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Chen ZQ, He WY, Yang SY, Ma HH, Zhou J, Li H, Zhu YD, Qian XK, Zou LW. Discovery of natural anthraquinones as potent inhibitors against pancreatic lipase: structure-activity relationships and inhibitory mechanism. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2398561. [PMID: 39223707 PMCID: PMC11373360 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2398561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is acknowledged as a significant risk factor for various metabolic diseases, and the inhibition of human pancreatic lipase (hPL) can impede lipid digestion and absorption, thereby offering potential benefits for obesity treatment. Anthraquinones is a kind of natural and synthetic compounds with wide application. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 31 anthraquinones on hPL were evaluated. The data shows that AQ7, AQ26, and AQ27 demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against hPL, and exhibited selectivity towards other known serine hydrolases. Then the structure-activity relationship between anthraquinones and hPL was further analysed. AQ7 was found to be a mixed inhibition of hPL through inhibition kinetics, while AQ26 and AQ27 were effective non-competitive inhibition of hPL. Molecular docking data revealed that AQ7, AQ26, and AQ27 all could associate with the site of hPL. Developing hPL inhibitors for obesity prevention and treatment could be simplified with this novel and promising lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qiang Chen
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Yao He
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yuan Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong-Hong Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Di Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xing-Kai Qian
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Jiang B, Yue H, Fu X, Wang J, Feng Y, Li D, Liu C, Feng Z. One-step high efficiency separation of prolyl endopeptidase from Aspergillus niger and its application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132582. [PMID: 38801849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase from Aspergillus niger (An-PEP) is an enzyme that recognizes C-terminal peptide bonds of amino acid chains and cleaves them by hydrolysis. An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was used to separate An-PEP from fermentation broth. Through single factor experiments, the ATPS containing 16 % (w/w) PEG2000 and 15 % (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 at pH 6.0 obtained the recovery of 79.74 ± 0.16 % and the purification coefficient of 7.64 ± 0.08. It was then used to produce soy protein isolate peptide (SPIP) by hydrolysis of soy protein isolate (SPI), and SPIP-Ferrous chelate (SPIP-Fe) was prepared with SPIP and Fe2+. The chelation conditions were optimized by RSM, as the chelation time was 30 min, chelation temperature was 25 °C, SPIP mass to VC mass was two to one and pH was 6.0. The obtained chelation rate was 82.56 ± 2.30 %. The change in the structures and functional features of SPIP before and after chelation were investigated. The FTIR and UV-Vis results indicated that the chelation of Fe2+ and SPIP depended mainly on the formation of amide bonds. The fluorescence, SEM and amino acid composition analysis results indicated that Fe2+ could induce and stabilize the surface conformation and change the amino acid distribution on the surfaces of SPIP. The chelation of SPIP and Fe2+ resulted in the enhancement of radical scavenging activities and ACE inhibitory activities. This work provided a new perspective for the further development of peptide-Fe chelates for iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongshen Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinhao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhibiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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3
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Taraszkiewicz A, Sinkiewicz I, Sommer A, Staroszczyk H. The biological role of prolyl oligopeptidase and the procognitive potential of its peptidic inhibitors from food proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6567-6580. [PMID: 36798052 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a conserved serine protease belonging to proline-specific peptidases. It has both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and is involved in numerous biological processes in the human body, playing a role in e.g., cellular growth and differentiation, inflammation, as well as the development of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article describes the physiological and pathological aspects of POP activity and the state-of-art of its peptidic inhibitors originating from food proteins, with a particular focus on their potential as cognition-enhancing agents. Although some milk, meat, fish, and plant protein-derived peptides have the potential to be applied as natural, procognitive nutraceuticals, their effectiveness requires further evaluation, especially in clinical trials. We demonstrated that the important features of the most promising POP-inhibiting peptides are very short sequence, high content of hydrophobic amino acids, and usually the presence of proline residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Taraszkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabela Sinkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Sommer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Staroszczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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4
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Proline-specific peptidase activities (DPP4, PRCP, FAP and PREP) in plasma of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:4-11. [PMID: 35283094 PMCID: PMC8920094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 patients experience several features of dysregulated immune system observed in sepsis. We previously showed a dysregulation of several proline-selective peptidases such as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) in sepsis. In this study, we investigated whether these peptidases are similarly dysregulated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS Fifty-six hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 32 healthy controls were included. Enzymatic activities of DPP4, FAP, PREP and PRCP were measured in samples collected shortly after hospital admission and in longitudinal follow-up samples. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, both DPP4 and FAP activities were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients at hospital admission and FAP activity further decreased significantly in the first week of hospitalization. While PRCP activity remained unchanged, PREP activity was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients at hospitalization and further increased during hospital stay and stayed elevated until the day of discharge. CONCLUSION The changes in activities of proline-selective peptidases in plasma are very similar in COVID-19 and septic shock patients. The pronounced decrease in FAP activity deserves further investigation, both from a pathophysiological viewpoint and as its utility as a part of a biomarker panel.
