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Zhang L, Chen X, Wang J, Chen M, Chen J, Zhuang W, Xia Y, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Huang Y. Cysteine protease inhibitor 1 promotes metastasis by mediating an oxidative phosphorylation/MEK/ERK axis in esophageal squamous carcinoma cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4985. [PMID: 38424293 PMCID: PMC10904862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cysteine protease inhibitor 1 (CST1) is a cystatin superfamily protein that inhibits cysteine protease activity and is reported to be involved in the development of many malignancies. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) also plays an important role in cancer cell growth regulation. However, the relationship and roles of CST1 and OXPHOS in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. In our pilot study, CST1 was shown the potential of promoting ESCC migration and invasion by the activation of MEK/ERK pathway. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that CST1 is closely associated with OXPHOS. Based on a real-time ATP rate assay, mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity assay, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, and addition of the OXPHOS inhibitor Rotenone and MEK/ERK inhibitor PD98059, we determined that CST1 affects mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity by interacting with the GRIM19 protein to elevate OXPHOS levels, and a reciprocal regulatory relationship exists between OXPHOS and the MEK/ERK pathway in ESCC cells. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated the potential of CST1 in ESCC metastasis through regulation of the OXPHOS and MEK/ERK pathways. This study is the first to reveal the oncogenic role of CST1 in ESCC development by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity to activate the OXPHOS/MEK/ERK axis, and then promote ESCC metastasis, suggesting that CST1/OXPHOS is a promising target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangming Zhang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350008, Fujian, China
| | - Xiongfeng Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350008, Fujian, China
| | - Meihong Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350008, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Fuding Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuding, 355200, Fujian, China
| | - Wanzhen Zhuang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, No.134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
- Central Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
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Zhong W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhuang W, Chen J, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Huang Y. Combination of serum CST1 and HE4 for early diagnosis of endometrial cancer. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16424. [PMID: 38077439 PMCID: PMC10704982 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optimal serological biomarkers have been absent for the early diagnosis of endometrial cancer, to date. In this study, we aimed to define the diagnostic performances of individual and combined detection of serum cysteine protease inhibitor 1 (CST1) with traditional tumor markers, including glycated antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), in patients with early-stage endometrial cancer (EC). Methods The performances of individual and combined detection of serum CST1, HE4, and CA125 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescent immunoassay, respectively. A training data set of 67 patients with early EC, 67 patients with endometrial benign lesion (EBL), and 67 healthy controls (HC) was used to develop a predictive model for early EC diagnosis, which was validated by an independent validation data set. Results In the training data set, serum CST1 and HE4 levels in the early EC group were significantly higher than in EBL/HC groups (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference of serum CA125 level between the early EC and EBL/HC groups (P > 0.05). Serum CST1 and HE4 exhibited areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.715 with 31.3% sensitivity at 90.3% specificity, and 0.706 with 23.9% sensitivity at 95.5% specificity, respectively. Combined detection of serum CST1 and HE4 exhibited an AUC of 0.788 with 49.3% sensitivity at 92.5% specificity. The combination of serum CST1 and HE4 showed promise in diagnosis. Conclusion CST1 is a prospective serological biomarker for early EC diagnosis, and the combination of CST1 and HE4 contributes to the further improvement in the diagnosis of patients with early-stage EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunliang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangming Zhang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanzhen Zhuang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Ou R, Lin C, Chen Y. CST2 is activated by RUNX1 and promotes pancreatic cancer progression by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 747:109760. [PMID: 37722526 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin 2 (CST2) is a protein coding gene that belongs to a large superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. The deregulation of CST2 has been implicated in human cancers. The role of CST2 in pancreatic carcinogenesis has not yet been investigated. In this study, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis was performed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset containing pancreatic tumor samples and normal tissues. The functional role of CST2 in pancreatic cells was investigated by gene knockdown in vitro and in mouse xenograft tumor model. We found that CST2 was overexpressed in pancreatic tumor samples and cell lines. The knockdown of CST2 led to reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion, while apoptotic events were increased upon CST2 silencing in pancreatic cancer cells. In the xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cells, CST2 knockdown also retarded tumor growth on tumor growth. RUNX1 was identified as a transcription factor which positively regulated the expression of CST2. Further, we showed that, CST2 knockdown suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling in pancreatic cells. Overall, our findings suggest that CST2 serves as an oncogene which facilitates the progression of pancreatic cancer. RUNX1 functions to upregulate CST2 in pancreatic cancer cells and CST2 may promote the malignancy of pancreatic cells by maintaining the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwen Ou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; Fujian Abdominal Surgery Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China
| | - Chengjie Lin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; Fujian Abdominal Surgery Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China
| | - Youting Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; Fujian Abdominal Surgery Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China.
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Li D, Wang Y, Dong C, Chen T, Dong A, Ren J, Li W, Shu G, Yang J, Shen W, Qin L, Hu L, Zhou J. CST1 inhibits ferroptosis and promotes gastric cancer metastasis by regulating GPX4 protein stability via OTUB1. Oncogene 2023; 42:83-98. [PMID: 36369321 PMCID: PMC9816059 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is an important factor contributing to poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer; yet, the molecular mechanism leading to this cell behavior is still not well understood. In this study, we explored the role of cysteine protease inhibitor SN (Cystatin SN, CST1) in promoting gastric cancer metastasis. We hypothesized that CST1 could regulate gastric cancer progression by regulating GPX4 and ferroptosis. Whole transcriptome sequencing suggested that the expression of CST1 was significantly increased in metastatic cancer, and high CST1 expression was correlated with a worse prognosis. Our data further confirmed that the overexpression of CST1 may significantly promote the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro and enhance liver, lung, and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer in nude mice. Meanwhile, high expression of CST1 promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, a co-immunoprecipitation experiment combined with mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that CST1 could interact with GPX4, a key protein regulating ferroptosis. CST1 relieves GPX4 ubiquitination modification by recruiting OTUB1, improving GPX4 protein stability and reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and, in turn, promoting gastric cancer metastasis. Moreover, clinical data suggested that CST1 is significantly increased in peripheral blood and ascites of gastric cancer patients with metastasis; multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that CST1 was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Overall, our results elucidated a critical pathway through which high CST1 expression protects gastric cancer cells from undergoing ferroptosis, thus promoting its progression and metastasis. CST1 may be used as a new oncological marker and potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Li
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Chao Dong
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Tao Chen
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Anqi Dong
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiayu Ren
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Weikang Li
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Gege Shu
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaoyang Yang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang J, Tan Y, Jia QY, Tang FQ. Transcriptional factor III A promotes colorectal cancer progression by upregulating cystatin A. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1918-1932. [PMID: 36310710 PMCID: PMC9611429 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i10.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) generally has poor outcomes and high mortality rates. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC progression is necessary to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve CRC outcome and decrease mortality. Transcriptional factor III A (GTF3A), an RNA polymerase III transcriptional factor, is a critical driver of tumorgenesis and aggravates CRC cell growth.
AIM To confirm whether GTF3A promotes CRC progression by regulating the expression of cystatin A (Csta) gene and investigate whether GTF3A can serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
METHODS Human tissue microarrays containing 90 pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, and human tissue microarrays containing 20 pairs of CRC tissues, adjacent non-tumor tissues, and metastatic tissues were examined for GTF3A expression using immunohistochemistry. The survival rates of patients were analyzed. Short hairpin GTF3As and CSTAs were designed and packaged into the virus to block the expression of Gtf3a and Csta genes, respectively. In vivo tumor growth assays were performed to confirm whether GTF3A promotes CRC cell proliferation in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay were used to detect the interaction of GTF3A with Csta, whereas luciferase activity assay was used to evaluate the expression of the Gtf3a and Csta genes. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and data analyses were used to screen for target genes of GTF3A.
RESULTS The expression of GTF3A was higher in CRC tissues and lymph node metastatic tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues. GTF3A was associated with CRC prognosis, and knockdown of the Gtf3a gene impaired CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and motility in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis revealed that GTF3A might upregulate the expression of Csta, whereas the luciferase activity assay showed that GTF3A bound to the promoter of Csta gene and increased Csta transcription. Furthermore, CSTA regulated the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers.
