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Sur LM, Floca E, Sur DG, Colceriu MC, Samasca G, Sur G. Antinuclear Antibodies: Marker of Diagnosis and Evolution in Autoimmune Diseases. Lab Med 2018; 49:e62-e73. [PMID: 29868860 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are autoantibodies that attack self-proteins within cell nucleus structures; their presence in serum may indicate an autoimmune disease. Also, positive ANA test results have been obtained in chronic infectious diseases, cancers, medication-related adverse events, and even healthy individuals. As a result, a correct interpretation of the presence of ANAs is needed.Identification of ANAs subtypes is an important part of clinical immunology. The presence of ANAs in patient blood specimens is detected using a cell-line substrate from human laryngeal carcinoma (HEp-2 cells). On this substrate, ANAs will bind specific antigens, which will lead to a suggestive fluorescent emission. The fluorescence patterns visualized under the fluorescence microscope can be correlated with certain subtypes of ANA and certain autoimmune diseases.Depending on the subtype of ANA present in the serum and the targeted antigen, several staining patterns are reported, namely, nuclear patterns, nucleolar patterns, cell cycle patterns, or cytoplasmatic patterns. Identification of a certain pattern can lead to diagnosis of a certain autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Sur
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca-Pediatrics I Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emanuela Floca
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology "Octavian Fodor" Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel G Sur
- The Oncology Institute, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius C Colceriu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Ha?ieganu" , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Samasca
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca-Pediatrics II Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Genel Sur
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca-Pediatrics II Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ensafi S, Lu S, Kassim AA, Tan CL. Accurate HEp-2 cell classification based on sparse bag of words coding. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2017; 57:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Azizi G, Ziaee V, Tavakol M, Alinia T, Yazdai R, Mohammadi H, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Approach to the Management of Autoimmunity in Primary Immunodeficiency. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:13-29. [PMID: 27862144 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) consist of a genetically heterogeneous group of immune disorders that affect distinct elements of the immune system. PID patients are more prone to infections and non-infectious complications, particularly autoimmunity. The concomitance of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity appears to be paradoxical and leads to difficulty in the management of autoimmune complications in PID patients. Therefore, management of autoimmunity in patients with PID requires special considerations because dysregulations and dysfunctions of the immune system along with persistent inflammation impair the process of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Ziaee
- Pediatric Rheumatology Research Group, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Tavakol
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - T Alinia
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Yazdai
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guerra LL, Faccinetti NI, Trabucchi A, Rovitto BD, Sabljic AV, Poskus E, Iacono RF, Valdez SN. Novel prokaryotic expression of thioredoxin-fused insulinoma associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (IA-2), its characterization and immunodiagnostic application. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:84. [PMID: 27881117 PMCID: PMC5122161 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insulinoma associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (IA-2) is one of the immunodominant autoantigens involved in the autoimmune attack to the beta-cell in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. In this work we have developed a complete and original process for the production and recovery of the properly folded intracellular domain of IA-2 fused to thioredoxin (TrxIA-2ic) in Escherichia coli GI698 and GI724 strains. We have also carried out the biochemical and immunochemical characterization of TrxIA-2icand design variants of non-radiometric immunoassays for the efficient detection of IA-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A). Results The main findings can be summarized in the following statements: i) TrxIA-2ic expression after 3 h of induction on GI724 strain yielded ≈ 10 mg of highly pure TrxIA-2ic/L of culture medium by a single step purification by affinity chromatography, ii) the molecular weight of TrxIA-2ic (55,358 Da) could be estimated by SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography and mass spectrometry, iii) TrxIA-2ic was properly identified by western blot and mass spectrometric analysis of proteolytic digestions (63.25 % total coverage), iv) excellent immunochemical behavior of properly folded full TrxIA-2ic was legitimized by inhibition or displacement of [35S]IA-2 binding from IA-2A present in Argentinian Type 1 Diabetic patients, v) great stability over time was found under proper storage conditions and vi) low cost and environmentally harmless ELISA methods for IA-2A assessment were developed, with colorimetric or chemiluminescent detection. Conclusions E. coli GI724 strain emerged as a handy source of recombinant IA-2ic, achieving high levels of expression as a thioredoxin fusion protein, adequately validated and applicable to the development of innovative and cost-effective immunoassays for IA-2A detection in most laboratories. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0309-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Lucas Guerra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Inés Faccinetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trabucchi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno David Rovitto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Victoria Sabljic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Poskus
