects and overall impact of equine and camel piroplasmosis in Egypt remain poorly characterized. However, several Babesia and Theileria spp. as well as potential tick vectors affecting these two species have been identified in the country. Equine and camel piroplasmosis has been reported by all governates in the country. Thus, in this work, we intend to provide a broad depiction of the current approaches used for diagnosis and control and the impact of piroplasmosis on the equine and camel industries in Egypt. We also identified current gaps in knowledge that might help develop future research efforts towards improved intervention and control of equine and camel piroplasmosis. It is important to develop specific diagnostic tools suitable for the early and chronic diagnosis of this disease. Altogether, the current situation warrants the development of large-scale epidemiological studies in order to obtain an accurate estimate for equine and camel piroplasmosis to secure the highly needed food resources in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassma S. M. Elsawy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (B.S.M.E.); (M.S.M.)
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Mahmoud
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (B.S.M.E.); (M.S.M.)
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural—Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Heba F. Alzan
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (B.S.M.E.); (M.S.M.)
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Jaberi Darmiyan S, Montazer Torbati MB, Ramin M, Ghiasi SE. Effects of wheat bran replacement with pomegranate seed pulp on rumen fermentation, gas production, methanogen and protozoa populations of camel and goat rumen using competitive PCR technique: An in vitro study. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2901-2911. [PMID: 37864580 PMCID: PMC10650269 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial populations in the rumen play an essential role in the degradation of Cellulosic dietary components and in providing nutrients to the host animal. OBJECTIVE This study aims to detect the effect of pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on rumen fermentation, digestibility and methanogens and the protozoa population (by competitive polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) of the camel and goat rumen fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS PSP was added to the experimental treatments and replaced by wheat bran (0%, 5% and 10%). Rumen fluid was collected from three goats and two camels according to the similarity of sex, breed, origin and time and used for three gas production studies. DNA extraction was performed by the RBB + c method, the ImageJ programme calculated band intensities (target and competing DNA), and line gradients were plotted based on the number of copies and intensity. RESULTS Our result showed that diets did not significantly affect the methanogen and protozoa population. Animal species affected microbial populations so that both populations in camels were less than goats. The production of gas and volatile fatty acids was not affected by diets. These two parameters and NH3 concentration and methane production in goats were higher than in camel. The pH of digested dry matter and microbial protein in camels was higher than in goats. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the competitive PCR technique is an effective method for enumerating rumen microbiota. This supplementation can be considered a strategy to achieve performance and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Jaberi Darmiyan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Montazer Torbati
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
- Research Group of Environmental Stress in Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | - Mohammad Ramin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Seyed Ehsan Ghiasi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
- Research Group of Environmental Stress in Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
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Al Khodair KM, Moqbel MS, Elseory AMA, Elsebaei MG, Al-Thnaian TA, Elhassan MMO. Immunolocalization and expression of Siglec5 protein in the male reproductive tract of dromedary camel during rutting season. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:874-881. [PMID: 37431856 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly selective for sugar groups on other molecules. Siglec5 is a cell-surface lectin that belongs to the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins (Siglecs) and acts as a suppressor of immune responses. In this study, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of Siglec5 in the male reproductive tract of dromedary camels during the rutting season. Siglec5 displayed strong immunostaining in the cranial and caudal testicular regions and moderate immunostaining in the rete testis. Different parts of the epididymis showed varying immunoreactions to Siglec5. The spermatozoa in the testes and epididymis also showed positive immunostaining for Siglec5, whereas, the vas deferens showed negative immunostaining for the protein. The results obtained by western blotting confirmed the immunohistochemical detection of the protein in the testicular and epididymal tissues. The results of qRT-PCR showed that Siglec mRNA was expressed differently in each part of the testis and epididymis; the highest levels of expression were observed in the caudal part of the testis and in the head of the epididymis. In conclusion, the present study revealed that Siglec5 is mainly located in the testis and epididymis, where sperm production and maturation occur. Therefore, this protein may play an essential role in the development, maturation and protection of camel sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohamed Al Khodair
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Salem Moqbel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman Mohamed Ali Elseory
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud Gamil Elsebaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Thnaian A Al-Thnaian
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mortada M O Elhassan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
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Gadallah SM, Sharshar AM, Elsharkawy SA, Fadel MS. Ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the distal limb in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Aust Vet J 2023; 101:397-408. [PMID: 37544650 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide complete anatomical and ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal regions of the one-humped camel. DESIGN Forty-two (21 fore and 21 hind) clinically normal camel cadavers' limbs disarticulated at the carpal and tarsal joints and three clinically normal mature camels were included in the study. Six cadaver limbs (three fore and three hind) were dissected, and another six limbs specimens (three fore and three hind) were frozen at -20° for 1 week then sectioned transversely with an electric band saw at different distances distal to the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints. The ultrasonographic study was carried out on the live camels and 30 cadaveric limbs. The shape, echogenicity and measurements (thickness, width and cross-sectional area) of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), suspensory ligament (SL), and sesamoidean ligaments were recorded and the differences in values between live animals and cadaveric specimens were statistically analysed. RESULTS The shape and echogenicity of SDFT, DDFT, and SL, varied between proximal, middle, and distal thirds of the cannon bone and the phalangeal region. There was no significant difference between live animal and cadaveric specimens. CONCLUSION This study provided complete description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal region of the one humped camel. The data obtained serves as a reference guide for practicing veterinarians and for future studies on injury to ligaments and tendons of camel's distal extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gadallah
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - A M Sharshar
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - S A Elsharkawy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - M S Fadel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Endoscopy, Animal Reproduction and Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Mwangi K, Gachogo R, Masila E, Ogali I, Langat N, Onywera R, Malonza V, Wesonga H, Maichomo M, Murungi E. Draft genome sequences of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitis-infected camel in Kajiado County, Kenya. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0025423. [PMID: 37498084 PMCID: PMC10508149 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00254-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequences of two Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a mastitis-infected camel in Kajiado County, Kenya. The 2,739,512-bp and 3,025,943-bp draft genomes coding for 2,577 and 2,889 protein sequences, respectively, provide invaluable data for the computational design of a camel mastitis subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Mwangi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rachael Gachogo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ednah Masila
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Ogali
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nathan Langat
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Onywera
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Malonza
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hezron Wesonga
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monicah Maichomo
- Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
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Ahmed S, Qureshi AS, Usman M, Rehan S, Deeba F, Ateeq MK, Younus M, Naeem MA, Umar Z, Taseer MSA. Seasonal changes in the scrotal skin histology in relation to thermoregulation and testosterone level in camel and buffalo bull. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:752-761. [PMID: 37254452 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the scrotal skin dynamics of camel and buffalo bulls regarding thermoregulation, season and testosterone. Scrotal skin and blood samples (n = 8 each) were collected during breeding (October to March) and non-breeding seasons (April to August). Tissue slides were prepared by the paraffin embedding technique followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and were analysed by ImageJ®. Relative humidity and temperature were recorded in different seasons to calculate the thermal humidity index (THI). Serum testosterone level was estimated through radioimmunoassay (RIA). The data were analysed by applying ANOVA, the THS test was used as a post-ANOVA interface and the correlation coefficient was also calculated among season, testosterone and skin parameters. The results showed that skin thickness, season and THI were negatively correlated with testosterone levels. In the neck, body and apex, the papillary layer was thicker in buffalo bull compared to camel bull during the breeding season; however, the reticular layer followed a reverse trend in the apex when THI was low. In the scrotal neck during the non-breeding season, hair follicle (HF) length and density were recorded high in camel bull compared to buffalo bull when THI was elevated. The density of HF followed the otherwise trend in the apex during the breeding season. The density of SG was found highest in all regions of camel bull as compared to buffalo bull and showed direct relation with THI. To conclude, this study delineates how the histo-dynamics of scrotal skin varies and accommodate itself with testosterone and THI over the different season in camel and buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anas Sarwar Qureshi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Basic Sciences (Histology), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Rehan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrah Deeba
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalil Ateeq
- Department of Basic Sciences (Histology), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
- Department of Basic Sciences (Pharmacology), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaima Umar
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Faisalabad-Health Sciences Wing, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Khalafalla AI, Ishag HZA, Albalushi HIA, Al-Hammadi ZMAH, Al Yammahi SMS, Shah AAM, Al Muhairi SSM. Isolation and genetic characterization of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1182165. [PMID: 37720473 PMCID: PMC10500840 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1182165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study of coronaviruses has grown significantly in recent years.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replicates in various cell types, and quick development has been made of assays for its growth and quantification. However, only a few viral isolates are now available for investigation with full characterization. The current study aimed to isolate MERS-CoV from nasal swabs of dromedary camels and molecularly analyze the virus in order to detect strain-specific mutations and ascertain lineage classification. Methods We isolated the virus in Vero cells and adapted it for in vitro cultivation. The isolates were subjected to complete genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing followed by phylogenetic, mutation, and recombination analysis of the sequences. Results A total of five viral isolates were obtained in Vero cells and adapted to in vitro cultures. Phylogenetic analysis classified all the isolates within clade B3. Four isolates clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate camel/KFU-HKU-I/2017 (GenBank ID: MN758606.1) with nucleotide identity 99.90-99.91%. The later isolate clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate Al-Hasa-SA2407/2016 (GenBank ID: MN654975.1) with a sequence identity of 99.86%. Furthermore, the isolates contained several amino acids substitutions in ORF1a (32), ORF1ab (25), S (2), ORF3 (4), ORF4b (4), M (3), ORF8b (1), and the N protein (1). The analysis further identified a recombination event in one of the reported sequences (OQ423284/MERS-CoV/dromedary/UAE-Al Ain/13/2016). Conclusion Data presented in this study indicated the need for continuous identification and characterization of MERS-CoV to monitor virus circulation in the region, which is necessary to develop effective control measures. The mutations described in this investigation might not accurately represent the virus's natural evolution as artificial mutations may develop during cell culture passage. The isolated MERS-CoV strains would be helpful in new live attenuated vaccine development and efficacy studies.