CONCLUSION GTF3A increases CSTA expression by binding to the Csta promoter, and increased CSTA level promotes CRC progression by regulating the EMT. Inhibition of GTF3A prevents CRC progression. Therefore, GTF3A is a potential novel therapeutic target and biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qun-Ying Jia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fa-Qin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Altered differentiation of endometrial mesenchymal stromal fibroblasts is associated with endometriosis susceptibility. Commun Biol 2022; 5:600. [PMID: 35725766 PMCID: PMC9209414 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular development is tightly regulated as mature cells with aberrant functions may initiate pathogenic processes. The endometrium is a highly regenerative tissue, shedding and regenerating each month. Endometrial stromal fibroblasts are regenerated each cycle from mesenchymal stem cells and play a pivotal role in endometriosis, a disease characterised by endometrial cells that grow outside the uterus. Why the cells of some women are more capable of developing into endometriosis lesions is not clear. Using isolated, purified and cultured endometrial cells of mesenchymal origin from 19 women with (n = 10) and without (n = 9) endometriosis we analysed the transcriptome of 33,758 individual cells and compared these to clinical characteristics and in vitro growth profiles. We show purified mesenchymal cell cultures include a mix of mesenchymal stem cells and two endometrial stromal fibroblast subtypes with distinct transcriptomic signatures indicative of varied progression through the differentiation processes. The fibroblast subgroup characterised by incomplete differentiation was predominantly (81%) derived from women with endometriosis and exhibited an altered in vitro growth profile. These results uncover an inherent difference in endometrial cells of women with endometriosis and highlight the relevance of cellular differentiation and its potential to contribute to disease susceptibility. Comparing single cell transcriptome data to clinical characteristics and in vitro growth profiles uncovers a potential role for divergent mesenchymal-derived stromal fibroblast maturation in endometriosis susceptibility.
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Yang J, Luo G, Li C, Zhao Z, Ju S, Li Q, Chen Z, Ding C, Tong X, Zhao J. Cystatin SN promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and serves as a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:589. [PMID: 35637432 PMCID: PMC9150371 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystatins are a class of proteins that can inhibit cysteine protease and are widely distributed in human bodily fluids and secretions. Cystatin SN (CST1), a member of the CST superfamily, is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. However, its effect on the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Methods We obtained transcriptome analysis data of CST1 from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE31210 databases. The association of CST1 expression with prognosis, gene mutations and tumor immune microenvironment was analyzed using public databases. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of CST1. Results In this study, we found that CST1 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and was associated with prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment. Genetic mutations of CST1 were shown to be related to disease-free survival (DFS) by using the c-BioPortal tool. Potential proteins binding to CST1 were identified by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of CST1 revealed that CST1 was notably enriched in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cell experiments confirmed that overexpression of CST1 promoted lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion, while knockdown of CST1 significantly inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion. Conclusions Our comprehensive bioinformatics analyses revealed that CST1 may be a novel prognostic biomarker in LUAD. Experiments confirmed that CST1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in LUAD cells. These findings will help to better understand the distinct role of CST1 in LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09685-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gaomeng Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhunlin Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Ju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qifan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhike Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Zhao M, Jin X, Chen Z, Zhang H, Zhan C, Wang H, Wang Q. Weighted Correlation Network Analysis of Cancer Stem Cell-Related Prognostic Biomarkers in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221117003. [PMID: 35899307 PMCID: PMC9340319 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221117003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of cancer stem cells in esophageal squamous
cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Methods: The mRNA stemness
index (mRNAsi) of 179 ESCC patients (GSE53625) was calculated using a machine
learning algorithm based on their mRNA expression. Stemness-related genes were
identified by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and LASSO
regression, whose associations with mutation status, immune cell infiltrations,
and potential compounds were also analyzed. The role of these genes in
proliferation and their expressions was assessed in ESCC cell lines and 112
samples from our center. Results: The ESCC samples had
significantly higher mRNAsi than the normal tissues. Patients with high mRNAsi
exhibited higher worse OS. Seven stemness-related genes were identified by WGCNA
and LASSO regression, based on which a risk-predicted score model was
constructed. Among them, CST1, CILP, PITX2, F2RL2, and RIOX1 were favorable for
OS, which were adverse for DPP4 and ZFHX4 in the GSE53625 dataset. However,
RIOX1 was unfavorable for OS in patients from our center. In vitro assays showed
that CST1, CILP, PITX2, F2RL2, and RIOX1 were pro-proliferated, which were
opposite for DDP4 and ZFHX4. In addition, SMARCA4, NOTCH3, DNAH5, and KALRN were
more mutated in the low-score group. The low-score group had significantly more
memory B cells, monocytes, activated NK cells, and Tregs and less macrophages
M2, resting mast cells, and resting dendritic cells. Conclusions:
Seven stemness-related genes are significantly related to the prognosis, gene
mutations, and immune cell infiltration of ESCC. Some potential anticancer
compounds may be favorable for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lai Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wu M, Xing S, Xie Y, Chen S, Li X, Zhang A, He Y, Li H, Dai S, Wang J, Lin S, Bai Y, Du H, Liu W. Identification and Validation of Serum CST1 as a Diagnostic Marker for Differentiating Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer from Pulmonary Benign Nodules. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221104661. [PMID: 35653624 PMCID: PMC9168853 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective means for early diagnosis are imperative to reduce death rate of
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We aimed to find out
high-performance serologic markers to distinguish early-stage NSCLC patients
from benign pulmonary nodule patients and healthy controls (HC). Cystatin-SN
(CST1) is an active cysteine protease inhibitor of the CST superfamily,
involving in the processes of inflammation and tumorigenesis. This is the
first exploration of the diagnostic and prognostic values of serum CST1 in
NSCLC. Methods We analyzed the transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene
Expression Omnibus database, screened biomarkers for NSCLC, and verified the
candidate markers via the ONCOMINE database. Then, we performed ELISA,
western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analysis to detect the expression
levels of CST1 in NSCLC cell lines, tumor tissues, and serum samples of
clinical cohorts. Results We identified 3 up-regulated secreted protein-encoding genes, validated the
expression levels of CST1 in NSCLC tumor tissues and cell lines, and found
that serum CST1 levels of NSCLC (4289 ± 2405 pg/mL) were significantly
higher than those of PBN patients (1558 ± 441 pg/mL, P <
.0001) and healthy controls (1529 ± 416 pg/mL, P <
.0001). The AUC of the combination of CST1, Cytokeratin 19 fragment
(Cyfra21-1), and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for distinguishing
early-stage NSCLC from PBN/HC was as high as .914/0.925. Furthermore, our
results suggested that the NSCLC patient with low serum CST1 level had a
better survival rate. Conclusions Serum CST1 may serve as a novel diagnostic marker for differentiating
early-stage NSCLC from PBN and HC, and could be used as a prognosis
predictor in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Heyuan People's Hospital, Heyuan, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junye Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudai Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, 26467South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, 26467South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, 26467South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Fang SQ, Liu YH, Zhao KP, Zhang HX, Wang HW, Deng YH, Zhou YX, Ge GB, Ni HM, Chen QL. Transcriptional profiling and network pharmacology analysis identify the potential biomarkers from Chinese herbal formula Huosu Yangwei Formula treated gastric cancer in vivo. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:944-953. [PMID: 34961592 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huosu Yangwei (HSYW) Formula is a traditioanl Chinese herbal medicine that has been extensively used to treat chronic atrophic gastritis, precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and advanced gastric cancer. However, the effective compounds of HSYW and its related anti-tumor mechanisms are not completely understood. In the current study, 160 ingredients of HSYW were identified and 64 effective compounds were screened by the ADMET evaluation. Furthermore, 64 effective compounds and 2579 potential targets were mapped based on public databases. Animal experiments demonstrated that HSYW significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Transcriptional profiles revealed that 81 mRNAs were differentially expressed in HSYW-treated N87-bearing Balb/c mice. Network pharmacology and PPI network showed that 12 core genes acted as potential markers to evaluate the curative effects of HSYW. Bioinformatics and qRT-PCR results suggested that HSYW might regulate the mRNA expression of DNAJB4, CALD, AKR1C1, CST1, CASP1, PREX1, SOCS3 and PRDM1 against tumor growth in N87-bearing Balb/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Quan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yue-Han Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun-Peng Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui-Xing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yu-Hai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ni
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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11
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Dinh HQ, Pan F, Wang G, Huang QF, Olingy CE, Wu ZY, Wang SH, Xu X, Xu XE, He JZ, Yang Q, Orsulic S, Haro M, Li LY, Huang GW, Breunig JJ, Koeffler HP, Hedrick CC, Xu LY, Lin DC, Li EM. Integrated single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals heterogeneity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7335. [PMID: 34921160 PMCID: PMC8683407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly complex ecosystem of diverse cell types, which shape cancer biology and impact the responsiveness to therapy. Here, we analyze the microenvironment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using single-cell transcriptome sequencing in 62,161 cells from blood, adjacent nonmalignant and matched tumor samples from 11 ESCC patients. We uncover heterogeneity in most cell types of the ESCC stroma, particularly in the fibroblast and immune cell compartments. We identify a tumor-specific subset of CST1+ myofibroblasts with prognostic values and potential biological significance. CST1+ myofibroblasts are also highly tumor-specific in other cancer types. Additionally, a subset of antigen-presenting fibroblasts is revealed and validated. Analyses of myeloid and T lymphoid lineages highlight the immunosuppressive nature of the ESCC microenvironment, and identify cancer-specific expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This work establishes a rich resource of stromal cell types of the ESCC microenvironment for further understanding of ESCC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Dinh
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Feng Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qing-Feng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
| | - Claire E Olingy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcela Haro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guo-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China.
