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Dogaru CB, Duță C, Muscurel C, Stoian I. "Alphabet" Selenoproteins: Implications in Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15344. [PMID: 37895024 PMCID: PMC10607139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenoproteins are a group of proteins containing selenium in the form of selenocysteine (Sec, U) as the 21st amino acid coded in the genetic code. Their synthesis depends on dietary selenium uptake and a common set of cofactors. Selenoproteins accomplish diverse roles in the body and cell processes by acting, for example, as antioxidants, modulators of the immune function, and detoxification agents for heavy metals, other xenobiotics, and key compounds in thyroid hormone metabolism. Although the functions of all this protein family are still unknown, several disorders in their structure, activity, or expression have been described by researchers. They concluded that selenium or cofactors deficiency, on the one hand, or the polymorphism in selenoproteins genes and synthesis, on the other hand, are involved in a large variety of pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular, muscular, oncological, hepatic, endocrine, immuno-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the specific roles of selenoproteins named after letters of the alphabet in medicine, which are less known than the rest, regarding their implications in the pathological processes of several prevalent diseases and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corina Muscurel
- Department of Biochemistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (I.S.)
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qiao S. Methylseleninic acid induces apoptosis of human bladder cancer cells through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23387. [PMID: 37247193 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As the most common selenium derivative, methylseleninic acid (MSA) has attracted wide attention. Its apoptotic induction ability and the possible molecular mechanism in human bladder cancer (BC) J82 and T24 cells were investigated in the present study. We found that the survival of J82 and T24 cells were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after MSA treatment. Propidium iodide (PI) staining and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI double staining clarified that MSA stocked cells at G2 /M phase and caused apoptosis in J82 and T24 cells. Further, typical morphological features of apoptotic cells were also observed. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were also detected by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and Rhodamin123 staining. Meanwhile, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenging agent, found that the apoptosis of BC cells induced by MSA was related to the production of ROS. Western blot analysis results showed that MSA interrupted Bax/Bcl-2 balance, stimulated cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and finally induced the apoptosis of the BC cells. These findings demonstrated that MSA was able to induce apoptosis in J82 and T24 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Research Station, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Saifeng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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The Role and Mechanism of Essential Selenoproteins for Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050973. [PMID: 35624837 PMCID: PMC9138076 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is one of the essential trace elements that plays a biological role in the body, mainly in the form of selenoproteins. Selenoproteins can be involved in the regulation of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidant defense, immune and inflammatory responses and other biological processes, including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, the regulation of immune response and other functions. Over-loading or lack of Se causes certain damage to the body. Se deficiency can reduce the expression and activity of selenoproteins, disrupt the normal physiological function of cells and affect the body in antioxidant, immunity, toxin antagonism, signaling pathways and other aspects, thus causing different degrees of damage to the body. Se intake is mainly in the form of dietary supplements. Due to the important role of Se, people pay increasingly more attention to Se-enriched foods, which also lays a foundation for better research on the mechanism of selenoproteins in the future. In this paper, the synthesis and mechanism of selenoproteins, as well as the role and mechanism of selenoproteins in the regulation of diseases, are reviewed. Meanwhile, the future development of Se-enriched products is prospected, which is of great significance to further understand the role of Se.
