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Faggiano S, Ronda L, Bruno S, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A. From hemoglobin allostery to hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 84:101050. [PMID: 34776270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) plays its vital role through structural and functional properties evolutionarily optimized to work within red blood cells, i.e., the tetrameric assembly, well-defined oxygen affinity, positive cooperativity, and heterotropic allosteric regulation by protons, chloride and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Outside red blood cells, the Hb tetramer dissociates into dimers, which exhibit high oxygen affinity and neither cooperativity nor allosteric regulation. They are prone to extravasate, thus scavenging endothelial NO and causing hypertension, and cause nephrotoxicity. In addition, they are more prone to autoxidation, generating radicals. The need to overcome the adverse effects associated with cell-free Hb has always been a major hurdle in the development of substitutes of allogeneic blood transfusions for all clinical situations where blood is unavailable or cannot be used due to, for example, religious objections. This class of therapeutics, indicated as hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), is formed by genetically and/or chemically modified Hbs. Many efforts were devoted to the exploitation of the wealth of biochemical and biophysical information available on Hb structure, function, and dynamics to design safe HBOCs, overcoming the negative effects of free plasma Hb. Unfortunately, so far, no HBOC has been approved by FDA and EMA, except for compassionate use. However, the unmet clinical needs that triggered intensive investigations more than fifty years ago are still awaiting an answer. Recently, HBOCs "repositioning" has led to their successful application in organ perfusion fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Faggiano
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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Artificial oxygen carriers and red blood cell substitutes: A historic overview and recent developments toward military and clinical relevance. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:S48-S58. [PMID: 31246907 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Packed red blood cells are a critical component in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. The availability of donor-derived blood products, however, suffers from issues of supply, immunogenicity, and pathogenic contamination. Deployment in remote or austere environments, such as the battlefield, is further hindered by the inherent perishability of blood products. To address the significant limitations of allogenic packed red blood cells and the urgent medical need for better resuscitative therapies for both combat casualties and civilians, there has been significant research invested in developing safe, effective, and field deployable artificial oxygen carriers. This article provides a comprehensive review of the most important technologies in the field of artificial oxygen carriers including cell-free and encapsulated hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, perfluorocarbon emulsions, natural hemoglobin alternatives, as well as other novel technologies. Their development status, clinical, and military relevance are discussed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review.
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Strader MB, Alayash AI. Exploring Oxidative Reactions in Hemoglobin Variants Using Mass Spectrometry: Lessons for Engineering Oxidatively Stable Oxygen Therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:777-793. [PMID: 27626360 PMCID: PMC5421604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Worldwide demand has driven the development of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) as potential acellular oxygen therapeutics. HBOCs have the potential to provide an oxygen bridge to patients and minimize current problems associated with supply and storage of donated blood. However, to date, safety and efficacy issues have hampered the approval of viable HBOCs in the United States. These previous efforts have underscored the need for a better molecular understanding of toxicity to design safe and oxidatively stable HBOCs. Recent Advances: High-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry (MS) has recently become a versatile tool in characterizing oxidative post-translational modifications that occur in Hb. When integrated with other analytical techniques, HRAM data have been invaluable in providing mechanistic insight into the extent of oxidative modification by quantifying oxidation in amino acids near the reactive heme or at specific "oxidative hotspots." CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to providing a deeper understanding of Hb oxidative toxicity, HRAM MS studies are currently being used toward developing suitable HBOCs using a "two-prong" strategy that involves (i) understanding the mechanism of Hb toxicity by evaluating mutant Hbs identified in patients with hemoglobinopathies and (ii) utilizing this information toward designing against (or for) these reactions in acellular oxygen therapeutics that will result in oxidatively stable protein. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future HRAM studies are aimed at fully characterizing engineered candidate HBOCs to determine the most oxidatively stable protein while retaining oxygen carrying function in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 777-793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brad Strader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Moradi S, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Roudkenar MH. Artificial Blood Substitutes: First Steps on the Long Route to Clinical Utility. Clin Med Insights Blood Disord 2016; 9:33-41. [PMID: 27812292 PMCID: PMC5084831 DOI: 10.4137/cmbd.s38461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century is challenging for human beings. Increased population growth, population aging, generation of new infectious agents, and natural disasters are some threatening factors for the current state of blood transfusion. However, it seems that science and technology not only could overcome these challenges but also would turn many human dreams to reality in this regard. Scientists believe that one of the future evolutionary innovations could be artificial blood substitutes that might pave the way to a new era in transfusion medicine. In this review, recent status and progresses in artificial blood substitutes, focusing on red blood cells substitutes, are summarized. In addition, steps taken toward the development of artificial blood technology and some of their promises and hurdles will be highlighted. However, it must be noted that artificial blood is still at the preliminary stages of development, and to fulfill this dream, ie, to routinely transfuse artificial blood into human vessels, we still have to strengthen our knowledge and be patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Moradi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Paramedicine Faculty, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht, Iran
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Chen G, Duan Y, Liu J, Wang H, Yang C. Antioxidant effects of vitamin C on hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers derived from human cord blood. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:56-61. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gaucher C, Domingues-Hamdi É, Prin-Mathieu C, Menu P, Baudin-Creuza V. Interaction of recombinant octameric hemoglobin with endothelial cells. C R Biol 2015; 338:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Varnado CL, Mollan TL, Birukou I, Smith BJ, Henderson DP, Olson JS. Development of recombinant hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2314-28. [PMID: 23025383 PMCID: PMC3638513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The worldwide blood shortage has generated a significant demand for alternatives to whole blood and packed red blood cells for use in transfusion therapy. One such alternative involves the use of acellular recombinant hemoglobin (Hb) as an oxygen carrier. RECENT ADVANCES Large amounts of recombinant human Hb can be expressed and purified from transgenic Escherichia coli. The physiological suitability of this material can be enhanced using protein-engineering strategies to address specific efficacy and toxicity issues. Mutagenesis of Hb can (i) adjust dioxygen affinity over a 100-fold range, (ii) reduce nitric oxide (NO) scavenging over 30-fold without compromising dioxygen binding, (iii) slow the rate of autooxidation, (iv) slow the rate of hemin loss, (v) impede subunit dissociation, and (vi) diminish irreversible subunit denaturation. Recombinant Hb production is potentially unlimited and readily subjected to current good manufacturing practices, but may be restricted by cost. Acellular Hb-based O(2) carriers have superior shelf-life compared to red blood cells, are universally compatible, and provide an alternative for patients for whom no other alternative blood products are available or acceptable. CRITICAL ISSUES Remaining objectives include increasing Hb stability, mitigating iron-catalyzed and iron-centered oxidative reactivity, lowering the rate of hemin loss, and lowering the costs of expression and purification. Although many mutations and chemical modifications have been proposed to address these issues, the precise ensemble of mutations has not yet been identified. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies are aimed at selecting various combinations of mutations that can reduce NO scavenging, autooxidation, oxidative degradation, and denaturation without compromising O(2) delivery, and then investigating their suitability and safety in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd L. Mollan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Hematology, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivan Birukou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bryan J.Z. Smith
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - Douglas P. Henderson
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - John S. Olson
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers for hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation 2012; 83:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Coppola D, Bruno S, Ronda L, Viappiani C, Abbruzzetti S, di Prisco G, Verde C, Mozzarelli A. Low affinity PEGylated hemoglobin from Trematomus bernacchii, a model for hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:66. [PMID: 22185675 PMCID: PMC3268738 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Conjugation of human and animal hemoglobins with polyethylene glycol has been widely explored as a means to develop blood substitutes, a novel pharmaceutical class to be used in surgery or emergency medicine. However, PEGylation of human hemoglobin led to products with significantly different oxygen binding properties with respect to the unmodified tetramer and high NO dioxygenase reactivity, known causes of toxicity. These recent findings call for the biotechnological development of stable, low-affinity PEGylated hemoglobins with low NO dioxygenase reactivity. Results To investigate the effects of PEGylation on protein structure and function, we compared the PEGylation products of human hemoglobin and Trematomus bernacchii hemoglobin, a natural variant endowed with a remarkably low oxygen affinity and