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - En-Min Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Shantou, China.
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12
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Wang J, Yu L, Sun Y, Zhang L, Tu M, Cai L, Yin X, Pan X, Wang T, Huang Y. Development and Evaluation of Serum CST1 Detection for Early Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:8341-8352. [PMID: 34764696 PMCID: PMC8577471 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s337497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our pilot study has shown that cystatin SN (CST1) protein is highly expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues. We intend to develop a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) available for serum CST1 detection and define the diagnostic value of CST1 detection for early ESCC patients, and establish a panel of CST1 with traditional tumor markers to improve the diagnostic sensitivity for early ESCC. Methods Detection performance of CLEIA for CST1 was evaluated by linearity, detection limit, accuracy, precision, anti-interference and stability. Diagnostic performance of CST1 for early ESCC was evaluated by detecting CST1 of 112 early ESCC, 107 esophageal benign lesions (EBL), and 151 healthy controls (HC). CEA, CYFRA21-1 and SCC-Ag were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Results The linear range and detection limit of CLEIA for CST1 were 6.25-400 pg/mL and 1.35 pg/mL, respectively; the average recovery rate was 102.65%; CVs of intra-batch precision and inter-batch precision were <1/4 TEa and <1/3 TEa, respectively; 8 interferents including 7 common interferents and CST4 had no interference on CST1 detection; stability evaluation showed good sample and reagent stability. The level and positive rate of CST1 in early ESCC group were significantly higher than those in EBL/HC groups (P<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of CST1 for early ESCC was 31.25% (specificity 92.64%, AUC 0.654). The diagnostic sensitivity of traditional tumor markers ranged from 16.07% to 28.57%, at >93.0% specificity, and SCC-Ag showed the highest AUC (0.709). Combination of CST1 and CEA, SCC-Ag exhibited the highest AUC up to 0.736 (sensitivity 49.11%, specificity 89.53%). Conclusion CLEIA has excellent detection performance for CST1. CST1 might be a prospective serological biomarker for early diagnosis of ESCC, while combination of CST1 and CEA, SCC-Ag might improve the early diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yu
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Sun
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Limited Company, Shanghai, 200000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangming Zhang
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Tu
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Cai
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Pan
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Limited Company, Shanghai, 200000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Provincial Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Guo H, Yang J, Liu S, Qin T, Zhao Q, Hou X, Ren L. Prognostic marker identification based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and associated in vitro confirmation in gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4666-4680. [PMID: 34338150 PMCID: PMC8806585 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1957645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of Gastric cancer (GC) and identify new prognostic markers for GC. RNA sequencing data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and 418 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify six hub modules related to the clinical features of GC. Cytoscape software was used to identify five hub genes in the co-expression network, including CST1, CEMIP, COL8A1, PMEPA1, and MSLN. The TCGA database was used to verify hub gene expression in GC. The overall survival in the high CEMIP expression group was significantly lower than that of patients in the low CEMIP expression group. CEMIP expression was also found to be negatively correlated with B cell and CD4 + T cell infiltration. Further, associated in vitro experiments confirmed that CEMIP downregulation suppressed the proliferation and migration of GC cells and impaired the chemoresistance of GC cells to 5-fluorouracil. Our study effectively identified and validated prognostic biomarkers for GC, laying a new foundation for the therapeutic target, occurrence, and development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Xianliang Hou
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin, China
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14
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Xie Q, Liu L, Chen X, Cheng Y, Li J, Zhang X, Xu N, Han Y, Liu H, Wei L, Peng J, Shen A. Identification of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor CST2 as a Potential Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:5144-5152. [PMID: 34335931 PMCID: PMC8317524 DOI: 10.7150/jca.53983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Additional biomarkers for the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain to be identified. Hence, the current study aimed to identify potential diagnostic markers for CRC. Analyses of cysteine protease inhibitor [cystatins (CSTs)] expression in CRC samples and its correlation with cancer stage or survival in patients with CRC demonstrated that CRC tissues had greater CST1 and CST2 mRNA expression compared to noncancerous adjacent tissues, while higher CST2 mRNA expression in CRC tissues was correlated with advanced stages and disease-free survival in patients with CRC, encouraging further exploration on the role of CST2 in CRC. Through an online database search and tissue microarray (TMA), we confirmed that CRC samples had higher CST2 expression compared to noncancerous adjacent tissue or normal colorectal tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. TMA also revealed that colorectal adenoma, CRC, and metastatic CRC tissues exhibited a significantly increased CST2 protein expression. Accordingly, survival analysis demonstrated that the increase in CST2 protein expression was correlated with shorter overall survival of patients with CRC. Moreover, our results found a significant upregulation of CST2 in multiple cancer tissues. Taken together, these findings suggest the potential role of CST2 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Xie
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Nanhui Xu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yuying Han
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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15
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Ding J, Wang X, Gao J, Song T. Silencing of cystatin SN abrogates cancer progression and stem cell properties in papillary thyroid carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2021. [PMID: 34102026 PMCID: PMC8329778 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for approximately 80% of total thyroid cancers worldwide. Although the prognosis for early‐stage PTC is favorable, the 5‐year survival rate of patients with late‐stage PTC is still very poor. Cystatin SN (cystatin 1, CST1) facilitates the progression of multiple cancers, but its role in regulating PTC pathogenesis is still largely unknown. In this study, we measured the expression levels of CST1 in PTC clinical tissues and cell lines by real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, and we performed gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments to examine the effects of CST1 on PTC cell growth, invasion, migration, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and stemness. Tumorigenicity was assessed using in vivo tumor‐bearing nude mouse models. As expected, upregulated CST1 was observed in PTC tissues (P < 0.05) and cells, compared with their normal counterparts (P < 0.05); furthermore, patients with PTC with higher levels of CST1 exhibited unfavorable prognosis (P < 0.05). In addition, CST1 ablation inhibited PTC cell growth (P < 0.05) in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of CST1 also inhibited cell motility and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in PTC cells (P < 0.05), whereas CST1 overexpression had the opposite effects on the earlier cellular functions. Notably, up‐regulation of CST1 promoted cell spheroid formation (P < 0.05) and increased the expression levels of stemness signatures (P < 0.05) in PTC cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that CST1 functions as an oncogene to facilitate cancer development and promote cancer stem cell properties in PTC cells, increasing our understanding of PTC pathogenesis mechanisms and possibly aiding in the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junxi Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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16
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miRNA-6715-5p Inhibits Cellular Proliferation and Invasion in Colorectal Cancer by Directly Targeting CST4. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:7615712. [PMID: 34194498 PMCID: PMC8181091 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7615712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Data on the correlation between CST4 and colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze CST4 expression and investigate its biological roles and related microRNA- (miRNA-) mediated regulation in CRC. Methods The expression of CST4 was examined in cancer tissues and their corresponding adjacent normal tissues from 40 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. The expression level of CST4 in specimens (cancer and normal tissues) was assessed through immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miRNAs targeting CST4 in CRC were predicted by bioinformatics software. CST4 was knocked down in HCT116 cells and candidate miRNAs were transfected into HCT116 cells, and the effects of CST4 knockdown and miRNA transfection on cell proliferation and invasion were examined using CCK8, cell colony formation, and Transwell migration assays. Luciferase double-reporter assays were performed to verify the relationship between miRNA and CST4. Results The expression of CST4 in CRC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal paracancerous tissues, but the results for miRNA-6715-5p were opposite. Regardless of CST4 knockdown or miRNA-6715-5p overexpression, the proliferation and invasion ability of HCT116 cells decreased significantly. Luciferase double-reporter assays showed that the upregulation of miR-6715-5p significantly reduced the luciferase activities of the CST4 3'-UTR plasmid in HCT116 cells. Conclusion CST4 may be involved in CRC proliferation and metastasis. miRNA-6715-5p directly targets CST4 and negatively regulates its expression.