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Toaleb NI, Aboelsoued D, Abdel Megeed KN, Hekal SHA. A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37624338 PMCID: PMC10459475 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. are important cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic tapeworms that cause a disease called hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has remarkable economic losses. The objective of our study was to develop a specific IgG polyclonal antigen-based ELISA (Sandwich ELISA; capture ELISA) method for the detection of circulating Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) antigens in camels infected with hydatid cysts before slaughtering and its application in serodiagnosis of CE in animals to assess the positive rate of hydatidosis in camels slaughtered in Giza governorate abattoirs in Egypt. In this study, molecular identification of Echinococcus sp. isolate was performed based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene, revealing the isolate (GenBank: OQ443068.1), which is identical to the G6 E. granulosus sensu lato genotype. The positive rate of hydatid cysts was determined in slaughtered camels' organs (n = 587). The results revealed that hydatid cysts were found in 46.5% (273/587) of the examined camels. Pulmonary echinococcosis was significantly more prevalent in the slaughtered camels (60%, 164/273) than hepatic echinococcosis (39.9%, 109/273), (p = 0.001, Chi Square = 11.081). Cyst fertility rates were higher in hepatic (90.8%, 99/109) than in pulmonary cysts (83.5%, 137/164) and the most viable protoscoleces were recorded from fertile the hepatic cysts (67.85 ± 12.78). In this study, hydatid cyst germinal layer antigen (GlAg) was isolated and used for the immunization of rabbits to raise IgG polyclonal antibodies (anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG). These IgG polyclonal antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography using a protein A column, then labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Electrophoretic analysis of IgG polyclonal antibodies and crude GlAg was performed in 10% polyacrylamide gels. The SDS-PAGE revealed four bands at molecular weights of 77 kDa, 65 kDa, 55 kDa, and 25 kDa. The Sandwich ELISA was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and cross-reactivity of the prepared IgG polyclonal antibodies. The circulating hydatid antigen was found in 270 out of the 273 samples with hydatidosis, with a sensitivity of 98.9% (270/273), a specificity of 94.9% (296/312) and a diagnostic efficacy of 96.8%. Regarding the cross reactivity, anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG showed a low cross-reactivity with Fasciola gigantica infected camel sera (3/8), and Myiasis (Cephalopina titillator larvae; 3/20). No cross-reactivity was recorded with uninfected camel sera (negative sera for E. granulosus), and no cross-reactivity was found with antigens of Eimeria spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp., and Hyalomma dromedarii (ticks' infestation). Then, Sandwich ELISA was conducted again to detect E. granulosus antigen in all the collected camel sera, which resulted in a 48.7% (286/587) positive rate of CE compared to 46.5% (273/587) using a postmortem inspection (PM diagnosis) (p = 0.5, Chi Square = 0.302). In conclusion, the Sandwich ELISA technique introduced in this study appears to be a sufficiently sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of camels' echinococcosis using anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG. In addition, it might offer a significant medical and veterinary importance in helping the early detection of hydatidosis, as well as its early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Kadria N. Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Sahar Hussein Abdalla Hekal
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
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Al-Ali MA, Mousa HM, Nibelle I, Hefny AF. Camel-Related Facial Injuries: A Seven-Year Retrospective Study. Clin Pract 2023; 13:889-897. [PMID: 37623262 PMCID: PMC10453722 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial injuries caused by camels can be associated with adverse long-term effects on patients' quality of life. We aimed to investigate camel-related facial injuries in Al-Ain City, UAE, focusing on their incidence, types, mechanisms, anatomical distribution, and outcomes, to enhance preventive measures. We retrospectively collected data from all patients who were admitted to our hospital with camel-related facial injuries from January 2014 through January 2021. Thirty-six patients were included; all were males, with a mean (range) age of 31 (14-66) years, 29 (80.5%) were camel caregivers. The most common mechanisms of injury were falling while riding a camel and camel kicks. The head was the most commonly injured region in 52.7%. Twenty-three (63.8%) patients had facial bone fractures. The middle third of the face accounted for 71.4% of the bony fractures. The most performed surgical procedures in our patients were soft tissue laceration repair and open reduction with internal fixation of fractures (ORIF). Camel-related facial injuries affect young adult male camel caregivers working on camel farms. Orbital and maxillary bone fractures are the most predominant fractures requiring operative management. Legislation for compulsory helmet usage may reduce the incidence of these injuries and their serious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Al-Ali
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.A.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Al Ain Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hussam M. Mousa
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.A.-A.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Isabelle Nibelle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Al Ain Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ashraf F. Hefny
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.A.-A.); (H.M.M.)
