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Tozihi M, Bahrami H, Zarifian M, Vahedpour M. Protonation of gabapentin: Ion mobility spectrometry and computational study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:220-230. [PMID: 37357727 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231184106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of gabapentin was studied using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry with two types of reactant ions at temperature of 200°C. It was found that at elevated temperatures, ionization of gabapentin proceeds via two channels, including the protonation and reactant ion attachment, in the presence of both hydronium and ammonium reactant ions. The effect of the sample concentration on the relative intensity of product ion peaks was also studied. It turned out that in high concentrations, in addition to the protonation of gabapentin, binding of the reactant ion and the formation of proton-bound dimer also occurred, while in low concentrations, the only product of the ionization process is protonated gabapentin. Density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP and M062X functionals employing the same basis set 6-311++G(d,p) was used to extend the experimental findings. The structures of the several conformers of neutral and protonated gabapentin were obtained. Based on them, topical proton affinity and topical gas-phase basicity of gabapentin were calculated for selected conformers. The attachment of reactant ions to neutral gabapentin and formation of proton-bound dimer were thermodynamically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Tozihi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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2
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Tony RM, El Hamd MA, Gamal M, Saleh SF, Maslamani N, Alsaggaf WT, El-Zeiny MB. Green Bio-Analytical Study of Gabapentin in Human Plasma Coupled with Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Assessment Using UPLC-MS/MS. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin (GAB) is a cyclohexane acetic acid, structurally related to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and considered the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for assessing pregabalin (PRE) in human plasma, was developed and validated, via PRE usage as an internal standard. The plasma underwent protein precipitation using methanol, prior to analysis. Chromatographic separation was completed using a mobile phase of methanol: 0.1% formic acid solution, (65:35, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, with an isocratic approach, on an Agilent Eclipse plus column (50 × 2.1 mm and 1.8 μm), in 1.6 min of running time. An Agilent triple quadrupole was used for mass analysis, to detect the ion transitions for GAB and PER, respectively, at m/z of 172.1 → 154.1 and 160.10 → 142.10. The calibration curve, over the linear range of 0.050–10.0 μg/mL, showed a high correlation coefficient, r = 0.9993. The limits of detection and quantitation were 13.37 ng/mL and 40.52 ng/mL, respectively, based on the standard deviation and slope equation. The results for intra- and inter-day measurement accuracy and precision were in acceptable ranges. The method was extended into the assessment of oral administrations of GAB at different doses, of one 600 mg/tablet and two capsules (each one of them has 300 mg of GAB), to volunteers who were used in pharmacokinetics and bioequivalent studies. The AGREE assessment tool was used to visualize the proposed method’s greenness degree, which revealed a high AGREE rating score, supporting the accepted method’s greenness profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Moussa Tony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Gamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef 62574, Egypt
| | - Safaa F. Saleh
- Department Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Nujud Maslamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan T. Alsaggaf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed B. El-Zeiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
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3
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Jin P, You YX, Zhao LL, Zhao YL, Zheng XX, Du Y, Tang DQ. A simple and easy non-derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin in human plasma. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200622. [PMID: 36446730 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays are currently not available in commercial kits for the quantification of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin, which also cannot suffer the limitations of interferences of substances with similar structures. Chromatography is a good alternative to immunoassay. In this study, a simple and robust non-derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of the above four drugs in human plasma was developed and validated for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. This method employed benzoic acid as the internal standard with hydrochloric acid for plasma acidification and ACN for precipitate protein. The supernatant was directly injected into gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis. Good linearity was obtained with linear correlation coefficients of the four analytes of 0.9988-0.9996. Extraction recoveries of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin were respectively in the ranges of 91.3%-94.5%, 90.0%-90.9%, 90.0%-92.1%, and 88.0%-92.2% with the relative standard deviation values less than 12.6%. Intra- and inter-batch precision and accuracy, and stability assays were all acceptable. Taken together, the novel method developed in this study provided easy plasma pretreatment, good extraction yield, and high chromatographic resolution, which has been successfully validated through the quantification of valproic acid in the plasma of 46 patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