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Jung M, Lee C, Han D, Kim K, Yang S, Nikas IP, Moon KC, Kim H, Song MJ, Kim B, Lee H, Ryu HS. Proteomic-Based Machine Learning Analysis Reveals PYGB as a Novel Immunohistochemical Biomarker to Distinguish Inverted Urothelial Papilloma From Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma With Inverted Growth. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841398. [PMID: 35402263 PMCID: PMC8987228 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe molecular biology of inverted urothelial papilloma (IUP) as a precursor disease of urothelial carcinoma is poorly understood. Furthermore, the overlapping histology between IUP and papillary urothelial carcinoma (PUC) with inverted growth is a diagnostic pitfall leading to frequent misdiagnoses.MethodsTo identify the oncologic significance of IUP and discover a novel biomarker for its diagnosis, we employed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of IUP, PUC, and normal urothelium (NU). Machine learning analysis shortlisted candidate proteins, while subsequent immunohistochemical validation was performed in an independent sample cohort.ResultsFrom the overall proteomic landscape, we found divergent ‘NU-like’ (low-risk) and ‘PUC-like’ (high-risk) signatures in IUP. The latter were characterized by altered metabolism, biosynthesis, and cell–cell interaction functions, indicating oncologic significance. Further machine learning-based analysis revealed SERPINH1, PKP2, and PYGB as potential diagnostic biomarkers discriminating IUP from PUC. The immunohistochemical validation confirmed PYGB as a specific biomarker to distinguish between IUP and PUC with inverted growth.ConclusionIn conclusion, we suggest PYGB as a promising immunohistochemical marker for IUP diagnosis in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunah Yang
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilias P. Nikas
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Song
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyebin Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyebin Lee, ; Han Suk Ryu,
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyebin Lee, ; Han Suk Ryu,
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Zhuang W, Liu J, Li W. hsa-miR-33-5p as a Therapeutic Target Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via Selenoprotein T. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:651473. [PMID: 33987194 PMCID: PMC8110722 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.651473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Increasing evidence suggests that microRNA (miRNA) participates in regulating tumor cell apoptosis. We aimed to observe the effect of hsa-miR-33-5p on the apoptosis of breast cancer cells and to explore its regulatory relationship with selenoprotein T (SelT). Methods: RT-qPCR was used to examine the expression of hsa-miR-33-5p and SelT both in breast cancer tissues and cells. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with hsa-miR-33-5p mimics or si-SelT. Then, a flow cytometry assay was carried out to examine the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, SelT and apoptosis-related proteins including caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2 were detected via RT-qPCR and western blot. A luciferase reporter assay was utilized for assessing whether SelT was targeted by hsa-miR-33-5p. Results: Downregulated hsa-miR-33-5p was found both in breast cancer tissues and cells. After its overexpression, MCF-7 cell apoptosis was significantly promoted. Furthermore, our data showed that miR-33-5p elevated apoptosis-related protein expression in MCF-7 cells. Contrary to hsa-miR-33-5p, SelT was upregulated both in breast cancer tissues and cells. SelT expression was significantly inhibited by hsa-miR-33-5p overexpression. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SelT was a direct target of hsa-miR-33-5p. SelT overexpression could ameliorate the increase in apoptosis induced by hsa-miR-33-5p mimics. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that hsa-miR-33-5p, as a potential therapeutic target, could accelerate breast cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Department of Breast, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, China
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Reszka E, Lesicka M, Wieczorek E, Jabłońska E, Janasik B, Stępnik M, Konecki T, Jabłonowski Z. Dysregulation of Redox Status in Urinary Bladder Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051296. [PMID: 32455559 PMCID: PMC7280975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of redox homeostasis constitutes an important etiological feature of common human malignancies. We investigated DNA damage, selenium (Se) levels and the expression of cytoprotective genes involved in (1) the KEAP1/NRF2/ARE pathway, (2) selenoprotein synthesis, and (3) DNA methylation and histone deacetylation as putative key players in redox status dysregulation in the blood of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) patients. The study involved 122 patients and 115 control individuals. The majority of patients presented Ta and T1 stages. UBC recurrence occurred within 0.13 to 29.02 months. DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher in the patients compared to the controls, while plasma Se levels were significantly reduced in the cases compared to the controls. Of the 25 investigated genes, elevated expression in the peripheral blood leukocytes in patients was observed for NRF2, GCLC, MMP9 and SEP15, while down-regulation was found for KEAP1, GSR, HMOX1, NQO1, OGG1, SEPW1, DNMT1, DNMT3A and SIRT1. After Bonferroni correction, an association was found with KEAP1, OGG1, SEPW1 and DNMT1. Early recurrence was associated with the down-regulation of PRDX1 and SRXN1 at the time of diagnosis. Peripheral redox status is significantly dysregulated in the blood of UBC patients. DNA strand breaks and PRDX1 and SRXN1 expression may provide significant predictors of UBC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Reszka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-631-46-27
| | - Monika Lesicka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Edyta Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Beata Janasik
- Department of Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maciej Stępnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Konecki
- Ist Urology Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (T.K.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zbigniew Jabłonowski
- Ist Urology Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (T.K.); (Z.J.)