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Liu Y, Liao L, An C, Wang X, Li Z, Xu Z, Liu J, Liu S. α-Enolase Lies Downstream of mTOR/HIF1α and Promotes Thyroid Carcinoma Progression by Regulating CST1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670019. [PMID: 33968941 PMCID: PMC8097056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapy strategies are crucial for thyroid carcinoma treatment. It is increasingly important to clarify the mechanism of thyroid carcinoma progression. Several studies demonstrate that α-Enolase (ENO1) participates in cancer development; nevertheless, the role of ENO1 in thyroid carcinoma progression remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the expression of ENO1 was upregulated in thyroid carcinoma samples. Proliferation and migration of thyroid carcinoma cells were suppressed by depletion of ENO1; conversely, ENO1 overexpression promoted thyroid carcinoma cell growth and invasion. To elucidate the mechanisms, we found that the hypoxia-related mTOR/HIF1 pathway regulated ENO1 expression. ENO1 regulated the expression of CST1; knockdown of CST1 reversed the tumorigenicity enhanced by ENO1 overexpression. Taken together, our findings provide a theoretical foundation for thyroid carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changming An
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengjiang Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengang Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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18
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Chen S, Liu Y, Zhang K, Chen L. CST1 Promoted Gastric Cancer Migration and Invasion Through Activating Wnt Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1901-1907. [PMID: 33658852 PMCID: PMC7917319 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s277770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer is one of the main reasons of cancer-induced death, exploring the molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer progression is critical for gastric cancer therapy. Here, we studied the role of cysteine protease inhibitor CST1 in gastric cancer progression. Methods Matrigel-coated or -uncoated transwell assay was used to determine the effect of CST1 on gastric cancer invasion and migration, luciferase reporter system was used to determine the effect of CST1 on Wnt pathway activity. Results CST1 had high expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and cells, patients who had high CST1 expression had poor outcome. Overexpression of CST1 increased gastric cancer migration and invasion, while knockdown of CST1 suppressed gastric cancer migration invasion. Mechanism analysis showed CST1 promoted WNT signaling pathway activity, promoted the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and the expression of Wnt signaling targets. Inhibition of Wnt pathway in CST1 overexpression cells inhibited migration and invasion, suggesting CST1 promoted gastric cancer cell migration and invasion through activating the Wnt pathway. Conclusion In summary, we found CST1 promoted gastric cancer migration and invasion through activating Wnt signaling, providing a novel target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiguang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Ma H, Wang Y, Du X, Yao J. Cystatin SN Affects Cell Proliferation by Regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα Loopback Pathway in Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11359-11369. [PMID: 31920327 PMCID: PMC6934116 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystatin SN (CST1) has been reported to act as an oncogene in cancers, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods We performed Western blotting analyses to observe protein expression and conducted transwell invasion, wound healing, and colony formation assays to assess cell invasion, migration, and proliferation, respectively. We also performed cell cycle analyses by flow cytometry to determine the role of CST1 in the cell cycle. In vivo experiments used subcutaneous tumor models in BALB/c-nu athymic female mice to evaluate the effect of CST1 on tumor growth. Results Western blotting analyses showed that CST1 was upregulated in ER+ breast cancer cells such as MCF7, T47D, and BT474. CST1 knockdown led to slower cell growth and inhibited the G1 to S phase transition in ER+ breast cancer cells. In vivo experiments showed that CST1 deletion inhibited tumor growth, and led to decreased expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and p-AKT. In vitro experiments showed that the over-expression of CST1 led to the upregulation of ERα, and inhibition of CST1 inhibited the expression of ERα. Western blotting analyses showed that CST1 regulated the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. We confirmed that CST1 acted as an oncogene in ER+ breast cancer by regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα loopback pathway. Conclusion CST1 acts as an oncogene in ER+ breast cancer, and CST1 contributes to cancer development by regulating the ERα/PI3K/AKT/ERα loopback pathway in ER+ breast cancer. Our findings indicate that CST1 could be a significant therapeutic target for ER+ breast cancer patients. Our discovery should inspire further studies on the role of CST1 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Du
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
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20
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Tian A, Pu K, Li B, Li M, Liu X, Gao L, Mao X. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis reveals hub genes involved in cholangiocarcinoma progression and prognosis. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1195-1206. [PMID: 31177590 PMCID: PMC6899837 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant tumor found in the bile duct epithelial cells, and the second most common primary tumor of the liver. However, the pivotal roles of molecular biomarkers in oncogenesis of CCA are unclear. Therefore, we aim to explore the underlying mechanisms of progression and screen for novel prognostic biomarkers and treatment targets. METHOD The data of mRNA sequencing and clinical information of CCA patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Modules and clinical traits were constructed according to Pearson's correlation analysis, and Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were applied. Hub genes of these modules were screened by intramodule analysis; Cytoscape with Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes was utilized to visualize protein-protein interaction of these modules; hub genes of these modules were validated afterwards. Furthermore, the significance of these genes was confirmed by survival analysis. RESULTS Genes MRPS18A, CST1, and SCP2 were identified as candidate genes in the module, which was associated with clinical traits including pathological stage, histological grade, and liver function and which also affected overall survival of CCA patients. Nineteen hub genes were analyzed together and were associated with progression and prognosis of CCA. Survival analyses found that several of the multiple genes could serve as biomarkers to stratify CCA patients into low- and high-risk groups. CONCLUSION These candidate genes could be involved in progression of CCA, which could serve as novel prognostic markers and treatment targets. Moreover, most of them were first reported in CCA and deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Pu
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province
| | | | - Min Li
- Departments of Infectious Diseases
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- RheumatologyThe First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - Liping Gao
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiaorong Mao
- Departments of Infectious Diseases,The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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21
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Rudzińska M, Parodi A, Soond SM, Vinarov AZ, Korolev DO, Morozov AO, Daglioglu C, Tutar Y, Zamyatnin AA. The Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3602. [PMID: 31340550 PMCID: PMC6678516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes belonging to the papain family. Their expression is misregulated in a wide variety of tumors, and ample data prove their involvement in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in the occurrence of drug resistance. However, while their overexpression is usually associated with highly aggressive tumor phenotypes, their mechanistic role in cancer progression is still to be determined to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlight the literature related to the role of the cysteine cathepsins in cancer biology, with particular emphasis on their input into tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Korolev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey O Morozov
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Cenk Daglioglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 35430 Urla/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Cui Y, Sun D, Song R, Zhang S, Liu X, Wang Y, Meng F, Lan Y, Han J, Pan S, Liang S, Zhang B, Guo H, Liu Y, Lu Z, Liu L. Upregulation of cystatin SN promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and predicts a poor prognosis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22623-22634. [PMID: 31106426 PMCID: PMC6767558 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin SN, a specific cysteine protease inhibitor, is thought to be involved in various malignant tumors. Therefore, we evaluated the role of cystatin SN in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notably, cystatin SN was elevated in tumorous samples and cells. Moreover, overexpression of cystatin SN was correlated with tumor diameter and TNM stage. Cox multivariate analysis displayed that cystatin SN was an independent prognosis indicator and that high cystatin SN level was associated with a dismal prognosis. Moreover, cystatin SN enhancement facilitated the proliferation, migratory, and invasive potential of Huh7 and HCCLM3 cells, whereas cystatin SN knockdown caused the opposite effect. Cystatin SN also modulated the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition progression through the PI3K/AKT pathway. In vivo cystatin SN promoted HCCLM3 cell growth and metastasis in xenograft mice model. Thus, cystatin SN was involved in HCC progression and could be a latent target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Cui
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruipeng Song
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shugeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yaliang Lan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jihua Han
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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23
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Kim J, Bae DH, Kim JH, Song KS, Kim YS, Kim SY. HOXC10 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:202-212. [PMID: 31115563 PMCID: PMC6549078 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain‑containing gene 10 (HOXC10) is a member of the homeobox transcription factors that plays an important role in the development of multicellular organisms. HOXC10 is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, and recent studies have revealed that HOXC10 is upregulated in gastric cancer as well. However, its mechanism of action is not fully understood, thus, the role of HOXC10 was investigated in the present study in human gastric cancer. First, HOXC10 expression was revealed to be significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared to normal tissues (TCGA dataset), and HOXC10 upregulation was associated with decreased recurrence‑free survival in gastric cancer patients in a public gene expression dataset. HOXC10 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in two gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and MKN74). Analyzing TCGA 450K DNA methylation dataset, it was revealed that HOXC10 CpG sites were hypomethylated in gastric cancer tissues. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that CpG sites in the HOXC10 first intronic region were hypomethylated in three gastric cancer tissues, and HOXC10 expression was increased in gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and SNU620) in response to 5‑azacytidine treatment. By RNA‑sequencing of AGS cells with ectopic HOXC10 expression, it was revealed that many genes were upregulated by HOXC10 overexpression. Among them, CST1 was predicted to be a HOXC10 direct target gene via prediction of HOXC10 binding sites from the JASPAR database. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HOXC10 directly bound to CST1 promoter regions. The present study proposes HOXC10 is a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuck Bae
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Cystatins in cancer progression: More than just cathepsin inhibitors. Biochimie 2019; 166:233-250. [PMID: 31071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are endogenous and reversible inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that are important players in cancer progression. Besides their primary role as regulators of cysteine peptidase activity, cystatins are involved in cancer development and progression through proteolysis-independent mechanisms. Mechanistic studies of cystatin function revealed that they affect all stages of cancer progression including tumor growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Recently, the involvement of cystatins in the antitumor immune responses was reported. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms and clinical aspects of cystatins in cancer. Altered expression of cystatins in cancer resulting in harmful excessive cysteine peptidase activity has been a subject of several studies in order to find correlations with clinical outcome and therapy response. However, involvement in anti-tumor immune response and signaling cascades leading to cancer progression designates cystatins as possible targets for development of new anti-tumor drugs.