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Mohammadian E, Rahimpour E, Foroumadi A, Alizadeh-Sani M, Hasanvand Z, Jouyban A. Derivatization of γ-Amino Butyric Acid Analogues for Their Determination in the Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1727-1754. [PMID: 34096806 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability. Four structurally related drugs to GABA including pregabalin (PGB), gabapentin (GBP), vigabatrin (VGB), and baclofen are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These drugs are small aliphatic molecules having neither fluorescent nor strong absorbance in the ultraviolet/visible region; therefore, direct determination of these analytes by optical methods is difficult. Additionally, their high boiling point makes gas chromatography impossible. Accordingly, the amine or acid moiety in these drugs is derivatized in order to improve their selectivity and sensitivity during determination in the biological samples. This review focuses on derivatization based methods and their different reactions for determination of PGB, GBP, VGB, and baclofen in the biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations reported between 1980 and 2020. High-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors are a commonly used methods for determination of GABA analogs after derivatization. These methods cover 38.89% of all developed methods for determination of GABA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaman Hasanvand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Bargel S, Becam J, Chanu L, Lanot T, Martin M, Vaucel J, Willeman T, Fabresse N. Les gabapentinoïdes : une revue de la littérature. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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LC-MS/MS Quantification of Tramadol and Gabapentin Utilizing Solid Phase Extraction. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:1605950. [PMID: 30510578 PMCID: PMC6230401 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1605950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate, highly sensitive, and precise method for quantitative analysis of tramadol (TMD) and gabapentin (GBP) by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma was proposed and validated successfully using venlafaxine and pregabalin as internal standards (ISTDs), respectively. An aliquot of 200 μL of plasma was mixed with internal standard dilution and extraction was performed by using solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. Peak resolution was achieved on Phenomenex PFP column (50×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm). The total analytical run time was 3.8 min. Both analytes were monitored using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan and the mass spectrometer was operated in positive polarity mode. The method was validated for specificity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and other analytical parameters. The results found were satisfactory over the linear calibration range of 1-500 ng/mL and 10-6000 ng/mL for TMD and GBP, respectively. The developed method can be ready to use by scientific community for quantification of analytes in plasma samples from various clinical studies of different dose strengths.
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Abstract
Given the distinctive characteristics of both epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can make a significant contribution to the field of epilepsy. The measurement and interpretation of serum drug concentrations can be of benefit in the treatment of uncontrollable seizures and in cases of clinical toxicity; it can aid in the individualization of therapy and in adjusting for variable or nonlinear pharmacokinetics; and can be useful in special populations such as pregnancy. This review examines the potential for TDM of newer AEDs such as eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide, retigabine, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide. We describe the relationships between serum drug concentration, clinical effect, and adverse drug reactions for each AED as well as the different analytical methods used for serum drug quantification. We discuss retrospective studies and prospective data on the serum drug concentration-efficacy of these drugs and present the pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability, reference concentration range, and active metabolites of newer AEDs. Limited data are available for recent AEDs, and we discuss the connection between drug concentrations in terms of clinical efficacy and nonresponse. Although we do not propose routine TDM, serum drug measurement can play a beneficial role in patient management and treatment individualization. Standardized studies designed to assess, in particular, concentration-efficacy-toxicity relationships for recent AEDs are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, University Street, P.O.Box No.4184, Ajman, UAE.