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Rosier K, McDevitt MT, Smet J, Floyd BJ, Verschoore M, Marcaida MJ, Bingman CA, Lemmens I, Dal Peraro M, Tavernier J, Cravatt BF, Gounko NV, Vints K, Monnens Y, Bhalla K, Aerts L, Rashan EH, Vanlander AV, Van Coster R, Régal L, Pagliarini DJ, Creemers JW. Prolyl endopeptidase-like is a (thio)esterase involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain function. iScience 2021; 24:103460. [PMID: 34888501 PMCID: PMC8634043 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the serine hydrolase prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL) causes a recessive metabolic disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and growth hormone deficiency. The pathophysiology of PREPL deficiency and the physiological substrates of PREPL remain largely unknown. In this study, we connect PREPL with mitochondrial gene expression and oxidative phosphorylation by analyzing its protein interactors. We demonstrate that the long PREPLL isoform localizes to mitochondria, whereas PREPLS remains cytosolic. Prepl KO mice showed reduced mitochondrial complex activities and disrupted mitochondrial gene expression. Furthermore, mitochondrial ultrastructure was abnormal in a PREPL-deficient patient and Prepl KO mice. In addition, we reveal that PREPL has (thio)esterase activity and inhibition of PREPL by Palmostatin M suggests a depalmitoylating function. We subsequently determined the crystal structure of PREPL, thereby providing insight into the mechanism of action. Taken together, PREPL is a (thio)esterase rather than a peptidase and PREPLL is involved in mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rosier
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Molly T. McDevitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joél Smet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brendan J. Floyd
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maxime Verschoore
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria J. Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig A. Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irma Lemmens
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia V. Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yenthe Monnens
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kritika Bhalla
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Aerts
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edrees H. Rashan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Arnaud V. Vanlander
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudy Van Coster
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J. Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John W.M. Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gattringer J, Ndogo OE, Retzl B, Ebermann C, Gruber CW, Hellinger R. Cyclotides Isolated From Violet Plants of Cameroon Are Inhibitors of Human Prolyl Oligopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707596. [PMID: 34322026 PMCID: PMC8311463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine and the use of herbal remedies are well established in the African health care system. For instance, Violaceae plants are used for antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory applications in folk medicine. This study describes the phytochemical analysis and bioactivity screening of four species of the violet tribe Allexis found in Cameroon. Allexis cauliflora, Allexis obanensis, Allexis batangae and Allexis zygomorpha were evaluated for the expression of circular peptides (cyclotides) by mass spectrometry. The unique cyclic cystine-rich motif was identified in several peptides of all four species. Knowing that members of this peptide family are protease inhibitors, the plant extracts were evaluated for the inhibition of human prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Since all four species inhibited POP activity, a bioactivity-guided fractionation approach was performed to isolate peptide inhibitors. These novel cyclotides, alca 1 and alca 2 exhibited IC50 values of 8.5 and 4.4 µM, respectively. To obtain their amino acid sequence information, combinatorial enzymatic proteolysis was performed. The proteolytic fragments were evaluated in MS/MS fragmentation experiments and the full-length amino acid sequences were obtained by de novo annotation of fragment ions. In summary, this study identified inhibitors of the human protease POP, which is a drug target for inflammatory or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Gattringer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Eteme Ndogo
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Retzl
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Ebermann
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Hellinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Van Rymenant Y, Tanc M, Van Elzen R, Bracke A, De Wever O, Augustyns K, Lambeir AM, Kockx M, De Meester I, Van Der Veken P. In Vitro and In Situ Activity-Based Labeling of Fibroblast Activation Protein with UAMC1110-Derived Probes. Front Chem 2021; 9:640566. [PMID: 33996747 PMCID: PMC8114891 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.640566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a proline-selective protease that belongs to the S9 family of serine proteases. It is typically highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and especially in cancer-associated fibroblasts, the main cell components of the tumor stroma. The exact role of its enzymatic activity in the TME remains largely unknown. Hence, tools that enable selective, activity-based visualization of FAP within the TME can help to unravel FAP’s function. We describe the synthesis, biochemical characterization, and application of three different activity-based probes (biotin-, Cy3-, and Cy5-labeled) based on the FAP-inhibitor UAMC1110, an in-house developed molecule considered to be the most potent and selective FAP inhibitor available. We demonstrate that the three probes have subnanomolar FAP affinity and pronounced selectivity with respect to the related S9 family members. Furthermore, we report that the fluorescent Cy3- and Cy5-labeled probes are capable of selectively detecting FAP in a cellular context, making these chemical probes highly suitable for further biological studies. Moreover, proof of concept is provided for in situ FAP activity staining in patient-derived cryosections of urothelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yentl Van Rymenant