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25
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Abstract
Cystatin SN, belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily, is widely expressed and distributed in mammals. Cystatin SN is involved in inflammation, cell cycle, cellular senescence, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Cystatin SN is also known to participate in signaling pathways like Wnt signaling pathway, GSK3 signaling pathway, AKT signaling pathway, and IL-6 signaling pathway. Cystatin SN was found to be highly expressed in peritumoral normal tissues in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, low cystatin SN expression was found in ESCC cancer tissues. Conversely, in other cancer types such as lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, high cystatin SN expression in cancer tissues but low cystatin SN expression in peritumoral normal tissues was found. Survival analyses showed that high cystatin SN expression benefited ESCC patients but did harm to other types of cancer patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that cystatin SN possibly acts as a marker for cancer prognosis. Here, we provide a brief introduction about the role of cystatin SN in cancer and discuss the different prognostic effects of cystatin SN on different tumors. Cystatin SN might be a potential marker for cancer prognosis and a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
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26
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Yang C, Yu T, Liu Z, Ye X, Liao X, Wang X, Han C, Zhu G, Qin W, Peng T. Cystatin F as a key family 2 cystatin subunit and prognostic biomarker for early‑stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:79-90. [PMID: 31059105 PMCID: PMC6549077 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and early diagnosis and assessment may enhance the quality of life and survival of patients. The prognostic value of key family 2 cystatins subunit in PDAC patients remains unknown. The potential molecular roles of family 2 cystatins and related pathways were investigated using bioinformatics analysis. The relationship of family 2 cystatin expression levels and clinical outcomes of 112 patients with early-stage PDAC were evaluated via univariate and combined survival analysis. A prognostic nomogram model was also constructed and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate potential pathways in PDAC. The pathways, interaction networks, and Gene Ontology term analysis of the cystatin gene family were analyzed in the present study. Cystatin F (CST7) was identified as the key subunit of family 2 cystatins in survival analysis. PDAC patients who harbored a higher expression level of CST7 had a lower risk in overall survival (adjusted HROS=0.44, 95% CI=0.25-0.77, P=0.004) and a longer survival time in various subgroups. The prognostic nomogram indicated that the CST7 expression model effectively predicted the outcomes of patients with early-stage PDAC (predictive ability >0.75). In the gene set enrichment analysis, it was revealed that CST7 expression may be involved in immune regulation and be associated with cell adhesion. CST7 could be a useful biomarker for the prognostic prediction of early-stage PDAC after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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27
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Yang Y, Tang X, Song X, Tang L, Cao Y, Liu X, Wang X, Li Y, Yu M, Wan H, Chen F. Evidence for an oncogenic role of HOXC6 in human non-small cell lung cancer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6629. [PMID: 30993034 PMCID: PMC6461029 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of specific biomarkers is important for the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HOXC6 is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that is highly expressed in several human cancers; however, its role in NSCLC remains unknown. Methods The expression and protein levels of HOXC6 were assessed in NSCLC tissue samples by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. HOXC6 was transfected into the NSCLC cell lines A549 and PC9, and used to investigate its effect on proliferation, migration, and invasion using CFSE, wound healing, and Matrigel invasion assays. Next-generation sequencing was also used to identify downstream targets of HOXC6 and to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its biological function. Results HOXC6 expression was significantly increased in 66.6% (20/30) of NSCLC tumor samples in comparison to normal controls. HOXC6 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated the upregulation of 310 and 112 genes in A549-HOXC6 and PC9-HOXC6 cells, respectively, and the downregulation of 665 and 385 genes in A549-HOXC6 and PC9-HOXC6 cells, respectively. HOXC6 was also found to regulate the expression of genes such as CEACAM6, SPARC, WNT6, CST1, MMP2, and KRT13, which have documented pro-tumorigenic functions. Discussion HOXC6 is highly expressed in NSCLC, and it may enhance lung cancer progression by regulating the expression of pro-tumorigenic genes involved in proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our study highlighted the oncogenic potential of HOXC6, and suggests that it may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Minglan Yu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Haisu Wan
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Lei Y, Guo P, An J, Guo C, Lu F, Liu M. Identification of pathogenic genes and upstream regulators in allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 115:97-103. [PMID: 30368403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the main cause of irreversible blindness in older individuals. Our study aims to identify the key genes and upstream regulators in AR. METHODS To screen pathogenic genes of AR, an integrated analysis was performed by using the microarray datasets in AR derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The functional annotation and potential pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further discovered by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. We constructed the AR-specific transcriptional regulatory network to find the crucial transcriptional factors (TFs) which target the DEGs in AR. Electronic validation was performed to verify the DEGs obtained by integrated analysis. RESULTS From two GEO datasets obtained, we identified 793 DEGs (460 up-regulated and 333 down-regulated genes) between AR and normal control (NC). After GO and KEGG analysis, chronic inflammatory response and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched pathways for DEGs. The expression of 6 genes (CLC, CST1, CRTAM, ILK, STAT1, and POSTN) was detected. The 6 genes in GEO: GSE51392 dataset played the same pattern with that in our integrated analysis. CONCLUSIONS The dysregulation of 3 genes (CST1, CLC and STAT1) may be involved in the pathogenesis of AR. AP-1 was associated with AR by regulating CST1 and CLC. Our finding can contribute to developing new potential biomarkers, revealing the underlying pathogenesis, and further raising new therapeutic targets for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Lei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China
| | - Fengxiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China
| | - Minglei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jining, China.
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Integrative Analysis of Dysregulated lncRNA-Associated ceRNA Network Reveals Functional lncRNAs in Gastric Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060303. [PMID: 29912172 PMCID: PMC6027299 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). However, the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA as ceRNA in gastric cancer (GC) are not fully understood. Here, we first constructed a dysregulated lncRNA-associated ceRNA network by integrating analysis of gene expression profiles of lncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Then, we determined three lncRNAs (RP5-1120P11, DLEU2, and DDX11-AS1) as hub lncRNAs, in which associated ceRNA subnetworks were involved in cell cycle-related processes and cancer-related pathways. Furthermore, we confirmed that the two lncRNAs (DLEU2 and DDX11-AS1) were significantly upregulated in GC tissues, promote GC cell proliferation, and negatively regulate miRNA expression, respectively. The hub lncRNAs (DLEU2 and DDX11-AS1) could have oncogenic functions, and act as potential ceRNAs to sponge miRNA. Our findings not only provide novel insights on ceRNA regulation in GC, but can also provide opportunities for the functional characterization of lncRNAs in future studies.