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Zhang F, Li X, Ni Y, Shan G, Gao Y. Preliminary study of the urinary proteome in Li and Han ethnic individuals from Hainan. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:125-137. [PMID: 31102176 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers indicate changes associated with disease. Blood is relatively stable due to the homeostatic mechanisms of the body; however, urine accumulates metabolites from changes in the body, making it a better source for early biomarker discovery. The Li ethnic group is a unique minority ethnic group that has only lived on Hainan Island for approximately 5,000 years. Studies have shown that various specific genetic variations are different between the Li and Han ethnic groups. However, whether the urinary proteome between these two ethnic groups is significantly different remains unknown. In this study, differential urinary proteins were identified in the Li and Han ethnic groups using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 1,555 urinary proteins were identified. Twenty-five of the urinary proteins were statistically significantly different, 16 of which have been previously reported to be biomarkers of many diseases, and that these significantly different proteins were caused by ethnic differences rather than random differences. Ethnic group differences may be an influencing factor in urine proteome studies and should be considered when human urine samples are used for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xundou Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanying Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Leonardi A, Evke S, Lee M, Melendez JA, Begley TJ. Epitranscriptomic systems regulate the translation of reactive oxygen species detoxifying and disease linked selenoproteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:573-593. [PMID: 31476365 PMCID: PMC7650020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we highlight the role of epitranscriptomic systems in post-transcriptional regulation, with a specific focus on RNA modifying writers required for the incorporation of the 21st amino acid selenocysteine during translation, and the pathologies linked to epitranscriptomic and selenoprotein defects. Epitranscriptomic marks in the form of enzyme-catalyzed modifications to RNA have been shown to be important signals regulating translation, with defects linked to altered development, intellectual impairment, and cancer. Modifications to rRNA, mRNA and tRNA can affect their structure and function, while the levels of these dynamic tRNA-specific epitranscriptomic marks are stress-regulated to control translation. The tRNA for selenocysteine contains five distinct epitranscriptomic marks and the ALKBH8 writer for the wobble uridine (U) has been shown to be vital for the translation of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TRXR) family of selenoproteins. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying selenocysteine containing proteins are a prime examples of how specialized translation can be regulated by specific tRNA modifications working in conjunction with distinct codon usage patterns, RNA binding proteins and specific 3' untranslated region (UTR) signals. We highlight the important role of selenoproteins in detoxifying ROS and provide details on how epitranscriptomic marks and selenoproteins can play key roles in and maintaining mitochondrial function and preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardi
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sara Evke
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - May Lee
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - J Andres Melendez
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas J Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Antioxidants and selenocompounds inhibit 3,5-dimethylaminophenol toxicity to human urothelial cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:18-29. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exposure to alkyl anilines may lead to bladder cancer, which is the second most frequent cancer of the urogenital tract. 3,5-dimethylaniline is highly used in industry. Studies on its primary metabolite 3,5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP) showed that this compound causes oxidative stress, changes antioxidant enzyme activities, and leads to death of different mammalian cells. However, there is no in vitro study to show the direct effects of 3,5-DMAP on human bladder and urothelial cells. Selenocompounds are suggested to decrease oxidative stress caused by some chemicals, and selenium supplementation was shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether selenocompounds organic selenomethionine (SM, 10 µmol/L) or inorganic sodium selenite (SS, 30 nmol/L) could reduce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in UROtsa cells exposed to 3,5-DMAP. 3,5-DMAP caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species, and its dose of 50 µmol/L caused lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in different cellular fractions. The comet assay also showed single-strand DNA breaks induced by the 3,5-DMAP dose of 50 µmol/L, but no changes in double-strand DNA breaks. Apoptosis was also triggered. Both selenocompounds provided partial protection against the cellular toxicity of 3,5-DMAP. Low selenium status along with exposure to alkyl anilines can be a major factor in the development of bladder cancer. More mechanistic studies are needed to specify the role of selenium in bladder cancer.