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruben Francisco Iacono
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Noemí Valdez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Azizi G, Abolhassani H, Asgardoon MH, Alinia T, Yazdani R, Mohammadi J, Rezaei N, Ochs HD, Aghamohammadi A. Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:101-115. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1224664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hosein Asgardoon
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Student Society for Immunodeficiencies, Student’s Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Alinia
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Measurement of multiple antibodies has been possible for years using labor-intensive methods such as counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoprecipitation. Recently, simpler methods that are more practical for routine analysis, often described as multiplex technologies, have been introduced. One common technique, the line assay, uses nitrocellulose strips that are precoated at different locations with more than a dozen recombinant proteins or peptides. Detection of results may be performed visually or with scanning instrumentation. A second technique uses families of polystyrene beads that are dyed to establish a unique identity; each bead type is then coated with a specific affinity-purified or recombinant protein. Detection is performed by flow cytometry. There have been multiple descriptions of the use of these techniques for measuring antibodies associated with the antinuclear antibody screen. More recent reports describe applications to antibodies associated with hypothyroidism, ANCA, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and celiac disease. This review summarizes the work that has been performed to date and examines the potential benefits of multiplexing to both the laboratory and the physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Binder
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
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8
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Shi L, Bian Z, Chen CXJ, Guo YN, Lv Z, Zeng C, Liu Z, Zen K, Liu Y. CD47 deficiency ameliorates autoimmune nephritis in Fas(lpr) mice by suppressing IgG autoantibody production. J Pathol 2015; 237:285-95. [PMID: 26095930 DOI: 10.1002/path.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CD47, a self-recognition marker, plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. To explore the potential role of CD47 in activation of autoreactive T and B cells and the production of autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we have generated CD47 knockout Fas(lpr) (CD47(-/-) -Fas(lpr) ) mice and examined histopathological changes in the kidneys, cumulative survival rates, proteinuria, extent of splenomegaly and autoantibodies, serum chemistry and immunological parameters. In comparison with Fas(lpr) mice, CD47(-/-) -Fas(lpr) mice exhibit a prolonged lifespan and delayed autoimmune nephritis, including glomerular cell proliferation, basement membrane thickening, acute tubular atrophy and vacuolization. CD47(-/-) -Fas(lpr) mice have lower levels of proteinuria, associated with reduced deposition of complement C3 and C1q, and IgG but not IgM in the glomeruli, compared to age-matched Fas(lpr) mice. Serum levels of antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies are significantly lower in CD47(-/-) -Fas(lpr) than in Fas(lpr) mice. CD47(-/-) -Fas(lpr) mice also display less pronounced splenomegaly than Fas(lpr) mice. The mechanistic studies further suggest that CD47 deficiency impairs the antigenic challenge-induced production of IgG but not IgM, and that this effect is associated with reduction of T follicular cells and impairment of germinal centre development in lymphoid tissues. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CD47 deficiency ameliorates lupus nephritis in Fas(lpr) mice via suppression of IgG autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Peoples Republic of China
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhen Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Peoples Republic of China
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia X J Chen
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Guo
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lv
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Peoples Republic of China
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Automation, consolidation, and integration in autoimmune diagnostics. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2015; 6:1-6. [PMID: 26138781 PMCID: PMC4536237 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-015-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, we have witnessed an extraordinary change in autoimmune diagnostics, characterized by the progressive evolution of analytical technologies, the availability of new tests, and the explosive growth of molecular biology and proteomics. Aside from these huge improvements, organizational changes have also occurred which brought about a more modern vision of the autoimmune laboratory. The introduction of automation (for harmonization of testing, reduction of human error, reduction of handling steps, increase of productivity, decrease of turnaround time, improvement of safety), consolidation (combining different analytical technologies or strategies on one instrument or on one group of connected instruments) and integration (linking analytical instruments or group of instruments with pre- and post-analytical devices) opened a new era in immunodiagnostics. In this article, we review the most important changes that have occurred in autoimmune diagnostics and present some models related to the introduction of automation in the autoimmunology laboratory, such as automated indirect immunofluorescence and changes in the two-step strategy for detection of autoantibodies; automated monoplex immunoassays and reduction of turnaround time; and automated multiplex immunoassays for autoantibody profiling.