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Jiang J, Liu HL, Tao L, Lin XY, Yang YD, Tan SW, Wu B. Let‑7d inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation through the CST1/p65 pathway. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:781-790. [PMID: 29845224 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin SN (cystatin 1, CST1) is a member of the cystatin superfamily which inhibits the proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. CST1 is a tumor biomarker that provides useful information for the diagnosis of esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinomas. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play an important role in tumor cell proliferation. However, the exact role of let‑7d and CST1 in colon cancer remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess whether let‑7d inhibits colorectal carcinogenesis through the CST1/p65 pathway, and determine whether it may be used as a potential target for clinical therapy. Microarray analysis of mRNAs extracted from colon cancer and normal tissues was performed. The results of gene expression microanalysis revealed that CST1 expression was upregulated in colon cancer compared with normal tissues. In addition, the upregulation of CST1 expression and the downregulation of let‑7d expression in patients with colon cancer and in several colorectal cancer cell lines were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. In addition, siRNA targeting CST1 (CST1‑siRNA) and let‑7d-mimics were used in the HCT116 cells, and the results revealed that CST1 and let‑7d played a role in colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Let‑7d inhibited colorectal carcinogenesis through the CST1/p65 pathway. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate that CST1 may be a potential target for the future clinical therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Yi Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Dong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Si-Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases belonging to the papain family, and based on their catalytic sites, these enzymes can be divided into serine, cysteine and aspartic proteases. The studies conducted to date have identified, 15 types of cathepsins that are widely distributed in intracellular and extracellular spaces. These proteases participate in various pathological activities, including the occurrence and development of human cancers. Several recent studies suggest that cathepsins, particularly cathepsins B, D, E and L, contribute to digestive tumorigenesis. Cathepsins were found to promote the development of most digestive cancers except liver cancer, in which they might have the opposite effects. Due to their important roles in digestive tumors, cathepsins might be therapeutic targets for the treatment of digestive cancers.
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Dou Y, Lv Y, Zhou X, He L, Liu L, Li P, Sun Y, Wang M, Gao M, Wang C. Antibody-sandwich ELISA analysis of a novel blood biomarker of CST4 in gastrointestinal cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1743-1756. [PMID: 29636621 PMCID: PMC5880518 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s149204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the cystatin family have increasingly been proven to be involved in several tumors, including gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Cystatin S (CST4) was found to be upregulated at the gene expression level in GC cells, making it a potential novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. Materials and methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis were used to explore CST4 expression in gastrointestinal cancer tissues and cell lines. We purified CST4 recombinant protein and generated anti-CST4 monoclonal antibodies to develop an antibody-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis system for blood CST4 detection. The performance and clinical efficacy of the detection method were evaluated using a training set and validation set, respectively. Results According to the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting results, CST4-mRNA expression and protein expression were upregulated in gastrointestinal cancer tissues and cell lines. The ELISA detection system for CST4 showed significantly better sensitivities of 69.0% and 69.0% and specificities of 85.6% and 83.6% for GC and CRC, respectively, than other common clinical biomarkers, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9, CA125, and CA72-4. Clinical verification experiments using GC and CRC validation sets also found distinguishable CST4 median concentrations (177.7 pg·mL-1 and 174.2 pg·mL-1 respectively) and high positive detection rates (72.3% and 88.4% respectively), further confirming the specificity and sensitivity of this method. Conclusion We validated the overexpression of CST4 in gastrointestinal cancer tissues and cell lines and developed an antibody-sandwich ELISA analysis system for blood CST4 detection, which exhibited high specificity and sensitivity. Novel blood biomarkers of CST4 have enormous potential in terms of clinical diagnostic value in GC and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Dou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfu He
- Institute of Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Sun
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Gao
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanghai Liangrun Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Platonov ME, Borovjagin AV, Kaverina N, Xiao T, Kadagidze Z, Lesniak M, Baryshnikova M, Ulasov IV. KISS1 tumor suppressor restricts angiogenesis of breast cancer brain metastases and sensitizes them to oncolytic virotherapy in vitro. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:75-88. [PMID: 29269086 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
KISS1 tumor suppressor protein regulates cancer cell invasion via MMP9 metalloproteinase. Downregulation of KISS1 gene expression promotes progression of breast cancer and melanoma, resulting in the development of distant metastases. In the current study, we investigated whether restoration of KISS1 expression in KISS1-deficient human metastatic breast cancer cells holds potential as an advanced anticancer strategy. To this end we engineered an infectivity-enhanced conditionally-replicative human adenovirus type 5 encoding KISS1 as an "arming" transgene in the Ad5 E3 region for an ectopic KISS1 expression in transduced cancer cells. The oncolytic potential of the vector was examined using brain-invading metastatic clones of CN34 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which supported high levels of AdKISS1 replication, correlating with a robust CRAd-mediated cytotoxicity. Secretion of cellular factors responsible for tumor angiogenesis, cell-to-cell communication and anti-tumoral immune responses upon KISS1 expression in breast cancer cells was analyzed by a RayBiotech Kiloplex Quantibody array. Overall, our results indicate that KISS1 transgene expression provides an important benefit for CRAd-mediated cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells and holds potential as an anticancer treatment in conjunction with oncolytic virotherapy of breast and other metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Platonov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Zaira Kadagidze
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Maciej Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Marya Baryshnikova
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Ilya V Ulasov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Li T, Xiong Q, Zou Z, Lei X, Jiang Q, Liu D. Prognostic significance of cystatin SN associated nomograms in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115153-115163. [PMID: 29383149 PMCID: PMC5777761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of most malignant tumors, mainly due to its high rate of metastasis and recurrence. The prognosis of CRC is difficult due to early CRC patients have no specific symptoms. Therefore, it is emergent to identify a biomarker for CRC prognosis. Cystatin SN (CST1) shows elevated expression in many tumors, but its role in CRCs is still unknown. Through immunohistochemistry analysis, we found that CST1 was upregulated in CRC samples. The survival analysis had demonstrated that high CST1 expression was closely associated with poor clinical status, providing that CST1 plays a role in CRC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, nomograms were generated using CST1 levels and other factors to evaluate survival of CRCs. We evaluated the reliabilities of these nomograms using an independent cohort of 141 CRC cases and found that high CST1 expression is linked to low survival, which is consistent with the clinical results. Thus, we could predict the survival of a CRC patient via these nomograms. In addition, the multivariate analysis identified CST1 as an independent prognostic factor for CRCs, providing CST1 as a biomarker for CRC prognosis. Taken together, our studies revealed a close relationship between CST1 and CRCs, suggesting that CST1 possibly acts as a marker for CRC prognosis and a target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qiangqiang Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiong Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qunguang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Wallin H, Apelqvist J, Andersson F, Ekström U, Abrahamson M. Low-level internalization of cystatin E/M affects legumain activity and migration of melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28630039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio between proteases and their inhibitors is unbalanced in cancer. The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is internalized by some cancer cells, which affects cellular properties. Here we aimed to investigate if uptake of cystatin C and the related inhibitor cystatin E/M occur in melanoma cell lines and to evaluate to what extent the uptake affects the legumain activity that is typically increased in melanoma. First we studied the basic expression, secretion, and intracellular content of all type 2 cystatins as well as expression and activity of their possible target enzymes legumain and cathepsin B in MDA-MB-435S, A375, and C8161 melanoma cells. Legumain activity was measureable in all cell lines, and of the potential legumain inhibitors, cystatin C, E/M, and F, cystatin C was the one mainly produced. All cells internalized cystatin C added to culture media, leading to increased intracellular cystatin C levels by 120-200%. Cystatin E/M was internalized as well but at a modest rate. The effects on intracellular legumain activity were nevertheless pronounced, probably because the cells lacked this inhibitor, and its affinity for legumain is 100-fold higher than that of cystatin C. Likewise, the low-degree uptake resulted in reduced migration and invasion of A375 cells in Matrigel to an extent comparable with the W106F variant of cystatin C with optimal uptake properties and resulting in much higher intracellular levels. Thus, cystatin E/M appears to be a good candidate to efficiently down-regulate the increased legumain activity, possibly important for the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wallin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Apelqvist
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Freddi Andersson
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ekström