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Muhammet Tanc
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Brennen WN, J Thorek DL, Jiang W, Krueger TE, Antony L, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Overcoming stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses via fibroblast activation protein-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 13:155-175. [PMID: 33148078 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes to disease progression through multiple mechanisms, including immune suppression mediated in part by fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-expressing cells. Herein, a review of FAP biology is presented, supplemented with primary data. This includes FAP expression in prostate cancer and activation of latent reservoirs of TGF-β and VEGF to produce a positive feedback loop. This collectively suggests a normal wound repair process subverted during cancer pathophysiology. There has been immense interest in targeting FAP for diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic purposes. Until recently, this development has outpaced an understanding of the biology; impeding optimal translation into the clinic. A summary of these applications is provided with an emphasis on eliminating tumor-infiltrating FAP-positive cells to overcome stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy E Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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9
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Moon ES, Elvas F, Vliegen G, De Lombaerde S, Vangestel C, De Bruycker S, Bracke A, Eppard E, Greifenstein L, Klasen B, Kramer V, Staelens S, De Meester I, Van der Veken P, Rösch F. Targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP): next generation PET radiotracers using squaramide coupled bifunctional DOTA and DATA 5m chelators. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:19. [PMID: 32728930 PMCID: PMC7391456 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a proline selective serine protease that is overexpressed in tumor stroma and in lesions of many other diseases that are characterized by tissue remodeling. In 2014, a most potent FAP-inhibitor (referred to as UAMC1110) with low nanomolar FAP-affinity and high selectivity toward related enzymes such as prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and the dipeptidyl-peptidases (DPPs): DPP4, DPP8/9 and DPP2 were developed. This inhibitor has been adopted recently by other groups to create radiopharmaceuticals by coupling bifunctional chelator-linker systems. Here, we report squaric acid (SA) containing bifunctional DATA5m and DOTA chelators based on UAMC1110 as pharmacophor. The novel radiopharmaceuticals DOTA.SA.FAPi and DATA5m.SA.FAPi with their non-radioactive derivatives were characterized for in vitro inhibitory efficiency to FAP and PREP, respectively and radiochemical investigated with gallium-68. Further, first proof-of-concept in vivo animal study followed by ex vivo biodistribution were determined with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi. Results [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi showed high complexation > 97% radiochemical yields after already 10 min and high stability over a period of 2 h. Affinity to FAP of DOTA.SA.FAPi and DATA5m.SA.FAPi and its natGa and natLu-labeled derivatives were excellent resulting in low nanomolar IC50 values of 0.7–1.4 nM. Additionally, all five compounds showed low affinity for the related protease PREP (high IC50 with 1.7–8.7 μM). First proof-of-principle in vivo PET-imaging animal studies of the [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi precursor in a HT-29 human colorectal cancer xenograft mouse model indicated promising results with high accumulation in tumor (SUVmean of 0.75) and low background signal. Ex vivo biodistribution showed highest uptake in tumor (5.2%ID/g) at 60 min post injection with overall low uptake in healthy tissues. Conclusion In this work, novel PET radiotracers targeting fibroblast activation protein were synthesized and biochemically investigated. Critical substructures of the novel compounds are a squaramide linker unit derived from the basic motif of squaric acid, DOTA and DATA5m bifunctional chelators and a FAP-targeting moiety. In conclusion, these new FAP-ligands appear promising, both for further research and development as well as for first human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euy Sung Moon
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stef De Lombaerde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sven De Bruycker
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Lukas Greifenstein
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Klasen
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vasko Kramer