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Tan L, Mai D, Zhang B, Jiang X, Zhang J, Bai R, Ye Y, Li M, Pan L, Su J, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Zuo Z, Zhao Q, Li X, Huang X, Yang J, Tan W, Zheng J, Lin D. PIWI-interacting RNA-36712 restrains breast cancer progression and chemoresistance by interaction with SEPW1 pseudogene SEPW1P RNA. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:9. [PMID: 30636640 PMCID: PMC6330501 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the major cause of cancer-related death in women. Although the importance of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in cancer has been increasingly recognized, few studies have been explored the functional mechanism of piRNAs in breast cancer development and progression. Methods We examined the top 20 highly expressed piRNAs based on the analysis of TCGA breast cancer data in two patient cohorts to test the roles of piRNAs in breast cancer. The effects of piRNA-36,712 on the malignant phenotypes and chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells were detected in vitro and in vivo. MS2-RIP and reporter gene assays were conducted to identify the interaction and regulation among piRNA-36,712, miRNAs and SEPW1P. Kaplan-Meier estimate with log-rank test was used to compare patient survival by different piRNA-36,712 expression levels. Results We found piRNA-36,712 level was significantly lower in breast cancer than in normal breast tissues and low level was correlated with poor clinical outcome in patients. Functional studies demonstrated that piRNA-36,712 interacts with RNAs produced by SEPW1P, a retroprocessed pseudogene of SEPW1, and subsequently inhibits SEPW1 expression through competition of SEPW1 mRNA with SEPW1P RNA for microRNA-7 and microRNA-324. We also found that higher SEPW1 expression due to downregulation of piRNA-36,712 in breast cancer may suppress P53, leading to the upregulated Slug but decreased P21 and E-cadherin levels, thus promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, we found that piRNA-36,712 had synergistic anticancer effects with the paclitaxel and doxorubicin, two chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer. Conclusions These findings suggest that piRNA-36,712 is a novel tumor suppressor and may serve as a potential predictor for the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-0940-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhou T, Li HY, Xie WJ, Zhong Z, Zhong H, Lin ZJ. Association of Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphism with bladder Cancer susceptibility. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1088. [PMID: 30419877 PMCID: PMC6233535 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between the glutathione S-transferase μ1 (GSTM1)- and glutathione S-transferase θ1 (GSTT1)- null genotypes and susceptibility to bladder cancer. METHODS We identified association reports from the databases of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the China Biological Medicine Database (CBM disc) on July 1, 2017 and synthesized eligible investigations. Results were expressed using odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous data, and we also calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS In this meta-analysis, we found that the GSTM1-null genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population, and individually in whites, Africans and Asians (overall population: OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.31-1.48, P<0.00001; whites: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.26-1.54, P<0.00001; Africans: OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16-2.05, P = 0.003; Asians: OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.33-1.59, P<0.00001). The GSTT1-null genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population, but not in whites, in Africans or Asians (overall population: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.22, P = 0.03; whites: OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.99-1.36, P = 0.07; Africans: OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.65-1.76, P = 0.79; Asians: OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91-1.22, P = 0.51). Interestingly, a dual-null GSTM1-GSTT1 genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population and in Asians (overall population: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15-1.92, P = 0.002; Asians: OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.15-2.28, P = 0.006). In conclusion, the GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null and dual-null GSTM1-GSTT1 genotypes might be associated with the onset of bladder cancer, but additional genetic-epidemiological studies should be conducted to explore this association further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbiao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ji Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zhiqing Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Hongzhen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
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12
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Varlamova EG, Cheremushkina IV. Contribution of mammalian selenocysteine-containing proteins to carcinogenesis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:76-85. [PMID: 27908428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by a sharp growth of free radicals in the organism is a major cause underlying the occurrence of all kinds of malignant formations. Selenium is an important essential trace element found in selenoproteins in the form of selenocysteine, an amino acid differing from cysteine for the presence of selenium instead of sulfur and making such proteins highly active. To date the role of selenium has been extensively investigated through studying the functions of selenoproteins in carcinogenesis. Analysis of the obtained results clearly demonstrates that selenoproteins can act as oncosuppressors, but can also, on the contrary, favor the formation of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gennadyevna Varlamova
- Federal State Institution of Science Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Institutskaya st. 3, 142290, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Irina Valentinovna Cheremushkina
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, Prospect revolution st. 19, 394000, Voronezh, Russia.