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Dai DN, Li Y, Chen B, Du Y, Li SB, Lu SX, Zhao ZP, Zhou AJ, Xue N, Xia TL, Zeng MS, Zhong Q, Wei WD. Elevated expression of CST1 promotes breast cancer progression and predicts a poor prognosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:873-886. [PMID: 28523467 PMCID: PMC5515997 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1) belongs to the type 2 cystatin (CST) superfamily, which restricts the proteolytic activities of cysteine proteases. CST1 has been recently considered to be involved in the development of several human cancers. However, the prognostic significance and function of CST1 in breast cancer remains unknown. In the current study, we found that CST1 was generally upregulated in breast cancer at both mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in the low CST1 expression subgroup were significantly superior to the high CST1 expression subgroup (OS, p < 0.001; DFS, p < 0.001), which indicated that CST1 expression level was closely correlated to the survival risk of these patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that CST1 expression was an independent prognostic factor, the same as ER status and nodal status. Next, CST1 overexpression promoted breast cancer cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and invasion abilities. By contrast, knockdown of CST1 attenuated these malignant characteristics in breast cancer cells. Collectively, our study indicates that CST1 cannot only serve as a significant prognostic indicator but also as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. KEY MESSAGES High CST1 expression is negatively correlated with survival of breast cancer patients. CST1 promotes cell proliferation, clone formation, and metastasis in breast cancer cells. CST1 is a novel potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Nian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xun Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhao
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Oh SS, Park S, Lee KW, Madhi H, Park SG, Lee HG, Cho YY, Yoo J, Dong Kim K. Extracellular cystatin SN and cathepsin B prevent cellular senescence by inhibiting abnormal glycogen accumulation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2729. [PMID: 28383558 PMCID: PMC5477579 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1), a known inhibitor of cathepsin B (CatB), has important roles in tumor development. Paradoxically, CatB is a member of the cysteine cathepsin family that acts in cellular processes, such as tumor development and invasion. However, the relationship between CST1 and CatB, and their roles in tumor development are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that the knockdown of CST1 induced the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, a marker of cellular senescence, and expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype genes, including interleukin-6 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, in MDA-MB-231 and SW480 cancer cells. Furthermore, CST1 knockdown decreased extracellular CatB activity, and direct CatB inhibition, using specific inhibitors or shCatB, induced cellular senescence. Reconstitution of CST1 restored CatB activity and inhibited cellular senescence in CST1 knockdown cells. CST1 knockdown or CatB inhibition increased glycogen synthase (GS) kinase 3β phosphorylation at serine 9, resulting in the activation of GS and the induction of glycogen accumulation associated with cellular senescence. Importantly, CST1 knockdown suppressed cancer cell proliferation, soft agar colony growth and tumor growth in a xenograft model. These results indicate that CST1-mediated extracellular CatB activity enhances tumor development by preventing cellular senescence. Our findings suggest that antagonists of CST1 or inhibitors of CatB are potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Seok Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Won Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamadi Madhi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Cystatin SN inhibits auranofin-induced cell death by autophagic induction and ROS regulation via glutathione reductase activity in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2682. [PMID: 28300829 PMCID: PMC5386512 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1) is a specific inhibitor belonging to the cystatin superfamily that controls the proteolytic activities of cysteine proteases such as cathepsins. Our previous study showed that high CST1 expression enhances tumor metastasis and invasiveness in colorectal cancer. Recently, auranofin (AF), a gold(I)-containing thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) inhibitor, has been used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis. AF is a proteasome-associated deubiquitinase inhibitor and can act as an anti-tumor agent. In this study, we investigated whether CST1 expression induces autophagy and tumor cell survival. We also investigated the therapeutic effects of AF as an anti-tumor agent in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We found that CRC cells expressing high levels of CST1 undergo increased autophagy and exhibit chemotherapeutic resistance to AF-induced cell death, while those expressing low levels of CST1 are sensitive to AF. We also observed that knockdown of CST1 in high-CST1 CRC cells using CST1-specific small interfering RNAs attenuated autophagic activation and restored AF-induced cell mortality. Conversely, the overexpression of CST1 increased autophagy and viability in cells expressing low levels of CST1. Interestingly, high expression of CST1 attenuates AF-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as demonstrated by the fact that the blockage of ROS production reversed AF-induced cell death in CRC cells. In addition, upregulation of CST1 expression increased cellular glutathione reductase (GR) activity, reducing the cellular redox state and inducing autophagy in AF-treated CRC cells. These results suggest that high CST1 expression may be involved in autophagic induction and protects from AF-induced cell death by inhibition of ROS generation through the regulation of GR activity.
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Kim YI, Lee J, Choi YJ, Seo J, Park J, Lee SY, Cho JY. Proteogenomic Study beyond Chromosome 9: New Insight into Expressed Variant Proteome and Transcriptome in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Tissues. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5007-16. [PMID: 26584007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This is a report of a human proteome project (HPP) related to chromosome 9 (Chr 9). To reveal missing proteins and undiscovered features in proteogenomes, both LC-MS/MS analysis and next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based identification and characterization were conducted on five pairs of lung adenocarcinoma tumors and adjacent nontumor tissues. Before our previous Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) special issue, there were 170 remaining missing proteins on Chr 9 (neXtProt 2013.09.26 rel.); 133 remain at present (neXtProt 2015.04.28 rel.). In the proteomics study, we found two missing protein candidates that require follow-up work and one unrevealed protein across all chromosomes. RNA-seq analysis detected RNA expression for four nonsynonymous (NS) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (in CDH17, HIST1H1T, SAPCD2, and ZNF695) and three synonymous SNPs (in CDH17, CST1, and HNF1A) in all five tumor tissues but not in any of the adjacent normal tissues. By constructing a cancer patient sample-specific protein database based on individual RNA-seq data and by searching the proteomics data from the same sample, we identified four missense mutations in four genes (LTF, HDLBP, TF, and HBD). Two of these mutations were found in tumor samples but not in paired normal tissues. In summary, our proteogenomic study of human primary lung tumor tissues detected additional and revealed novel missense mutations and synonymous SNP signatures, some of which are specific to lung cancers. Data from mass spectrometry have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD002523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jongan Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea.,ProtAnBio , Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jawon Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jisook Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul 06351, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Li H, Yu B, Li J, Su L, Yan M, Zhang J, Li C, Zhu Z, Liu B. Characterization of differentially expressed genes involved in pathways associated with gastric cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125013. [PMID: 25928635 PMCID: PMC4415781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the patterns of gene expression in gastric cancer, a total of 26 paired gastric cancer and noncancerous tissues from patients were enrolled for gene expression microarray analyses. Limma methods were applied to analyze the data, and genes were considered to be significantly differentially expressed if the False Discovery Rate (FDR) value was < 0.01, P-value was <0.01 and the fold change (FC) was >2. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) categories were used to analyze the main functions of the differentially expressed genes. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, we found pathways significantly associated with the differential genes. Gene-Act network and co-expression network were built respectively based on the relationships among the genes, proteins and compounds in the database. 2371 mRNAs and 350 lncRNAs considered as significantly differentially expressed genes were selected for the further analysis. The GO categories, pathway analyses and the Gene-Act network showed a consistent result that up-regulated genes were responsible for tumorigenesis, migration, angiogenesis and microenvironment formation, while down-regulated genes were involved in metabolism. These results of this study provide some novel findings on coding RNAs, lncRNAs, pathways and the co-expression network in gastric cancer which will be useful to guide further investigation and target therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beiqin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Cao X, Li Y, Luo RZ, Zhang L, Zhang SL, Zeng J, Han YJ, Wen ZS. Expression of Cystatin SN significantly correlates with recurrence, metastasis, and survival duration in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8230. [PMID: 25648368 PMCID: PMC4316172 DOI: 10.1038/srep08230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin SN has been considered to be involved in human cancer, but its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of Cystatin SN expression in patients with surgically resected NSCLCs. A retrospective analysis of 174 patients with surgically resected NSCLCs from April 2002 to March 2005 was performed with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze the protein expression and amplification of Cystatin SN. The associations between Cystatin SN expression and recurrence, metastasis, and survival were investigated. In recurrence and metastasis analysis, compared with low-Cystatin SN expression NSCLCs, high expression tumors were more likely to recur and metastasize (P < 0.001). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly prolonged in the low-Cystatin SN expression subgroup compared with the high-Cystatin SN expression subgroup (DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P = 0.001). A multivariate analysis confirmed that high expression of Cystatin SN was associated with poor survival (DFS, P = 0.001; OS, P = 0.006) and was an independent prognostic indicator. The present study indicates that high expression of Cystatin SN is a significant prognostic indicator of a higher rate of recurrence, metastatic risk, and poor survival in patients with surgically resected NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Cao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Liang Zhang
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing Han
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Preclinical Medicines, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang J, Liu HL, Liu ZH, Tan SW, Wu B. Identification of cystatin SN as a novel biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3903-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kim JT, Lee SJ, Kang MA, Park JE, Kim BY, Yoon DY, Yang Y, Lee CH, Yeom YI, Choe YK, Lee HG. Cystatin SN neutralizes the inhibitory effect of cystatin C on cathepsin B activity. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e974. [PMID: 24357805 PMCID: PMC3877556 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1) is one of the several salivary cystatins that form tight equimolar complexes with cysteine proteases, such as the cathepsins. High expression of CST1 is correlated with advanced pTNM stage in gastric cancer. However, the functional role of CST1 in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. In this study, we showed that CST1 was highly expressed in colon tumor tissues, compared with nontumor regions. Increased cell proliferation and invasiveness were observed in HCT116 cell lines stably transfected with CST1 cDNA (HCT116-CST1) but not in CST3-transfected cells. We also demonstrated that CST1-overexpressing cell lines exhibited increased tumor growth as well as metastasis in a xenograft nude mouse model. Interestingly, CST1 interacted with cystatin C (CST3), a potent cathepsin B (CTSB) inhibitor, with a higher affinity than the interaction between CST3 and CTSB in the extracellular space of HCT116 cells. CTSB-mediated cellular invasiveness and proteolytic activities were strongly inhibited by CST3, but in the presence of CST1 CTSB activities recovered significantly. Furthermore, domain mapping of CST1 showed that the disulfide-bonded conformation, or conserved folding, of CST1 is important for its secretion and for the neutralization of CST3 activity. These results suggest that CST1 upregulation might be involved in colorectal tumorigenesis and acts by neutralizing the inhibition of CTSB proteolytic activity by CST3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-T Kim