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Mustafa MB, Porter SR, Smoller BR, Sitaru C. Oral mucosal manifestations of autoimmune skin diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:930-51. [PMID: 26117595 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A group of autoimmune diseases is characterised by autoantibodies against epithelial adhesion structures and/or tissue-tropic lymphocytes driving inflammatory processes resulting in specific pathology at the mucosal surfaces and the skin. The most frequent site of mucosal involvement in autoimmune diseases is the oral cavity. Broadly, these diseases include conditions affecting the cell-cell adhesion causing intra-epithelial blistering and those where autoantibodies or infiltration lymphocytes cause a loss of cell-matrix adhesion or interface inflammation. Clinically, patients present with blistering, erosions and ulcers that may affect the skin as well as further mucosal surfaces of the eyes, nose and genitalia. While the autoimmune disease may be suspected based on clinical manifestations, demonstration of tissue-bound and circulating autoantibodies, or lymphocytic infiltrates, by various methods including histological examination, direct and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting and quantitative immunoassay is a prerequisite for definitive diagnosis. Given the frequency of oral involvement and the fact that oral mucosa is the initially affected site in many cases, the informed practitioner should be well acquainted with diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of autoimmune dermatosis with oral involvement. This paper reviews the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of these conditions in the oral cavity with a specific emphasis on their differential diagnosis and current management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayson B Mustafa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Oral medicine section, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Dentistry, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Bruce R Smoller
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, USA
| | - Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Signalhaus Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Velický M, Tam KY, Dryfe RA. Mechanism of ion transfer in supported liquid membrane systems: electrochemical control over membrane distribution. Anal Chem 2014; 86:435-42. [PMID: 24299270 PMCID: PMC3917230 DOI: 10.1021/ac402328w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A polarization study carried out on a thin supported liquid membrane separating two aqueous compartments is presented. Transfer of both the ionized and uncharged form of an organic tracer dye, rhodamine B ([9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-diethylamino-3-xanthenylidene]-diethylammonium chloride), across supported liquid membranes composed of one of 1-octanol (octan-1-ol), 1,9-decadiene (deca-1,9-diene), 1,2-dichlorobenzene, or nitrophenyl octyl ether (1-(2-nitrophenoxy)octane) was studied using cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry. Concentration analysis indicates that the high membrane concentration of rhodamine B determines the ionic transfer observed via voltammetry, which is consistent with the low aqueous ionic concentration and large membrane/aqueous distribution of the molecule. The observed double-transfer voltammogram, although it has been largely neglected in previous literature, is a logical consequence of the presence of two liquid-liquid interfaces and is rationalized in terms of ion transfer across the two interfaces on either side of the membrane and supported by voltammograms obtained for a series of ions of varied lipophilicity. The bipolar nature of the voltammetric response offers an effective way of mass transport control via changing polarity of the applied voltage and finds immediate use in extraction, purification, and separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Velický
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Kin Y. Tam
- Faculty
of Health Science, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Robert A.W. Dryfe
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N. The clinical autoimmunologist and the laboratory autoimmunologist: The two sides of the coin. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:766-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Hasson SS, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Jabri AA. The role of the autoimmunity laboratory in autoimmune diseases. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hasson S, Al-Balushi M, Al-Busaidi J, Al-Jabri A, Sallam T. Prevalence of autoantibodies among patients presented to Sultan Qaboos University hospital (SQUH). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Faulin TDES, de Sena-Evangelista KCM, Pacheco DB, Augusto EM, Abdalla DSP. Development of immunoassays for anti-electronegative LDL autoantibodies and immune complexes. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:291-7. [PMID: 22037508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL-) promotes atherosclerosis through inflammatory and immunologic mechanisms that lead to the production of anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies and to the subsequent formation of immune complexes (IC) and macrophage foam cells. We described the development and validation of an ELISA for the quantification of free anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies and an ELISA for the quantification of IC consisting of LDL(-)-bound IgG in human plasma. METHODS LDL(-) purified from human plasma, and anti-LDL(-) monoclonal antibody Fab fragments were adsorbed onto ELISA plates to capture anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies and IC-LDL(-), respectively. The performance characteristics of both ELISAs, including the limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and inter- and intra-assay precision were evaluated. Linearity, interference and stability tests were also performed. RESULTS The calibration range of the anti-LDL(-) assay was 0.004-0.125 mU/l and plasma demonstrated a dilutional linearity when diluted 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and 1:800. The calibration range of the IC-LDL(-) assay was 0.06-4 U/l, and plasma demonstrated a dilutional linearity when diluted 1:12.5, 1:25, 1:50 and 1:100. Both ELISAs showed intra- and inter-assay precision and recovery within the required limits for immunoassays. CONCLUSION These ELISAs can be used in clinical studies and for the biochemical investigation of atherosclerosis. In addition, they will enable the comprehensive evaluation of the importance of bound or free autoantibodies against LDL(-) in this disease.