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Ullah S, Ennab W, Wei Q, Wang C, Quddus A, Mustafa S, Hadi T, Mao D, Shi F. Impact of Cadmium and Lead Exposure on Camel Testicular Function: Environmental Contamination and Reproductive Health. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2302. [PMID: 37508079 PMCID: PMC10375966 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The free grazing habits of camels from various sources may cause heavy metals to bioaccumulate in their tissues and organs, possibly resulting in higher amounts of these toxic substances in their bodies over time. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure impact of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) on bull camels of the Lassi breed, aged 7 to 8 years, at a site near the industrial area and another two non-industrial sites, to analyze the presence of heavy metals. Samples from three sites were collected from thirty camels (n = 10/each), soil and water (n = 30), and five different plants (n = 15/each) for analysis. Testes were collected for atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Serum samples were obtained to measure testosterone levels by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Samples were obtained from plants, soil, water, blood, serum and urine for AAS. According to the results, the testes' weight, length, width, and volume significantly decreased at the industrial site compared with the other two sites as a result of exposure to Cd and Pb. Additionally, blood testosterone concentrations were considerably lower at the industrial site, indicating a detrimental impact on testicular steroidogenesis. The histological investigation of the industrial site indicated structural disturbances, including seminiferous tubule degeneration and shedding, cellular debris in seminiferous tubules, lining epithelium depletion, and vacuolation. Elevated amounts of Cd and Pb were found at the industrial site when analyzed using water, soil, plants, testes, serum, and urine. These findings demonstrate the adverse effects of Pb and Cd exposure on camel testicular function, including decreased weight and altered steroidogenesis. These findings are essential for understanding the impact of exposure to Pb and Cd on camel reproductive function and for developing successful prevention and management plans for these exposures in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wael Ennab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency, Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Abdul Quddus
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal 90150, Pakistan
| | - Sheeraz Mustafa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ziaddin University, Karachi 75000, Pakistan
| | - Tavakolikazerooni Hadi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dagan Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Alhaider AK. Insulin-like growth factor-1 improves in vitro meiotic resumption of dromedary camel (Camelus Dromedarius) oocytes. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20220105. [PMID: 37416869 PMCID: PMC10321681 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite relatively high maturation rate of in vitro matured oocytes in the dromedary camel, however, blastocyst production is very low after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Herein, the influences of oocyte collection method (follicular aspiration vs slicing; Experiment I), the addition of Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to the maturation medium (Experiment II) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte were investigated. Although the nuclear maturation did not differ regardless of collecting method, follicular aspiration led to lower degeneration rates than those in controls (P < 0.05). The percentages of oocytes at MII were greater in the presence of IGF-1 than in its absence (71.9% vs 48.4%, respectively, P<0.05). Additionally, the percentages of degenerated oocytes were higher in the control group compared to oocytes cultured in the presence of IGF-I (23.6% vs 10.4%, respectively, P<0.05). IGF-I treatment improved the quality of MII matured oocytes as evidenced by the decrease of cathepsin B (CTSB) activity, a marker of poor quality oocytes, when compared to control ones (P < 0.05). In conclusion, follicular aspiration decreased the degeneration rate; however, it had no effect on completion of maturation. IGF-I enhanced the IVM of oocyte and decreased degeneration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Khalid Alhaider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Kandeel M, Morsy MA, Abd El-Lateef HM, Marzok M, El-Beltagi HS, Al Khodair KM, Soliman WE, Albokhadaim I, Venugopala KN. A century of " Camel Research": a bibliometric analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157667. [PMID: 37323832 PMCID: PMC10267326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bibliometrics is a quantitative analytic strategy used to assess the unit of publications per each field of research. Bibliometric studies are commonly employed to examine the current research climate, potential developments, and development trends in certain domains. In this work, the major contributors to camel research throughout the past century are discussed, along with the funding sources, academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and countries that contributed to "Camel Research". Methods The Web of Science (WOS) database was used to retrieve the publications based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions. Results There are 7,593 articles dedicated to camel research on the Web of Science (as of August 1st, 2022). Three stages were involved in the publication of a study on camels. At the beginning, from 1877 to 1965, there were fewer than ten new publications per year. The second stage comprised 100 publications per year (1968-2005). Since 2010, nearly 200 new papers have been published each year. King Saud and King Faisal universities contributed > (0.08) of the total publications. While more than 1,000 funding agents were retrieved, the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) showed the greatest rate of funded projects (0.17). Camel research was included in 238 scientific disciplines. The top disciplines were Veterinary Sciences (0.39), Agriculture Dairy Animal Science (0.144), and Food Science Technology (0.087). Conclusion There has been an increase in interest in camels in recent years, but the research trends in camel health and production need greater support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khalid M. Al Khodair
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa E. Soliman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Albokhadaim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Weidinger P, Kolodziejek J, Loney T, Kannan DO, Osman BM, Khafaga T, Howarth B, Sher Shah M, Mazrooei H, Wolf N, Karuvantevida N, Abou Tayoun A, Alsheikh-Ali A, Camp JV, Nowotny N. MERS-CoV Found in Hyalomma dromedarii Ticks Attached to Dromedary Camels at a Livestock Market, United Arab Emirates, 2019. Viruses 2023; 15:1288. [PMID: 37376588 DOI: 10.3390/v15061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main mode of transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) between dromedaries is likely via the respiratory route. However, there must be other modes to explain how the infection is brought to MERS-CoV-negative closed herds, such as transmission by ticks. Here, we present a study performed at three different locations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) involving 215 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) and the ticks attached to them. We tested the camels and ticks via RT-(q)PCR for the presence of MERS-CoV nucleic acids, as well as flaviviruses that may be present in the region (e.g., Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus). Camel sera were additionally analyzed for evidence of previous exposure to MERS-CoV. In total, 8 out of 242 tick pools were positive for MERS-CoV RNA (3.3%; Ct 34.6-38.3), 7 of which contained Hyalomma dromedarii ticks, and one contained a Hyalomma sp. tick (species not identified). All of the virus-positive ticks' host camels were also positive for MERS-CoV RNA in their nasal swab samples. Short sequences established in the N gene region from two positive tick pools were identical to viral sequences from their hosts' nasal swabs. In total, 59.3% of dromedaries at the livestock market had MERS-CoV RNA in their nasal swabs (Ct 17.7-39.5). While dromedaries at all locations were negative for MERS-CoV RNA in their serum samples, antibodies were detected in 95.2% and 98.7% of them (tested by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence test, respectively). Given the probably transient and/or low level of MERS-CoV viremia in dromedaries and the rather high Ct values observed in the ticks, it seems unlikely that Hyalomma dromedarii is a competent vector for MERS-CoV; however, its role in mechanical or fomite transmission between camels should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dafalla O Kannan
- Al Ain City Municipality, Al Ain P.O. Box 1003, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Tamer Khafaga
- Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates
| | - Brigitte Howarth
- Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi (NHMAD), Department of Culture and Tourism, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 94000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moayyed Sher Shah
- Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hessa Mazrooei
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Wolf
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Abou Tayoun
- Al Jalila Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Dubai P.O. Box 7662, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alawi Alsheikh-Ali
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeremy V Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Gachogo R, Karegi I, Ogoti B, Musyoki V, Martins D, Onyambu F, Kamau J. Draft genome sequences of three emerging beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the camel production system in Northern Kenya. F1000Res 2023; 11:1413. [PMID: 37654783 PMCID: PMC10466007 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.127990.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequences and annotation of three beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli ( E.coli) strains isolated from fecal samples of healthy camels in Laikipia county, Kenya. This data adds to the online genome resources to support the ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the livestock-wildlife interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Gachogo
- Center for Molecular Biosciences and Genomics, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of immunology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Irene Karegi
- One Health Center, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Brian Ogoti
- Center for Microbiology, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Musyoki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Frank Onyambu
- Center for Molecular Biosciences and Genomics, Nairobi, Kenya
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- One Health Center, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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22
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Mahmoud HYAH, Ali AO, Tanaka T. Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma marginale infecting cattle, buffalo, and camel populations in southern Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1169323. [PMID: 37252392 PMCID: PMC10213943 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1169323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a severe tickborne disease of ruminants caused by Anaplasma marginale. A. marginale is distributed worldwide and attacks erythrocytes, resulting in an increased body temperature, anemia, jaundice, abortion, and, in some cases, death. Animals infected with this pathogen become lifelong carriers. In this study, we aimed to detect and characterize A. marginale isolated from cattle, buffalo, and camel populations using novel molecular techniques in southern Egypt. In total, 250 samples (from 100 cattle, 75 water buffaloes, and 75 camels) were analyzed by PCR for the presence of Anaplasmataceae, specifically A. marginale. The animals varied in breed, age, and gender, with most showing no signs of severe disease. By species, A. marginale was found in 61 out of 100 (61%) cattle, 9 out of 75 (12%) buffaloes, and only 5 out of 75 (6.66%) camels. All A. marginale-positive samples were examined for the heat-shock protein groEL gene and, additionally, for major surface protein 4 (msp4) and major surface protein 5 (msp5) genes to enhance specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of A. marginale targeted three genes (groEL, msp4, and msp5). This study provides the first report on using three genes for A. marginale detection in Camelus dromedarius in southern Egypt and generated new phylogenetic data for A. marginale infections in camels. A. marginale infection is endemic in different animal species in southern Egypt. Screening herds for A. marginale is recommended even when the signs of anaplasmosis are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y. A. H. Mahmoud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Alsagher O. Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Santos-Silva S, Hemnani M, Lopez-Lopez P, Gonçalves HMR, Rivero-Juarez A, Van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ, Mesquita JR. A Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Camels. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050323. [PMID: 37235406 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents a major cause of acute hepatitis and is considered an emerging public health problem around the world. In the Middle East's and Africa's arid regions, where camels frequently interact with human populations and camel-derived food products are a component of the food chain, camel-borne zoonotic HEV infection is a potential threat. To date, no review paper has been published on HEV in camels. As such, the purpose of the current work is to provide a scientific review of the identification of HEV genotypes seven and eight in camels worldwide to have a better understanding of the current status of this topic and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Searches were carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Mendeley, Web of Science, and Scopus, including studies published until 31 December 2022 (n = 435). Once the databases were checked for duplicate papers (n = 307), the exclusion criteria were applied to remove any research that was not relevant (n = 118). As a result, only 10 papers were found to be eligible for the study. Additionally, in eight of the ten studies, the rates of HEV infection were found to be between 0.6% and 2.2% in both stool and serum samples. Furthermore, four studies detected HEV genotype seven in dromedary camels, and two studies have shown HEV genotype eight in Bactrian camels. Interestingly, these genotypes were recently reported in camels from the Middle East and China, where one human infection with HEV genotype seven has been associated with the consumption of contaminated camel meat and milk. In conclusion, more research will be needed to determine the prevalence of HEV infection in camels around the world as well as the risk of foodborne transmission of contaminated camel products. As camels are utility animals in several countries, HEV in these animals may pose a potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Santos-Silva
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mahima Hemnani
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lopez-Lopez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena M R Gonçalves
- Biosensor Ntech-Nanotechnology Services, Lda, Avenida da Liberdade, 249, 1° Andar, 1250-143 Lisboa, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rivero-Juarez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wim H M Van der Poel
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - João R Mesquita
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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24
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Runthala A, Mbye M, Ayyash M, Xu Y, Kamal-Eldin A. Caseins: Versatility of Their Micellar Organization in Relation to the Functional and Nutritional Properties of Milk. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052023. [PMID: 36903269 PMCID: PMC10004547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk of mammals is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, lipids, and other micronutrients that play a critical role in providing nutrition and immunity to newborns. Casein proteins together with calcium phosphate form large colloidal particles, called casein micelles. Caseins and their micelles have received great scientific interest, but their versatility and role in the functional and nutritional properties of milk from different animal species are not fully understood. Caseins belong to a class of proteins that exhibit open and flexible conformations. Here, we discuss the key features that maintain the structures of the protein sequences in four selected animal species: cow, camel, human, and African elephant. The primary sequences of these proteins and their posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) that determine their secondary structures have distinctively evolved in these different animal species, leading to differences in their structural, functional, and nutritional properties. The variability in the structures of milk caseins influence the properties of their dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, as well as their digestibility and allergic properties. Such differences are beneficial to the development of different functionally improved casein molecules with variable biological and industrial utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Runthala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada 522302, India
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.K.-E.); Tel.: +971-5-0138-9248 (A.K.-E.)