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - M A Kang
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Park
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - B-Y Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D-Y Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C-H Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Y I Yeom
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-K Choe
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - H G Lee
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Chen YF, Ma G, Cao X, Luo RZ, He LR, He JH, Huang ZL, Zeng MS, Wen ZS. Overexpression of cystatin SN positively affects survival of patients with surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Surg 2013; 13:15. [PMID: 23711283 PMCID: PMC3699386 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystatin SN is a secreted protein and a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. It has been considered to be a tumor marker for gastrointestinal tract cancer in several functional researches. However, the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Cystatin SN expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been elucidated. Methods In our study, the expression of Cystatin SN was detected in 209 surgically resected ESCC tissues and 170 peritumoral normal esophageal mucosae by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic significance of Cystatin SN expression was analysed with Kaplan-Meier plots and the Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results The results showed that the immunostaining of Cystatin SN in ESCC tissues was less intense than that in the normal control tissue (P < 0.001). Compared with patients with low tumoral Cystatin SN expression, ESCC patients with tumors high-expression Cystatin SN exhibited increased disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the expression level of Cystatin SN could further stratify the ESCC patients by survival (DFS and OS) in the stage II subgroup (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that Cystatin SN expression, N status and differentiation were independent and significant predictors of survival. Conclusions We concluded that ESCC patients whose tumors express high levels of Cystatin SN have favourable survival compared with those patients with low Cystatin SN expression. Tumoral Cystatin SN expression may be an independent predictor of survival for patients with resectable ESCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ding S, Blue RE, Chen Y, Scull B, Lund PK, Morgan D. Molecular Imaging of Gastric Neoplasia with Near-Infrared Fluorescent Activatable Probes. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Randall Eric Blue
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yijing Chen
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Brooks Scull
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pauline Kay Lund
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Douglas Morgan
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Mass Spectrometry-Based (GeLC-MS/MS) Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Endoscopically (ePFT) Collected Pancreatic and Gastroduodenal Fluids. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2012; 3:e14. [PMID: 23238231 PMCID: PMC3367612 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The secretin-stimulated endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT) allows for the safe collection of gastroduodenal and pancreatic fluid from the duodenum. We test the hypothesis that these endoscopically collected fluids have different proteomes. As such, we aim to show that the ePFT method can be used to collect fluid enriched in pancreatic proteins to test for pancreatic function. METHODS: Gastroduodenal and pancreatic fluid were collected sequentially from chronic pancreatitis patients undergoing an ePFT. Proteins from each fluid type were extracted using previously published optimized methods and subjected to GeLC-MS/MS analysis for protein identification and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS: Mass spectrometry analysis identified proteins that were exclusive in either gastroduodenal (46) or pancreatic fluid (234). Subsequent quantitative analysis revealed proteins that were differentially abundant with statistical significance. As expected, proteolytic enzymes and protease inhibitors were among the differentially detected proteins. The proteases pepsinogens and gastrin were enriched in gastroduodenal fluid, while common pancreatic enzymes (e.g., aminopeptidase N, chymotrypsin C, elastase-3A, trypsin, and carboxypeptidase A1, and elastase 2B) were found in greater abundance in pancreatic fluid. Similarly for protease inhibitors, members of the cystatin family were exclusive to gastroduodenal fluid, while serpins A11, B4, and D1 were exclusive to pancreatic fluid. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that ePFT collection coupled with mass spectrometry can be used to identify differentially detected proteins in gastroduodenal and pancreatic fluids. The data obtained using GeLC-MS/MS techniques provide further evidence supporting the feasibility of using ePFT-collected fluid to study specific diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as chronic pancreatitis.
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Kim M, Kim HJ, Choi BY, Kim JH, Song KS, Noh SM, Kim JC, Han DS, Kim SY, Kim YS. Identification of potential serum biomarkers for gastric cancer by a novel computational method, multiple normal tissues corrected differential analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hur J, Sullivan KA, Pande M, Hong Y, Sima AAF, Jagadish HV, Kretzler M, Feldman EL. The identification of gene expression profiles associated with progression of human diabetic neuropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:3222-35. [PMID: 21926103 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. While multiple pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy, there are no specific treatments and no means to predict diabetic neuropathy onset or progression. Here, we identify gene expression signatures related to diabetic neuropathy and develop computational classification models of diabetic neuropathy progression. Microarray experiments were performed on 50 samples of human sural nerves collected during a 52-week clinical trial. A series of bioinformatics analyses identified differentially expressed genes and their networks and biological pathways potentially responsible for the progression of diabetic neuropathy. We identified 532 differentially expressed genes between patient samples with progressing or non-progressing diabetic neuropathy, and found these were functionally enriched in pathways involving inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. A literature-derived co-citation network of the differentially expressed genes revealed gene subnetworks centred on apolipoprotein E, jun, leptin, serpin peptidase inhibitor E type 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The differentially expressed genes were used to classify a test set of patients with regard to diabetic neuropathy progression. Ridge regression models containing 14 differentially expressed genes correctly classified the progression status of 92% of patients (P < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify transcriptional changes associated with diabetic neuropathy progression in human sural nerve biopsies and describe their potential utility in classifying diabetic neuropathy. Our results identifying the unique gene signature of patients with progressive diabetic neuropathy will facilitate the development of new mechanism-based diagnostics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguk Hur
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Eliyahu E, Shtraizent N, He X, Chen D, Shalgi R, Schuchman EH. Identification of cystatin SA as a novel inhibitor of acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35624-35633. [PMID: 21846728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoproteolytic cleavage of the inactive acid ceramidase (AC) precursor into the active heterodimer exposes a free cysteine residue, leading us to study whether AC could be regulated by one or more members of the cystatin family. Co-expression of the full-length AC and cystatin SA (cysSA) cDNAs led to significant reduction of AC activity in the transfected cells. Expression of cysSA also inhibited endogenous AC activity in cells and increased ceramide. Conversely, cysSA siRNA expression led to elevated AC activity and reduction in ceramide. The effects of cysSA siRNA expression could be reversed by the addition of recombinant cysSA into the culture media. These results were consistent with detection of a physical interaction between AC and cysSA, assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography, and further supported by co-localization of the endogenous proteins using confocal microscopy. In vitro kinetic analysis of purified, recombinant AC and cysSA confirmed the transfection results and suggested a non-competitive type of inhibition with a K(i) in the low micromolar range. Processing of the AC precursor into the active form was not affected by cysSA expression, suggesting that it likely inhibits AC by allosteric interference. Computer modeling and expression studies identified several potential inhibitory domains in cysSA, including a small "AC-like" domain (identical to the AC cleavage site, TICT). Small peptides, synthesized with combinations of this and a "cystatin-like" domain (QXVXG), exhibited significant AC inhibition as well. Such peptide-based AC inhibitors could potentially be used to regulate AC activity in cancer cells that are known to overexpress this enzyme alone and in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Nataly Shtraizent
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Dafna Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ruth Shalgi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029.
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Liu XF, Xiang L, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Bera TK, Pastan I. CAPC negatively regulates NF-κB activation and suppresses tumor growth and metastasis. Oncogene 2011; 31:1673-82. [PMID: 21822313 PMCID: PMC3213307 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CAPC, also known as LRRC26, is expressed in normal prostate and salivary gland. We developed a mAb to CAPC and used it to characterize the protein and study its function. CAPC protein was detected in normal prostate and salivary gland, in several human breast cancer cell lines and in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Knockdown of CAPC by siRNA in LNCaP cells enhanced anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Conversely, overexpression of CAPC in MDA-231 breast cancer cells and A431 epidermoid cancer cells inhibited growth in soft agar and tumorigenesis in nude mice, and suppressed the metastasis of MDA-231 cells to the lung. Overexpression of CAPC downregulated NF-κB activity and its target genes, including GM-CSF (CSF2), CXCL1, IL8 and LTB1. It also suppressed genes encoding the serine protease mesotrypsin (PRSS3) and cystatin SN (CST1). CAPC expressing tumors showed a decrease in the number of proliferating cells and a large increase in ECM. The role of CAPC in the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis may be through its alteration of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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