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Hoffman JM, Ebara M, Lai JJ, Hoffman AS, Folch A, Stayton PS. A helical flow, circular microreactor for separating and enriching "smart" polymer-antibody capture reagents. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3130-8. [PMID: 20882219 PMCID: PMC3116725 DOI: 10.1039/c004978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a mechanistic study of how flow and recirculation in a microreactor can be used to optimize the capture and release of stimuli-responsive polymer-protein reagents on stimuli-responsive polymer-grafted channel surfaces. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) was grafted to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel walls, creating switchable surfaces where PNIPAAm-protein conjugates would adhere at temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and released below the LCST. A PNIPAAm-streptavidin conjugate that can capture biotinylated antibody-antigen targets was first characterized. The conjugate's immobilization and release were limited by mass transport to and from the functionalized PNIPAAm surface. Transport and adsorption efficiencies were dependent on the aggregate size of the PNIPAAm-streptavidin conjugate above the LCST and also were dependent on whether the conjugates were heated in the presence of the stimuli-responsive surface or pre-aggregated and then flowed across the surface. As conjugate size increased, through the addition of non-conjugated PNIPAAm, recirculation and mixing were shown to markedly improve conjugate immobilization compared to diffusion alone. Under optimized conditions of flow and reagent concentrations, approximately 60% of the streptavidin conjugate bolus could be captured at the surface and subsequently successfully released. The kinetic release profile sharpness was also strongly improved with recirculation and helical mixing. Finally, the concentration of protein-polymer conjugates could be achieved by continuous conjugate flow into the heated recirculator, allowing nearly linear enrichment of the conjugate reagent from larger volumes. This capability was shown with anti-p24 HIV monoclonal antibody reagents that were enriched over 5-fold using this protocol. These studies provide insight into the mechanism of smart polymer-protein conjugate capture and release in grafted channels and show the potential of this purification and enrichment module for processing diagnostic samples.
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Sarzi-Puttini P, Doria A. Organ specific-autoantibodies: Their role as markers and predictors of disease. Autoimmunity 2009; 41:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930701619136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Kaul R, Johnson K, Scholz H, Marr G. Performance of the BioPlex™ 2200 Autoimmune Vasculitis kit. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Lorenz P, Kreutzer M, Zerweck J, Schutkowski M, Thiesen HJ. Probing the epitope signatures of IgG antibodies in human serum from patients with autoimmune disease. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 524:247-58. [PMID: 19377950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-450-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High density peptide microarray technologies can be applied in experimental medicine in general and in clinical immunology in particular. Laboratory diagnostics of autoimmune diseases strongly rely on screening human sera for antibodies against known autoantigens. These assays are still difficult to standardize and quantify. Typically, the results are presented as antibody titers within an assay system. Most assays use recombinant or purified autoantigens that are difficult to obtain and require great efforts of quality control. Here we describe a method to obtain patterns of epitope signatures with peptide microarrays from patients suffering from autoimmune diseases in comparison with healthy controls. One of the final aims will be to define subsets of peptides indicative for marker autoantibodies of autoimmune diseases. Finally, informative epitopes can be used for immunopurifying epitope-specific autoantibodies. Eventually, these antibodies can be further characterized on peptide microarrays displaying mutated epitopes obtained by scanning mutagenesis. Any disease or physiological status that affect humoral immune responses such as autoantibodies in oncology or responses to infections or vaccinations can be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lorenz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
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20
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Bernstein IL, Li JT, Bernstein DI, Hamilton R, Spector SL, Tan R, Sicherer S, Golden DBK, Khan DA, Nicklas RA, Portnoy JM, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Lang DM, Oppenheimer J, Randolph CC, Schuller DE, Tilles SA, Wallace DV, Levetin E, Weber R. Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:S1-148. [PMID: 18431959 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Sukhanova A, Susha AS, Bek A, Mayilo S, Rogach AL, Feldmann J, Oleinikov V, Reveil B, Donvito B, Cohen JHM, Nabiev I. Nanocrystal-encoded fluorescent microbeads for proteomics: antibody profiling and diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:2322-7. [PMID: 17645364 DOI: 10.1021/nl070966+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The first application of nanocrystal (NC)-encoded microbeads to clinical proteomics is demonstrated by multiplexed detection of circulating autoantibodies, markers of systemic sclerosis. Two-color complexes, consisting of NC-encoded, antigen-covered beads, anti-antigen antibody or clinical serum samples, and dye-tagged detecting antibodies, were observed using flow cytometry assays and on the surface of single beads. The results of flow cytometry assays correlated with the ELISA technique and provided clear discrimination between the sera samples of healthy donors and patients with autoimmune disease. Microbead fluorescence signals exhibited narrow distribution regardless of their surface antigen staining, without the need of any fluorescence compensation-a parameter determining the limit of sensitivity of flow cytometry assays. In single bead measurements, less than 30 dye-labeled antibodies interacting with the topoI-specific antibodies at the surface of a bead have been detected by the emission of dye excited through the FRET from NCs. In this format, the antibody-bead interaction reaction turns specifically the fluorescence signal from dye label off and on, additionally increasing autoantibody detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Sukhanova