| | - Mustapha Mbye
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.K.-E.); Tel.: +971-5-0138-9248 (A.K.-E.)
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25
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Yin Y, Liu Y, Fen J, Liu K, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Characterization of an H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from Camels in Inner Mongolia, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179822. [PMID: 36809036 PMCID: PMC10100662 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01798-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of influenza virus can infect birds and humans, causing great losses in the poultry industry and threatening public health worldwide. However, H7N9 infection in other mammals has not been reported yet. In the present study, one H7N9 subtype influenza virus, A/camel/Inner Mongolia/XL/2020 (XL), was isolated from the nasal swabs of camels in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2020. Sequence analyses revealed that the hemagglutinin cleavage site of the XL virus was ELPKGR/GLF, which is a low-pathogenicity molecular characteristic. The XL virus had similar mammalian adaptations to human-originated H7N9 viruses, such as the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) Glu-to-Lys mutation at position 627 (E627K) mutation, but differed from avian-originated H7N9 viruses. The XL virus showed a higher SA-α2,6-Gal receptor-binding affinity and better mammalian cell replication than the avian H7N9 virus. Moreover, the XL virus had weak pathogenicity in chickens, with an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.01, and intermediate virulence in mice, with a median lethal dose of 4.8. The XL virus replicated well and caused clear infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of mice. Our data constitute the first evidence that the low-pathogenicity H7N9 influenza virus can infect camels and therefore poses a high risk to public health. IMPORTANCE H5 subtype avian influenza viruses can cause serious diseases in poultry and wild birds. On rare occasions, viruses can cause cross-species transmission to mammalian species, including humans, pigs, horses, canines, seals, and minks. The H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus can also infect both birds and humans. However, viral infection in other mammalian species has not been reported yet. In this study, we found that the H7N9 virus could infect camels. Notably, the H7N9 virus from camels had mammalian adaption molecular markers, including altered receptor-binding activity on the hemagglutinin protein and an E627K mutation on the polymerase basic protein 2 protein. Our findings indicated that the potential risk of camel-origin H7N9 virus to public health is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Fen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Hussen J, Alkuwayti MA, Falemban B, Alhojaily SM, Adwani SA, Hassan EAE, Al-Mubarak AIA. Impact of Selected Bacterial and Viral Toll-like Receptor Agonists on the Phenotype and Function of Camel Blood Neutrophils. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020154. [PMID: 36851458 PMCID: PMC9963015 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate recognition of pathogens depends on the interaction between microbial structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in host cells. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are among the most important PRRs being expressed on and in a wide range of immune cell types. Studies on the interaction mechanisms between different pathogen species and the immune system of the dromedary camel are still scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of synthetic bacterial and viral TLR ligands on some phenotypic properties and selected functions of neutrophils purified from dromedary camel blood. Neutrophils were separated from camel blood (n = five animals) and were stimulated in vitro with the TLR ligands LPS, Pam3CSK4, R848 (Resiquimod), and Poly IC or were left without stimulation. Stimulation with the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was used as a positive control stimulation. Shape change, phagocytosis activity, ROS production, the expression of cell surface markers, and cell vitality were compared between stimulated and non-stimulated cells. With exception of the TLR3 agonist Poly IC, all TLR ligands used showed the potential to stimulate camel neutrophils resulting in increased cell size and the upregulation of CD18 and CD14 on their surface. Similarly, the phagocytosis activity of camel neutrophils was significantly improved after priming with all TLR ligands, except Poly IC, which, in contrast, resulted in a reduced percentage of phagocytosis-positive cells. In contrast to stimulation with PMA, which induced a significant ROS production in camel neutrophils, none of the TLR ligands used stimulated ROS generation in neutrophils. Only stimulation with Pam3CSK4 increased the expression of MHCII molecules on camel neutrophils, resulting in an expanded MHCIIhigh fraction within camel neutrophils. Our study indicates selective immunomodulating effects of TLR agonists on purified camel neutrophils without affecting their vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-135896626
| | | | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer M. Alhojaily
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Al Adwani
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - El Awad El Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah IA Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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El-Dwairi QA, Al-Hussain SM, Banihani AS, Bataineh ZM, Djouhri L, Mustafa AG, Zaqout S. Neuronal Cell Types in the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus of the Camel Brain. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020312. [PMID: 36831855 PMCID: PMC9954557 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of a camel were morphologically studied by the Golgi impregnation method. The neurons were classified based on the size and shape of their cell bodies, the density of their dendritic trees, and the morphology and distribution of their appendages. At least 12 morphological types of neurons were found in the camel spinal trigeminal nucleus, including the following: stalked, islets, octopus-like, lobulated, boat-like, pyramidal, multipolar, round, oval, and elongated neurons. These neurons exhibited large numbers of various forms of appendages that arise not only from their dendrites but also from their cell bodies. Moreover, neurons with unique large dilatations especially at their dendritic branching points were also reported. The neurons reported in this study displayed an array of different sizes and shapes and featured various forms of appendages arising from cell bodies and dendrites. Such morphologically distinctive neuronal cell types might indicate an evolutionary adaptation to pain and temperature processing pathways at the level of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in camels, which traditionally live in a very harsh climatic environment and are frequently exposed to painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A. El-Dwairi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Saleh M. Al-Hussain
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayat S. Banihani
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ziad M. Bataineh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Ayman G. Mustafa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Sami Zaqout
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7836
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Eckhart L, Sipos W. Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020419. [PMID: 36851296 PMCID: PMC9964502 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main mechanisms of inducing an antiviral response depends on 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which sense double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm and activate RNase L. Mutations leading to the loss of functional OAS1 and OAS2 genes have been identified as important modifiers of the human immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we performed comparative genomics to search for inactivating mutations of OAS genes in other species of mammals and to establish a model for the diversifying evolution of the OAS gene family. We found that a recombination of the OAS and OAS-like (OASL) loci has led to the loss of OAS2 in camelids, which also lack OAS3. Both paralogs of OASL and OAS3 are absent in Asian pangolins. An evolutionarily ancient OAS paralog, which we tentatively name OAS4, has been lost in pangolins, bats and humans. A previously unknown OAS gene, tentatively named OAS5, is present in Yangochiroptera, a suborder of bats. These differences in the OAS gene repertoire may affect innate immune responses to coronaviruses and other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Mansour N. A novel, patented method for semen collection in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:238-245. [PMID: 36250516 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the current article, a developed, patented method denoted the 'Camel Semen Collection Kit-CSCK', was designed to solve the problem of semen collection in dromedary camels. CSCK is composed of three main parts: (1) Semen collection sac: made from supersensitive flexible low-density polyethylene- (LDPE); (2) Metal stainless steel applicator: designed to introduce the collection sac intravaginally and fixate it to the vaginal wall of a female camel through air insufflation; (3) Fixation sticker: a cushion sheet sticker is used to secure the outer portion of the collection sac to the female's perineal area. Semen was collected twice a week from eight dromedary bulls by using electroejaculation (EJ), artificial vagina (AV) and CSCK. Successful semen collections were 81.3%, 84.4% and 43.8% using EJ, CSCK and AV techniques respectively. Semen obtained by EJ technique showed lower semen volume, gross activity, sperm concentration, total sperm motility and percentage of live sperm cells compared to the other two techniques. Semen collected by CSCK showed a longer collection period and higher volume, gross activity, sperm motility and percentage of live spermatozoa and a lower rate of visible contamination compared to AV technique. The advantages and disadvantages of the three techniques were compared and discussed. In conclusion, CSCK represents a practical and easy method to reliably collect high-quality semen from any untrained male dromedary camel and may facilitate the widespread application of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) on a large scale in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Mansour