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13
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Han SG, Pant K, Bruce SW, Gairola CG. Bhas 42 cell transformation activity of cigarette smoke condensate is modulated by selenium and arsenic. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:220-228. [PMID: 26924598 DOI: 10.1002/em.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains a major health risk worldwide. Development of newer tobacco products requires the use of quantitative toxicological assays. Recently, v-Ha-ras transfected BALB/c3T3 (Bhas 42) cell transformation assay was established that simulates the two-stage animal tumorigenesis model and measures tumor initiating and promoting activities of chemicals. The present study was performed to assess the feasibility of using this Bhas 42 cell transformation assay to determine the initiation and promotion activities of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and its water soluble fraction. Further, the modulating effects of selenium and arsenic on cigarette smoke-induced cell transformation were investigated. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water extracts of CSC (CSC-D and CSC-W, respectively) were tested at concentrations of 2.5-40 µg mL(-1) in the initiation or promotion assay formats. Initiation protocol of the Bhas 42 assay showed a 3.5-fold increase in transformed foci at 40 µg mL(-1) of CSC-D but not CSC-W. The promotion phase of the assay yielded a robust dose response with CSC-D (2.5-40 µg mL(-1)) and CSC-W (20-40 µg mL(-1)). Preincubation of cells with selenium (100 nM) significantly reduced CSC-induced increase in cell transformation in initiation assay. Co-treatment of cells with a sub-toxic dose of arsenic significantly enhanced cell transformation activity of CSC-D in promotion assay. The results suggest a presence of both water soluble and insoluble tumor promoters in CSC, a role of oxidative stress in CSC-induced cell transformation, and usefulness of Bhas 42 cell transformation assay in comparing tobacco product toxicities and in studying the mechanisms of tobacco carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamala Pant
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Bioreliance Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shannon W Bruce
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Bioreliance Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | - C Gary Gairola
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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14
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Ferreira R, Oliveira P, Martins T, Magalhães S, Trindade F, Pires MJ, Colaço B, Barros A, Santos L, Amado F, Vitorino R. Comparative proteomic analyses of urine from rat urothelial carcinoma chemically induced by exposure to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1594-602. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is estimated to be the ninth most common malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and progression despite therapy, early diagnosis being crucial for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Telma Martins
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Sandra Magalhães
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - António Barros
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Lúcio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto
- Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
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15
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Selenium-Functionalized Molecules (SeFMs) as Potential Drugs and Nutritional Supplements. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2015_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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16
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Chao MW, Erkekoglu P, Tseng CY, Ye W, Trudel LJ, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Wogan GN. Protective effects of ascorbic acid against the genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by 3,5-dimethylaminophenol in AA8 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:466-77. [PMID: 25178734 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to monocyclic aromatic alkylanilines (MAAs), namely 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), 3,5-dimethylaniline (3,5-DMA) and 3-ethylaniline (3-EA), was significantly and independently associated with bladder cancer incidence. 3,5-DMAP (3,5-dimethylaminophenol), a metabolite of 3,5-DMA, was shown to induce an imbalance in cytotoxicity cellular antioxidant/oxidant status, and DNA damage in mammalian cell lines. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of ascorbic acid (Asc) against the cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, genotoxicity and epigenetic changes induced by 3,5-DMAP in AA8 Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. In different cellular fractions, 3,5-DMAP caused alterations in the enzyme activities orchestrating a cellular antioxidant balance, decreases in reduced glutathione levels and a cellular redox ratio as well as increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. We also suggest that the cellular stress caused by this particular alkylaniline leads to both genetic (Aprt mutagenesis) and epigenetic changes in histones 3 and 4 (H3 and H4). This may further cause molecular events triggering different pathological conditions and eventually cancer. In both cytoplasm and nucleus, Asc provided increases in 3,5-DMAP-reduced glutathione levels and cellular redox ratio and decreases in the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Asc was also found to be protective against the genotoxic and epigenetic effects initiated by 3,5-DMAP. In addition, Asc supplied protection against the cell cycle (G1 phase) arrest induced by this particular alkylaniline metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of BioScience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 320; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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17