- EA No. 3798 Détection et Approches Thérapeutiques Nanotechnologiques dans les Mécanismes Biologiques de Défense, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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22
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Lonini L, Accoto D, Petroni S, Guglielmelli E. Dispensing an enzyme-conjugated solution into an ELISA plate by adapting ink-jet printers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:1180-4. [PMID: 17588671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and precise delivery of small volumes of bio-fluids (from picoliters to nanoliters) is a key feature of modern bioanalytical assays. Commercial ink-jet printers are low-cost systems which enable the dispensing of tiny droplets at a rate which may exceed 10(4) Hz per nozzle. Currently, the main ejection technologies are piezoelectric and bubble-jet. We adapted two commercial printers, respectively a piezoelectric and a bubble-jet one, for the deposition of immunoglobulins into an ELISA plate. The objective was to perform a comparative evaluation of the two classes of ink-jet technologies in terms of required hardware modifications and possible damage on the dispensed molecules. The hardware of the two printers was modified to dispense an enzyme conjugate solution, containing polyclonal rabbit anti-human IgG labelled with HRP in 7 wells of an ELISA plate. Moreover, the ELISA assay was used to assess the functional activity of the biomolecules after ejection. ELISA is a common and well-assessed technique to detect the presence of particular antigens or antibodies in a sample. We employed an ELISA diagnostic kit for the qualitative screening of anti-ENA antibodies to verify the ability of the dispensed immunoglobulins to bind the primary antibodies in the wells. Experimental tests showed that the dispensing of immunoglobulins using the piezoelectric printer does not cause any detectable difference on the outcome of the ELISA test if compared to manual dispensing using micropipettes. On the contrary, the thermal printhead was not able to reliably dispense the bio-fluid, which may mean that a surfactant is required to modify the wetting properties of the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lonini
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Longoni 83 00155 Rome, Italy
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23
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Fakhrullin RF, Vinter VG, Zamaleeva AI, Matveeva MV, Kourbanov RA, Temesgen BK, Ishmuchametova DG, Abramova ZI, Konovalova OA, Salakhov MK. Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:367-75. [PMID: 17393148 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor with the simultaneous measurement of resonance frequency and motional resistance for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The immobilization of poly(L-lysine) and subsequent complexation with DNA resulted in formation of a sensitive dsDNA-containing nanofilm on the surface of a gold electrode. Atomic force microscopy has been applied for the characterization of a poly(L-lysine)-DNA film. After the blocking with bovine serum albumin, the immunosensor in flow-injection mode was used to detect the antibodies to dsDNA in purified protein solutions of antibodies to dsDNA and to single-stranded DNA, monoclonal human immunoglobulin G, DNase I and in blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus. Experimental results indicate high sensitivity and selectivity of the immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawil F Fakhrullin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia.
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24
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Villalta D, Tozzoli R, Tonutti E, Bizzaro N. The laboratory approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases: is it time to change? Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:359-65. [PMID: 17537381 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Array technology and proteomics are about to launch the era of multiplexed analysis, which allows simultaneous detection of numerous autoantibody specificities and the possibility of defining broad autoantibody profiles. This will probably improve disease staging, risk stratification, prognosis and treatment. However, although these technologies are very promising, they are still in their infancy, and therefore need to undergo strict analytical and clinical validation processes. The latter should involve clinicians and pathologists in prospective, multicentric studies conducted on large numbers of patients to define the specific significance of the various autoantibody profiles. Establishing common standards for the publication and sharing of microarray-generated data will be important for this purpose. Only when these studies have been completed will these new technologies find a place in clinical laboratories. Although we are entering a decade which will probably see a radical change in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune diseases, we do not yet have sufficient knowledge to apply proteomic technologies on a large scale. For the time being, therefore, it is advisable to continue using well-established approaches and diagnostic algorithms such as those reported in the international guidelines, which have been prepared in accordance with the principles of appropriateness and evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Villalta
- Immunologia Clinica e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria degli Angeli, via Montereale 24, 33170 Pordenone, Italy.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are common by diseases characterized by disorders of immune responses and autoimmune impairment involving multiple tissues, organs and systems. The autoantigens (Ags)/autoantibodies (Abs) are not only hallmarks but also involved in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In recent years, proteomics technologies have been used and demonstrated effective in searching new Ags/Abs as well as disease biomarkers in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiang
- Department of Bioregulation and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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