- Fujairah Research Centre (FRC), Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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Al Khamis T, Shawaf T, Almubarak A, Al-Ali MA. Comparison between a fitness tracker (Equimetre TM) and standard base-apex electrocardiography in dromedary camels. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:963732. [PMID: 36713881 PMCID: PMC9878706 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.963732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Personalized healthcare technology has grown explosively through the use of portable and smart monitoring devices for diagnosis. The objective of this study was to determine the practicality and usability of the EquimetreTM fitness tracker on camels in comparison to the standard base-apex system in normal and clinical cases. Methods Five apparently healthy adult camels, five clinical adult cases and two clinical calves were enrolled in this study. The camels were equipped with two monitoring systems: EquimetreTM and a standard base-apex electrocardiogarphy. Each tracing was evaluated for the normal ECG variable's measure, including heart rate beats per min, P-R, QRS, R-R, Q-T, S-T intervals, and P-R and S-T segments in seconds. The amplitudes for P, Q, R, S, and T-peaks were evaluated in millivolts. Results EquimetreTM showed stability on ECG tracing with less movement artifacts compared with the standard base-apex system. Different polarities were observed for the P-waves and T-waves between the standard base-apex system and EquimetreTM. Both devices showed perfect agreement for heart rate (ICC = 1.00, P ≥ 0.0001, 95% = 1.00-1.00) in healthy and clinical adults. A good correlation was observed for the R-R interval between the devices in healthy and clinical adults. A moderate correlation was observed between the devices for Q-peak in clinical adults, with no correlation in clinical calves. Conclusions This study demonstrated acceptable ECG measurements between the standard base-apex and EquimetreTM device. This suggests that EquimetreTM could be a useful device in camels for initial electrocardiographic examinations in remote areas such as deserts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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El-Gendy SAA, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, Ez Elarab SM, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Kamal BM. Ossa cordis and os aorta in the one-humped camel: Computed tomography, light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:53-62. [PMID: 36354738 PMCID: PMC10100463 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the morphological characteristics of the camel heart Ossa cordis, and os aorta using computed tomography soft tissue window (CT) alongside 3D render volume reconstructions and light microscopy. The current study techniques demonstrated the Ossa cordis and os aorta in the cardiac window with more precision than the black and white (ghost), and angiography images. Transverse and sagittal CT images additionally demonstrated the presence of Ossa cordis and os aorta. This study is the first to record two small Ossa cordis sinistrum and one os aorta in the camel heart, in addition to the more commonly observed singular, large, os cordis dextrum. The os cordis dextrum was always located in the upper part of the interventricular septum, near to its junction with the atrium, forming an elongated rectangular shape when observed transversally. The wider cranial part was composed from bone, whereas the caudal aspect was narrow and contained both bone and cartilage. Light microscopy identified that the os cordis dextrum consisted of trabecular bone, marrow spaces, and hyaline cartilage. Two Ossa cordis sinistrum were detected on the left side of the heart, one in the right fibrous ring and another in the interventricular septum, microscopy showed that both contained only trabecular bone with osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. At the level of ascending aorta, there was also trabecular bone containing osteocytes, an os aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A A El-Gendy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Samar M Ez Elarab
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Basma M Kamal
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
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Mahdy OA, Nassar AM, Elsawy BSM, Alzan HF, Kandil OM, Mahmoud MS, Suarez CE. Cross-sectional analysis of Piroplasma species-infecting camel ( Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt using a multipronged molecular diagnostic approach. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1178511. [PMID: 37187929 PMCID: PMC10175621 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1178511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease (TBD) caused by hemoprotozoan parasites. Hereby, we describe a cross-sectional study aiming at identifying Piroplasma spp.-infecting camels in Egypt using a multipronged molecular diagnostic approach. A total of 531 blood samples from camels (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from slaughterhouses at different governorates in Egypt for analysis during the period from June 2018 to May 2019. Piroplasma spp. was identified using microscopical examination and several different and sequential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the 18S rRNA genes. The overall prevalence of Piroplasma spp. in microscopical and molecular analyses in the samples was 11% (58/531) and 38% (203/531), respectively. Further discriminative multiplex PCR analysis targeting the 18S rRNA gene applied on all Piroplasma spp.-positive samples allowed the detection of Theileria equi (41%), Babesia caballi (5.4%), Babesia bigemina (0.5%), and Babesia bovis (4%). Additionally, the blast analysis of nested (n) PCR, targeting the V4 region, amplicon sequences resulted in the identification of B. vulpes (22%), Babesia sp. (9%), and Theileria sp. (3%). Overall, the results of this study confirmed the high prevalence of TBDs caused by several types of piroplasm hemoparasites in camel and suggests the need for future interventions aimed at improving the control of these potentially debilitating diseases that may be t-hreatening important economic resources and food security in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat A. Mahdy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Olfat A. Mahdy
| | - Ahmed M. Nassar
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bassma S. M. Elsawy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba F. Alzan
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Mahmoud
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carlos E. Suarez
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Shawaf T, Hussen J. Cytological and microbiological evaluation of conjunctiva in camels with and without conjunctivitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:39-45. [PMID: 35657141 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the cytological analysis of conjunctiva from normal camels and camels with bacterial conjunctivitis. ANIMALS STUDIED This study was conducted on 7 normal camels and 15 camels affected with conjunctivitis. The affected camels had a history of conjunctivitis with signs including chemosis, blepharospasm, frequent blinking, and mild-to-moderate serous, mucoid, or purulent ocular discharge. PROCEDURES Bacterial swabs were collected from the inferior conjunctival sac of the affected eye without topical anesthetics. Conjunctival smears were obtained from the conjunctival surface for cytological analysis. RESULTS The cellular analysis of ocular smears revealed a higher percentage of basal cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages in camels with conjunctivitis compared with normal camels. In contrast to this, smears from normal camels showed an increased percentage of superficial epithelial cells compared with affected camels. The microbiological assessment of conjunctival swabs collected from affected animals identified a bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus faecium., Staphylococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Coryne pseudotuberculosis., Saprophytica, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulagaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that bacterial conjunctivitis in camels was associated with increased percentages of basal epithelial cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages compared with normal camels, while normal camels showed an increased percentage of superficial epithelial cells compared with affected camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Asiyabi Aghdam S, Hajipour N, Moosavy M. Use of PCR to determine Toxoplasma gondii in milk samples from camels (Camelus dromedarius), cattle (Bos taurus) and buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:400-404. [PMID: 36538001 PMCID: PMC9856990 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis as a zoonotic condition is developed by an intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii from the Apicomplexa phylum, which imposes economic losses on herds of animals and severe complications in immunocompromised people and pregnant women. This infectious disease can be transmitted to human beings from the contaminated unpasteurized milk, uncooked meat, water and food contaminated with sporulated oocysts and transplacental transmission. OBJECTIVES This study amid to determine T. gondii DNA in camel, buffalo and cow milks in using the PCR method based on the B1 gene. METHODS A total of 100 milk samples, including 55 cows, 30 buffalos and 15 camels, were collected from different regions of north-western using direct milking and then transferred to the Food and Aquatic Health Laboratory under refrigerated conditions. RESULTS The results showed that out of 100 milk samples examined, 5 samples (5%) were contaminated, and T. gondii DNA was detected in the milk samples of 2 (3.63%) cows, 1 (3.33%) buffalos and 2 (13.33%) camels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that raw milk contaminated with T. gondii can be an important route of transmission of infection for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asiyabi Aghdam
- Department of Food Hygiene and AquaticFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Nasser Hajipour
- Department of Food Hygiene and AquaticFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran,Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Mir‐Hassan Moosavy
- Department of Food Hygiene and AquaticFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