high tetramer stability. We show that extension arm facilitated PEGylation chemistry based on the reaction of T. bernacchii hemoglobin with 2-iminothiolane and maleimido-functionalyzed polyethylene glycol (MW 5000 Da) leads to a tetraPEGylated product, more homogeneous than the corresponding derivative of human hemoglobin. PEGylated T. bernacchii hemoglobin largely retains the low affinity of the unmodified tetramer, with a p50 50 times higher than PEGylated human hemoglobin. Moreover, it is still sensitive to protons and the allosteric effector ATP, indicating the retention of allosteric regulation. It is also 10-fold less reactive towards nitrogen monoxide than PEGylated human hemoglobin. Conclusions These results indicate that PEGylated hemoglobins, provided that a suitable starting hemoglobin variant is chosen, can cover a wide range of oxygen-binding properties, potentially meeting the functional requirements of blood substitutes in terms of oxygen affinity, tetramer stability and NO dioxygenase reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Bucci E. Basic Science Offers a Challenge for Developing Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers into Therapeutic Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:206-13. [PMID: 21692690 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.538402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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de Mel A, Murad F, Seifalian AM. Nitric oxide: a guardian for vascular grafts? Chem Rev 2011; 111:5742-67. [PMID: 21663322 DOI: 10.1021/cr200008n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: research and reality towards an alternative to blood transfusions. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2010; 8 Suppl 3:s59-68. [PMID: 20606751 DOI: 10.2450/2010.010s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cai H, Roach TA, Dabek M, Somerville KS, Acharya S, Hosmane RS. Bis[2-(3-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (m-BCCEP): a novel affinity cross-linking reagent for the beta-cleft modification of human hemoglobin. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1494-507. [PMID: 20715854 DOI: 10.1021/bc100113y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of bis[2-(3-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (m-BCCEP, 1) as a site-directed affinity reagent for cross-linking human hemoglobin have been reported as part of our long-term goal to generate artificial blood for emergency transfusions. Molecular modeling techniques were used to design the reagent, employing crystal coordinates of human hemoglobin A(0) imported from the Protein Data Bank. It was synthesized in four steps commencing from 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. The reagent 1 was converted to its trisodium salt to allow effective cross-linking in an aqueous medium. The reagent 1, as its trisodium salt, was found to specifically cross-link stroma-free human hemoglobin A(0) in the beta-cleft under oxygenated reaction conditions at neutral pH. The SDS-PAGE analyses of the modified hemoglobin pointed to the molecular mass range of 32 kDa as anticipated. The HPLC analyses of the product suggested that the cross-link had formed between the beta(1)-beta(2) subunits. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the reagent-HbA(0) complex suggested that the predominant amino acid residues involved in the cross-linking are N-terminus Val-1 or Lys-82 on one of the beta-subunits and Lys-144 on the other. These predictions were borne out by MALDI-TOF MS analyses data of the peptide fragments obtained from tryptic digestion of the cross-linked product. The data also suggested the presence of a minor cross-link between Val-1 and Lys-82 on the opposing subunits. The oxygen equilibrium measurements of the m-BCCEP-modified hemoglobin product at 37 degrees C showed oxygen affinity (P(50) = 25.8 Torr) comparable to that of the natural whole blood (P(50) = 27.0 Torr) and significantly lower than that of stroma-free hemoglobin (P(50) = 14.19 Torr) assayed under identical conditions. The measured Hill coefficient value of 1.91 of the m-BCCEP-modified Hb product points to the reasonable retainment of oxygen-binding cooperativity after the cross-link formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Cai
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Roche CJ, Friedman JM. NO reactions with sol-gel and solution phase samples of the ferric nitrite derivative of HbA. Nitric Oxide 2009; 22:180-90. [PMID: 19919854 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with the ferric (met) nitrite derivative of human adult hemoglobin Hb is probed for both solution phase and sol-gel encapsulated populations. The evolution of both the Q band absorption spectrum and fitted populations of Hb derivatives are used to show the sequence of events occurring when NO interacts with nitrite bound to a ferric heme in Hb. The sol-gel is used to compare the evolving populations as a function of quaternary state for the starting met-nitrite populations. The redox status of intermediates is probed using the CN(-) anion to trap ferric heme species. The emergent presence of reactive NO species such as N(2)O(3) during the course of the reaction is probed using the fluorescent probe DAF-2 whereas the fluorophore Chemifluor is used as an indirect measure of the ability of the reaction to create S-nitrosothiols on glutathione. The results are consistent with the formation of a stable reactive intermediate capable of generating bioactive forms of NO. The patterns observed are consistent with a proposed mechanism whereby NO reacts with the ferric nitrite derivative to generate N(2)O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille J Roche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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