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Constantinescu S, Hecht K, Sobotzki N, Erzinger MM, Bovet C, Shay JW, Wollscheid B, Sturla SJ, Marra G, Beerenwinkel N. Transcriptomic Responses of Cancerous and Noncancerous Human Colon Cells to Sulforaphane and Selenium. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:377-86. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400427t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Constantinescu
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hecht
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Sobotzki
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M. Erzinger
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department
of Cell Biology, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Shana J. Sturla
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giancarlo Marra
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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18
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Gupta S, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Lubinski J, Jakubowska A. Can selenium be a modifier of cancer risk in CHEK2 mutation carriers? Mutagenesis 2013; 28:625-9. [PMID: 24106007 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for humans, playing an important role in various major metabolic pathways. Selenium helps to protect the body from the poisonous effects of heavy metals and other harmful substances. Medical studies have provided evidence of selenium supplementation in preventing certain cancers. Low and too high selenium (Se) status correlates with increased risk of e.g. lung, larynx, colorectal and prostate cancers. A higher level of selenium and supplementation with selenium has been shown to be associated with substantially reduced cancer mortality. Selenium exerts its biological roles through selenoproteins, which are involved in oxidoreductions, redox signalling, antioxidant defence, thyroid hormone metabolism and immune responses. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is an important signal transducer of cellular responses to DNA damage and acts as a tumour suppressor gene. Mutations in the CHEK2 gene have been shown to be associated with increased risks of several cancers. Four common mutations in CHEK2 gene (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, del5395 and I157T) have been identified in the Polish population. Studies have provided evidence that CHEK2-truncating and/or missense mutations are associated with increased risk of breast, prostate, thyroid, colon and kidney cancers. The variability in penetrance and cancer expression in CHEK2 mutation carriers can probably be explained by the influence of other genetic or environmental factors. One of the possible candidates is Se, which together with genetic variations in selenoprotein genes may influence susceptibility to cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Gupta
- International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Polabska 4, 70-115, Szczecin, Poland and
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Di Pierro GB, Gulia C, Cristini C, Fraietta G, Marini L, Grande P, Gentile V, Piergentili R. Bladder cancer: a simple model becomes complex. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:395-415. [PMID: 23372425 PMCID: PMC3401896 DOI: 10.2174/138920212801619232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in developed countries and it is also characterized by a high number of recurrences. Despite this, several authors in the past reported that only two altered molecular pathways may genetically explain all cases of bladder cancer: one involving the FGFR3 gene, and the other involving the TP53 gene. Mutations in any of these two genes are usually predictive of the malignancy final outcome. This cancer may also be further classified as low-grade tumors, which is always papillary and in most cases superficial, and high-grade tumors, not necessarily papillary and often invasive. This simple way of considering this pathology has strongly changed in the last few years, with the development of genome-wide studies on expression profiling and the discovery of small non-coding RNA affecting gene expression. An easy search in the OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database using "bladder cancer" as a query reveals that genes in some way connected to this pathology are approximately 150, and some authors report that altered gene expression (up- or down-regulation) in this disease may involve up to 500 coding sequences for low-grade tumors and up to 2300 for high-grade tumors. In many clinical cases, mutations inside the coding sequences of the above mentioned two genes were not found, but their expression changed; this indicates that also epigenetic modifications may play an important role in its development. Indeed, several reports were published about genome-wide methylation in these neoplastic tissues, and an increasing number of small non-coding RNA are either up- or down-regulated in bladder cancer, indicating that impaired gene expression may also pass through these metabolic pathways. Taken together, these data reveal that bladder cancer is far to be considered a simple model of malignancy. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in the genome-wide analysis of bladder cancer, and analyse non-genetic, genetic and epigenetic factors causing extensive gene mis-regulation in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologico-Ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza - Università di Roma
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