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Mwangi WE, Gitau GK, Ikiror D, Kimeli P, Gakuru MI, Machuchu D, Kingori W. The prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity, and factors associated with camel mastitis in Isiolo County, Kenya. Vet World 2022; 15:2962-2970. [PMID: 36718339 PMCID: PMC9880833 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2962-2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) adapt very well to arid and semi-arid (ASALs) environments and continue to thrive and produce milk even during severe droughts when cattle, sheep, and goats experience high mortalities. These attributes make the dromedaries very vital for the survival of pastoralists, especially in the ASALs of Africa. Mastitis is among the most important diseases of camels and can cause significant economic losses, thereby endangering the livelihoods of pastoralists. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating camels in Isiolo County, Kenya. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July and August 2021. A questionnaire was administered to the camel keepers to capture data on herd-level factors. Lactating camels were then examined for any visible signs of clinical mastitis and as well as to capture data on other animal-level factors such as age, weight, and body condition score. A composite milk sample was collected aseptically from randomly selected camels in a herd. The samples were initially tested for somatic cell counts (SCC) using Somatos mini® automatic cell counter. Culture and sensitivity testing was then carried out on any milk sample that had SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL. The descriptive analysis was initially used to summarize the continuous and categorical farm and camel factors, while mixed regression models were used to explore the association between/across mastitis and the farm as well as camel-level factors. Results A total of 210 lactating camels from 23 herds were selected and sampled in this study. The average age of camel keepers was 48.3 ± 16.3 years and they were involved in rearing camels for a mean of about 14.3 ± 8.6 years. The total number of camels in a herd ranged from 10 to 287, with the mean total herd milk production being 34.5 ± 24.9 L/day. The mean daily milk production per camel was 2.8 ± 1.7 L while the range for days in milk was between 21 and 787 days. The average age of camel first calving and the inter-calving interval was 56.3 ± 9.9 and 27.7 ± 9.9 months, respectively. The median parity of the dam was three and the body condition score was two. About 39.7% (83/210) of the sampled camels had clinical mastitis during the current lactation. The overall prevalence of mastitis (SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL) in camels was 17.6%. The main pathogens isolated were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Streptococcus isolates were mainly sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to cefaclor. All 18 Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, while 12/18 isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The factors that were significantly associated with mastitis were the age of the respondent (p = 0.038), the number of years involved in camel rearing (p = 0.024), presence of clinical mastitis since calving (p = 0.039), body condition score (p = 0.040), and age of the dam at the time of examination (p = 0.072). Conclusion Results from this study revealed that mastitis is an important condition among camels in the pastoral communities of Isiolo County, Kenya. Thus, pastoralists should continue to be aware of and trained on mastitis occurrence and its control in the pastoral ecosystem to reduce potential economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Edwin Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya,Corresponding author: Willy Edwin Mwangi, e-mail: Co-authors: GKG: , DI: , PK: , MIG: , DM: , WK:
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Davis Ikiror
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kimeli
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Irungu Gakuru
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas Machuchu
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace Kingori
- County Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Isiolo County Government, P. O. Box 36-60300, Isiolo, Kenya
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Hassan NMF, Sedky D, Ezz NMTAE, Shanawany EEE. Seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing the most diagnostic Cephalopina titillator larval antigens. Vet World 2022; 15:2830-2835. [PMID: 36718343 PMCID: PMC9880824 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2830-2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Nasal myiasis is a serious parasitic disease among camels caused by Cephalopina titillator larvae that negatively affect animal health and production globally. The diagnosis of the infestation relies on postmortem examination of the head region, which considers a cause impeding treatment of live animals and may be misdiagnosed as central nervous system disorders. This study aimed to identify the most diagnostic larval antigen with the capacity for monitoring C. titillator infestation, and to estimate the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels in Egypt, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods Three hundred and six male camels of Egyptian and Sudanese breeds, aged 2-5 years, were clinically evaluated for respiratory and/or nervous disorders in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected from all examined animals. The postmortem examination of 38 animals was conducted. Salivary glands, hemolymph, and somatic antigens were extracted from the second and third larval instars. Results The results revealed that the salivary gland antigen was the most potent antigen in detecting C. titillator specific total IgG antibodies compared to haemolymph and crude somatic antigens. Using receiver-operating characteristic curves and area under the curve, the salivary gland antigen had a sensitivity of 91.67% and a specificity of 92.31%, respectively. It has the highest positive predictive value, 95.7%, and negative predictive value, 85.7%. However, using somatic and hemolymph antigens revealed a sensitivity of 79.17% and 70.83% and a specificity of 76.9% and 84.6%, respectively. There was complete concordance between ELISA results and autopsy findings (true positive). One hundred and forty out of 306 (45.8%) camel serum samples were found to contain C. titillator. Conclusion This study demonstrated that salivary gland antigen is more effective than somatic and hemolymph antigens in accurately detecting nasal myiasis in camels. In addition, determining the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis with the salivary gland antigen through indirect ELISA revealed that it is a prevalent disease among camels in Egypt. Periodic surveillance of the C. titillator prevalence is necessary for effective management and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. F. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, 133 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author: Noha M. F. Hassan, e-mail: Co-authors: DS: , NMTA: , EEE:
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, 133 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M. T. Abu El Ezz
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, 133 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman E. El Shanawany
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, 133 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Khurshid Z, Alfarhan MF, Mazher J, Bayan Y, Cooper PR, Dias GJ, Adanir N, Ratnayake J. Extraction of Hydroxyapatite from Camel Bone for Bone Tissue Engineering Application. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227946. [PMID: 36432047 PMCID: PMC9695224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Waste tissues such as mammalian bone are a valuable source from which to extract hydroxyapatite. Camel bone-based hydroxyapatite (CBHA) was extracted from the femur of camel bones using a defatting and deproteinization procedure. The extracted CBHA was mechanically, chemically, physically, morphologically and structurally characterized. Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra, Micro-Raman, and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed successful extraction of hydroxyapatite. The mechanical properties of the CBHA scaffold were measured using a Universal Instron compression tester. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of a characteristic interconnected porous architecture with pore diameter ranging from 50-600 µm and micro-computer tomography (Micro-CT) analysis identified a mean porosity of 73.93. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the CBHA was stable up to 1000 °C and lost only 1.435% of its weight. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Energy-dispersive-X-ray (EDX) analysis demonstrated the presence of significant amounts of calcium and phosphorus and trace ions of sodium, magnesium, zinc, lead and strontium. Following 21 days of incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), the pH fluctuated between 10-10.45 and a gradual increase in weight loss was observed. In conclusion, the extracted CBHA is a promising material for future use in bone tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-558420410
| | | | - Javed Mazher
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin Bayan
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Paul R. Cooper
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - George J. Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Necdet Adanir
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jithendra Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Fereig RM, Abdelbaky HH, El-Alfy ES, El-Diasty M, Elsayed A, Mahmoud HYAH, Ali AO, Ahmed A, Mossaad E, Alsayeqh AF, Frey CF. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in camels recently imported to Egypt from Sudan and a global systematic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1042279. [PMID: 36452298 PMCID: PMC9702086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary concern by causing abortions and systemic illness. Limited or ambiguous data on the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in camels triggered us to conduct this study. METHODS Camels (n = 460) recently imported from Sudan and destined mainly for human consumption, were tested for specific antibodies against these protozoans using commercially available ELISAs. From the two only quarantine stations for camels from Sudan, 368 camels were sampled between November 2015 and March 2016 in Shalateen, Red Sea governorate, and 92 samples were collected between September 2018 and March 2021 from Abu Simbel, Aswan governorate. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Overall, seropositive rates in camels were 25.7%, 3.9% and 0.8% for T. gondii, N. caninum and mixed infection, respectively. However, marked differences were found between the two study sites and/or the two sampling periods: For T. gondii, a higher rate of infection was recorded in the Red Sea samples (31.5%, 116/368; odds ratio 20.7, 5.0-85.6; P<0.0001) than in those collected in Aswan (2.2%, 2/92). The opposite was found for N. caninum with a lower rate of infection in the Red Sea samples (0.82%, 3/368; odds ratio 23.7, 6.7-83.9; P<0.0001) than in the samples from Aswan (16.3%, 15/92). Additionally, our systematic review revealed that the overall published seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum was 28.6% and 14.3% in camels worldwide, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first record of seroprevalence of both T. gondii and N. caninum in recently imported camels kept under quarantine conditions before delivery to other Egyptian cities and regions. In addition, our review provides inclusive data on the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in camel globally. This knowledge provides basic data for the implementation of strategies and control measures against neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Abdelbaky
- Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Clinic, Eterinary Directorate, Qena, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed El-Alfy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Diasty
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Mansoura Provincial Lab, (AHRI-Mansoura), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsayed
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Al Shalateen Provincial Lab (AHRI-Al Shalateen), Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Y. A. H. Mahmoud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Alsagher O. Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Akarsu H, Liljander A, Younan M, Brodard I, Overesch G, Glücks I, Labroussaa F, Kuhnert P, Perreten V, Monecke S, Drexler JF, Corman VM, Falquet L, Jores J. Genomic Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Dromedary-Associated Staphylococcaceae from the Horn of Africa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022;:e0114622. [PMID: 36226992 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01146-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Staphylococcaceae family, particularly those of the genus Staphylococcus, encompass important human and animal pathogens. We collected and characterized Staphylococcaceae strains from apparently healthy and diseased camels (n = 84) and cattle (n = 7) in Somalia and Kenya. We phenotypically characterized the strains, including their antimicrobial inhibitory concentrations. Then, we sequenced their genomes using long-read sequencing, closed their genomes, and subsequently compared and mapped their virulence- and resistance-associated gene pools. Genome-based phylogenetics revealed 13 known Staphylococcaceae and at least two novel species. East African strains of different species encompassed novel sequence types and phylogenetically distant clades. About one-third of the strains had non-wild-type MICs. They were resistant to at least one of the following antimicrobials: tetracycline, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, or streptomycin, encoded by tet(K), blaZ/blaARL, mecA/mecA1, msrA/mphC, salA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, and str, respectively. We identified the first methicillin- and multidrug-resistant camel S. epidermidis strain of sequence type (ST) 1136 in East Africa. The pool of virulence-encoding genes was largest in the S. aureus strains, as expected, although other rather commensal strains contained distinct virulence-encoding genes. We identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems such as the hicA/hicB and abiEii/abiEi families, reported here for the first time for certain species of Staphylococcaceae. All strains contained at least one intact prophage sequence, mainly belonging to the Siphoviridae family. We pinpointed potential horizontal gene transfers between camel and cattle strains and also across distinct Staphylococcaceae clades and species. IMPORTANCE Camels are a high value and crucial livestock species in arid and semiarid regions of Africa and gain importance giving the impact of climate change on traditional livestock species. Our current knowledge with respect to Staphylococcaceae infecting camels is very limited compared to that for other livestock species. Better knowledge will foster the development of specific diagnostic assays, guide promising antimicrobial treatment options, and inform about potential zoonotic risks. We characterized 84 Staphylococcaceae strains isolated from camels with respect to their antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits. We detected potentially novel Staphylococcus species, resistances to different classes of antimicrobials, and the first camel multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis strain of sequence type 1136.
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Chafik A, Essamadi A, Çelik SY, Mavi A. Purification and biochemical characterization of catalase that confers protection against hydrogen peroxide induced by stressful desert environment: the Camelus Dromedarius kidney catalase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36074915 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2119576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Camel is continually exposed to stressful desert environment that enhances generation of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Catalase plays an important role in detoxification of H2O2. A highly active catalase from camel kidney was purified to homogeneity, with a specific activity of 1,774,392 U/mg protein, using ion exchange and metal chelate affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 268 kDa consisting of four identical subunits of 63 kDa. The enzyme showed higher optimum temperature (45 °C) and higher activation energy (4.37 kJ mol-1). The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH, ΔG and ΔS, were determined. The effect of various metal ions and chemicals on enzyme activity was investigated. Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km values for H2O2 were found to be 46 mM, 10,715,045 U/mg, 48,265,968 s-1 and 2,966,562 s-1 mM-1, respectively. Camel kidney catalase displayed higher affinity efficiency for H2O2 and can protect reduced glutathione (GSH) from oxidation by H2O2. Sodium azide was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme with Ki and IC50 of 17.88 µM and 20.94 µM, respectively. Camel catalase showed unique biochemical properties. Interestingly, camel catalase can protect molecules (GSH) and organ functions (kidney) from the toxic effects of H2O2 induced by stressful desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbasset Chafik
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'El Kelâa des Sraghna, Université Cadi Ayyad, El Kelâa des Sraghna, Morocco.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire Bioressources et Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelkhalid Essamadi
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Hassan First University, Settat, Morocco
| | - Safinur Yildirim Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Mavi
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Institute of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Education Faculty of Kazim Karabekir, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Wakjira BS, Jorga E, Lakew M, Olani A, Tadesse B, Tuli G, Belaineh R, Abera S, Kinfe G, Gebre S. Animal Brucellosis: Seropositivity rates, Isolation and Molecular Detection in Southern and Central Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:201-211. [PMID: 36060523 PMCID: PMC9431773 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s372455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonosis with serious veterinary and public health importance throughout the world. A cross-sectional study on animal brucellosis was conducted aiming to estimate seroprevalence and molecular detection. METHODS Blood samples were collected from a total of 4274 individual animals (cattle, small ruminants and camel) from 241 herds/flocks for serology and PCR. Serum samples were tested using multispecies I-ELISA. Blood clots from seropositive animals were also tested for brucellosis via PCR. Additionally, 13 vaginal swab samples were collected from animals (2 from bovine and 11 from small ruminants) with recent abortion history for bacterial isolation and molecular detection. RESULTS The overall individual animal and herd level seroprevalence was 3.95% (169/4274) and 18.26% (44/241) respectively. The animal level seroprevalence at species level was 1.58% (47/2982), 8.89% (97/1091) and 12.44% (25/201) in bovine, small ruminants (sheep and goat) and camel, respectively. Herd level seroprevalence were 5.43% (10/184), 52.08% (25/48) and 100% (9/9) in bovine, small ruminant and camel, respectively. The animal level seroprevalence of bovine from intensive and extensive systems was 1.10% (31/2808) and 2.87% (5/174) respectively. Blood clots tested for brucellosis via PCR were negative by RT-PCR. Brucella species was isolated from 6/13 (46.15%) vaginal swab samples cultured on Brucella selective agar, and shown to be B. melitensis using Real-Time PCR. CONCLUSION Overall, seropositivity for camels was higher than what has been reported previously. Also, there was a notable difference in this study in cattle seroprevalence when comparing extensive with intensive systems, with the extensive system having much greater seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edilu Jorga
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Abdelrahman MM, Alhidary IA, Aljumaah RS, Faye B. Blood Trace Element Status in Camels: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2116. [PMID: 36009706 PMCID: PMC9405446 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals play an important role in animal health and productivity. They are involved also in many physiological activities, and their deficiency causes a variety of pathological problems and metabolic defects, reducing consequently the animal productivity. The demand for animal products in semi-arid areas is rapidly increasing, and the supply is still below the required level, partially due to low animal productivity. Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) are considered one of the main sources of healthy, high-quality meat and milk for human consumption within most of the countries in the semi-arid regions. Despite their efficient adaptation to their environment, camels can suffer from the growth retardation of newborns, low feed efficiency, anemia, poor fertility, poor reproduction and many other metabolic disorders. It is well known that trace mineral deficiencies and trace mineral toxicities can influence camels' production and reproductive efficiency, as well as many aspects of their growth and metabolism. Evaluating the trace minerals status of camels and their variability is an obvious step toward improving camels' productivity and health. Thus, the present article reviews the data regarding the status of trace minerals (copper, zinc, iron, selenium, manganese, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, molybdenum, sulfur, bromide and nickel) in camel blood and their physiological variability, with a focus on their deficiency and toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutassim M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh S. Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bernard Faye