- Positronpharma SA, 7500921 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Vliegen G, Kehoe K, Bracke A, De Hert E, Verkerk R, Fransen E, Jongers B‘, Peters E, Lambeir AM, Kumar-Singh S, Pickkers P, Jorens PG, De Meester I. Dysregulated activities of proline-specific enzymes in septic shock patients (sepsis-2). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231555. [PMID: 32315321 PMCID: PMC7173796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proline-specific enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP), fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) are known for their involvement in the immune system and blood pressure regulation. Only very limited information is currently available on their enzymatic activity and possible involvement in patients with sepsis and septic-shock. The activity of the enzymes was measured in EDTA-plasma of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU): 40 septic shock patients (sepsis-2) and 22 ICU control patients after major intracranial surgery. These data were used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A survival analysis (at 90 days) and an association study with other parameters was performed. PRCP (day 1) and PREP (all days) enzymatic activities were higher in septic shock patients compared to controls. In contrast, FAP and DPP4 were lower in these patients on all studied time points. Since large differences were found, ROC curves were generated and these yielded area under the curve (AUC) values for PREP, FAP and DPP4 of 0.88 (CI: 0.80-0.96), 0.94 (CI: 0.89-0.99) and 0.86 (CI: 0.77-0.95), respectively. PRCP had a lower predicting value with an AUC of 0.71 (CI: 0.58-0.83). A nominally significant association was observed between survival and the DPP4 enzymatic activity at day 1 (p<0.05), with a higher DPP4 activity being associated with an increase in survival. All four enzymes were dysregulated in septic shock patients. DPP4, FAP and PREP are good in discriminating between septic shock patients and ICU controls and should be further explored to see whether they are already dysregulated in earlier stages, opening perspectives for their further investigation as biomarkers in sepsis. DPP4 also shows potential as a prognostic biomarker. Additionally, the associations found warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart ‘s Jongers
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Peters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium and Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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11
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Šimková A, Bušek P, Šedo A, Konvalinka J. Molecular recognition of fibroblast activation protein for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140409. [PMID: 32171757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a non-classical serine protease expressed predominantly in conditions accompanied by tissue remodeling, particularly cancer. Due to its plasma membrane localization, FAP represents a promising molecular target for tumor imaging and treatment. The unique enzymatic activity of FAP facilitates development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools based on molecular recognition of FAP by substrates and small-molecule inhibitors, in addition to conventional antibody-based strategies. In this review, we provide background on the pathophysiological role of FAP and discuss its potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of the structural patterns crucial for substrate and inhibitor recognition by the FAP active site and determinants of selectivity over the related proteases dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl endopeptidase. We also review published data on targeting of the tumor microenvironment with FAP antibodies, FAP-targeted prodrugs, activity-based probes and small-molecule inhibitors. We describe use of a recently developed, selective FAP inhibitor with low-nanomolar potency in inhibitor-based targeting strategies including synthetic antibody mimetics based on hydrophilic polymers and inhibitor conjugates for PET imaging. In conclusion, recent advances in understanding of the molecular structure and function of FAP have significantly contributed to the development of several tools with potential for translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Šimková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bušek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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12
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De Decker A, Vliegen G, Van Rompaey D, Peeraer A, Bracke A, Verckist L, Jansen K, Geiss-Friedlander R, Augustyns K, De Winter H, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Van der Veken P. Novel Small Molecule-Derived, Highly Selective Substrates for Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1173-1179. [PMID: 31413802 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a proline-selective serine protease. It is hardly expressed in healthy adult tissue but upregulated in tissue remodeling sites associated with several diseases including epithelial cancer types, atherosclerosis, arthritis and fibrosis. Ongoing research aims at clinical implementation of FAP as a biomarker for these diseases. Several immunochemical methods that quantify FAP expression have been reported. An alternative/complementary approach focuses on quantification of FAP's enzymatic activity. Developing an activity-based assay for FAP has nonetheless proven challenging because of selectivity issues with respect to prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP). Here, we present substrate-type FAP probes that are structurally derived from a FAP-inhibitor (UAMC1110) that we published earlier. Both cleavage efficiency and FAP-selectivity of the best compounds in the series equal or surpass the most advanced peptide-based FAP substrates reported to date. Finally, proof-of-concept is provided that 4-aminonaphthol containing probes can spatially localize FAP activity in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- An De Decker
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Dries Van Rompaey
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Anke Peeraer
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Koen Jansen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
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