- CIRAD-ES, UMR SELMET, TA/C 112A, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Kazakh National University Al-Farabi, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- Department of biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bernard Faye
- Department of biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam T Kadim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Issa S Al-Amri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdulaziz Y Alkindi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Quazi M I Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
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Kandeel M, Al-Taher A, Venugopala KN, Marzok M, Morsy M, Nagaraja S. Camel Proteins and Enzymes: A Growing Resource for Functional Evolution and Environmental Adaptation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911511. [PMID: 35903143 PMCID: PMC9315206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Al-Kharusi A, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Faraz A, Al-Ansari A, Burger P, Mahgoub O, Al-Kharousi K, Al-Duhli H, Al-Sinani M, Al-Hatali R, Roberts D. Detection of Trypanosoma Infection in Dromedary Camels by Using Different Diagnostic Techniques in Northern Oman. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1348. [PMID: 35681813 PMCID: PMC9179285 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel trypanosomoses is considered a devastating disease with severe health consequences that can be caused by different hemoprotozoan parasites. Camel samples (388) from the five regions in Northern Oman were assessed using a thin blood film. In addition, 95 seropositive samples were analyzed using various primers of mechanically transmitted trypanosomes. Out of the 388 blood smears examined, 0.8% (CI 95%, 2/388) were found to be positive for Trypanosoma sp. using a microscope. The parasitologically positive cases were detected in samples from females. The overall molecular prevalences were as follows: TBR was 78/95, 77% (CI 73.1-89.2%); ITS was 30/95, 31.6% (CI 73.1-89.2%); and T. evansi type A (RoTat 1.2) was 8/95, 8.4% (CI 4.0-16.0%). There were two species of trypanosomes that were observed in the camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al-Kharusi
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat 8076, Sudan
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
| | - Asim Faraz
- Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Osman Mahgoub
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Kaadhia Al-Kharousi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Halima Al-Duhli
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Sinani
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Raqiya Al-Hatali
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Derek Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
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Collins M, Ngetich C, Owido M, Getange D, Harris R, Bargul JL, Bodha B, Njoroge D, Muloi D, Martins DJ, Villinger J, Githaka N, Baylis M, Fèvre EM, Kanduma E, Younan M, Bell-Sakyi L. Detection of Antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. in Dromedary Camels and Co-Grazing Sheep in Northern Kenya Using an Ehrlichia ruminantium Polyclonal Competitive ELISA. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050916. [PMID: 35630361 PMCID: PMC9144424 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A disease with clinical and post-mortem presentation similar to those seen in heartwater, a tick-borne disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium, was first reported in dromedary camels in Kenya in 2016; investigations carried out at the time to determine the cause were inconclusive. In the present study, we screened sera from Kenyan camels collected before (2015) and after (2020) the 2016 disease outbreak for antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. using an E. ruminantium polyclonal competitive ELISA (PC-ELISA). Median antibody levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) amongst camels originating from areas where the heartwater-like disease was reported than from disease-free areas, for animals sampled in both 2015 and 2020. Overall median seropositivity was higher in camels sampled in 2015 than in 2020, which could have been due to higher mean age in the former group. Camels that were PCR-positive for Candidatus Ehrlichia regneryi had significantly lower (p = 0.03) median antibody levels than PCR-negative camels. Our results indicate that Kenyan camels are frequently exposed to E. ruminantium from an early age, E. ruminantium was unlikely to have been the sole cause of the outbreak of heartwater-like disease; and Ca. E. regneryi does not appreciably cross-react with E. ruminantium in the PC-ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Collins
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
| | - Collins Ngetich
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya; (C.N.); (M.O.); (N.G.)
| | - Milton Owido
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya; (C.N.); (M.O.); (N.G.)
| | - Dennis Getange
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya; (D.G.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Robert Harris
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya; (D.G.); (J.L.B.)
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya;
| | - Boku Bodha
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, County Government of Marsabit, Marsabit P.O. Box 384-60500, Kenya;
| | - Daniel Njoroge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, Njoro P.O. Box 536-20115, Kenya;
| | - Dishon Muloi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya; (C.N.); (M.O.); (N.G.)
| | | | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya;
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya; (C.N.); (M.O.); (N.G.)
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya; (C.N.); (M.O.); (N.G.)
| | - Esther Kanduma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya;
| | - Mario Younan
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Programme and Operational Support to Syria Crisis, UN Cross-Border Hub, Gaziantep 27010, Turkey;
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (M.C.); (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.B.); (E.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Mohamedien D, Mohamed SA, Salem AO, Fath El-Bab MR. Mapping the Distribution of Special Structured Pulmonary Vasculatures in the Dromedary Camel ( Camelus dromedarius): Histological and Histochemical Study. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:1-11. [PMID: 35317877 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is adapted to survive the harsh environments. It has some key adaptation peculiarities in various organs. In this study, we aimed to map the distribution pattern of unique regulatory devices along the course of the pulmonary vessels using histological and histochemical analyses. Arteries with variable wall thickness and spirally oriented course were recorded within the adventitia of the main pulmonary artery. Throttle arteries and glomus bolsters were found within the wall of the lobar pulmonary artery. The bronchial artery was located within the wall of all bronchi reaching the subsegmental branches and it had elastic longitudinal muscular intima bolsters. Arteries with double muscular media were demonstrated in the pulmonary pleura. These bolsters are suggested to play a complicated role that allows for hemodynamic, humeral, and thermoregulatory activities. The lumen of some subsegmental pulmonary veins revealed occasional constrictions arising from the corresponding muscular pad-like protrusions of the tunica media. These veins may possess occlusive or constrictive mechanisms and their obstruction induces engorgement of the associated capillary bed in addition to restricting venous outflow. Collectively, these data strongly recommend a crucial role for the special regulatory devices in preserving the camel pulmonary function in the harsh desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Mohamedien
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena83523, Egypt
| | - Salma A Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena83523, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Salem
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Fath El-Bab
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit71526, Egypt
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50
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Chi H, Wang Y, Li E, Wang X, Wang H, Jin H, Han Q, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhu A, Sun J, Zhuang Z, Zhang L, Ye J, Wang H, Feng N, Hu M, Gao Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xia X. Inactivated Rabies Virus Vectored MERS-Coronavirus Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity in Mice, Camels, and Alpacas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823949. [PMID: 35173733 PMCID: PMC8842186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emergent coronavirus that has caused frequent zoonotic events through camel-to-human spillover. An effective camelid vaccination strategy is probably the best way to reduce human exposure risk. Here, we constructed and evaluated an inactivated rabies virus-vectored MERS-CoV vaccine in mice, camels, and alpacas. Potent antigen-specific antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses were generated in mice; moreover, the vaccination reduced viral replication and accelerated virus clearance in MERS-CoV-infected mice. Besides, protective antibody responses against both MERS-CoV and rabies virus were induced in camels and alpacas. Satisfyingly, the immune sera showed broad cross-neutralizing activity against the three main MERS-CoV clades. For further characterization of the antibody response induced in camelids, MERS-CoV-specific variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibody (VHHs) were isolated from immunized alpacas and showed potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies in the Ad5-hDPP4-transduced mouse model. These results highlight the inactivated rabies virus-vectored MERS-CoV vaccine as a promising camelid candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Entao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Food and Drug Inspection Laboratory, Administration for Drug and Instrument Supervision and Inspection, Beijing, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuxue Han
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingmeiqi Ye
- Institute of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Jilin Wild Animal Rescue Breeding Center Committee, Jilin Province Northeast Tiger Garden, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mingda Hu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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