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Hložek T, Bursová M, Coufal P, Čabala R. Gabapentin, Pregabalin and Vigabatrin Quantification in Human Serum by GC-MS After Hexyl Chloroformate Derivatization. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:749-753. [PMID: 27590034 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and robust method for simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) in human serum using GC-MS was developed and validated for clinical toxicology purposes. This method employs an emerging class of derivatization agents - alkyl chloroformates allowing the efficient and rapid derivatization of both the amino and carboxylic groups of the tested antiepileptic drugs within seconds. The derivatization protocol was optimized using the Design of Experiment statistical methodology, and the entire sample preparation requires less than 5 min. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range from 0.5 to 50.0 mg/L, with adequate accuracy (97.9-109.3%) and precision (<12.1%). The method was successfully applied to quantification of selected γ-aminobutyric acid analogs in the serum of patients in both therapeutic and toxic concentration ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hložek
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Bursová
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Čabala
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic .,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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9
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Lin X, Cai Y, Yan J, Zhang L, Wu D, Li H. Determination of Gabapentin in Human Plasma and Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:986-92. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kostić N, Dotsikas Y, Jović N, Stevanović G, Malenović A, Medenica M. Vigabatrin in dried plasma spots: Validation of a novel LC–MS/MS method and application to clinical practice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Martinc B, Roškar R, Grabnar I, Vovk T. Simultaneous determination of gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and topiramate in plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Krasowski MD, McMillin GA. Advances in anti-epileptic drug testing. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:224-36. [PMID: 24925169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past twenty-one years, 17 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are clobazam, ezogabine (retigabine), eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. Therapeutic drug monitoring is often used in the clinical dosing of the newer anti-epileptic drugs. The drugs with the best justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Perampanel, stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly bound to serum proteins and are candidates for monitoring of the free drug fractions. Alternative specimens for therapeutic drug monitoring are saliva and dried blood spots. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs is discussed here for managing patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Gwendolyn A McMillin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Nieddu M, Baralla E, Burrai L, Demontis MP, Fiori M, Brambilla G, Boatto G. Investigation on gabapentin residues in eggs from free-range hens exposed to saline slags from pharmaceutical industry. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:662-666. [PMID: 24615507 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated to monitor the presence of gabapentin as environmental contaminant in albumen and yolk of eggs from grazing flocks exposed to open air stored saline wastes from pharmaceutical industry. The method involved a simple liquid extraction followed by a gradient elution with formic acid 0.2 % and acetonitrile in reverse phase. ESI ionization was performed in positive ion mode. The tandem mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range from 5 to 400 ng/g for the two matrices with correlation coefficients that exceeded 0.990. The limits of quantitation were 12.0 and 14.8 ng/g in albumen and yolk, respectively. Results are discussed in light of the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in experimentally exposed hens, accounting for the top soil intake in such free grazing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Nonoda Y, Iwasaki T, Ishii M. The efficacy of gabapentin in children of partial seizures and the blood levels. Brain Dev 2014; 36:194-202. [PMID: 23647918 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the long-term efficacy of gabapentin (GBP) and usefulness of measurement of the blood level for the observation of patients that have partial seizures. METHODS Thirty patients (20 effective cases and 10 ineffective cases) treated with GBP for the localization related epilepsy had their peak blood levels of GBP. The levels were measured seven time points, one, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36month after the start of medication. The efficacy of GBP was evaluated at one month after the initiation of medication and every year for 3years, based on the R Ratio and the degree of improvement for the paroxysmal strength and length. RESULTS GBP levels were higher in the effective cases than the levels in the ineffective cases 6months after and 1year after the initiation of medication (p<0.05). The level 6months after the start in the effective cases was 5.429±2.384μg/ml (mean±SD), and 5.837±3.217μg/ml after 1year. The cases that were effective for 1year maintained approximately the same efficacy for 3years after the initiation of medication, but there was no correlation between the level and the R Ratio, paroxysmal strength and length. CONCLUSIONS No precise definition of the therapeutic range was recognized because of no correlation between GBP level and the improvement of clinical manifestations. We recommend the GBP optimal range that is established the range within 3-8μg/ml (mean; 5μg/ml) as therapeutic target without the side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Cao LW, Hu Y, Liang SL, Li C, Meng JX. Sensitive and efficient determination of gabapentin in human serum based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813070071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Determination of gabapentin in human plasma using simultaneous cloud point extraction and precolumn derivatization by HPLC. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Cao L, Liang S, Tan X, Meng J. Determination of gabapentin in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection with and without solid-phase extraction. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Yari A, Papi F, Farhadi S. Voltammetric Determination of Trace Antiepileptic Gabapentin with a Silver-Nanoparticle Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Jia S, Park JH, Lee J, Kwon SW. Comparison of two aerosol-based detectors for the analysis of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Talanta 2011; 85:2301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Ulu ST, Kel E. Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Method of Analysis for Gabapentin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Heli H, Faramarzi F, Sattarahmady N. Oxidation and determination of Gabapentin on nanotubes of nickel oxide-modified carbon paste electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Cao LW, Hu Y, Meng JX, Li C. SENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF GABAPENTIN IN HUMAN URINE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH UV–VIS AND FLUORESCENT DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.489018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Cao
- a Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hu
- a Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Meng
- a Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Simultaneous HPLC-F analysis of three recent antiepileptic drugs in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Kolocouri F, Dotsikas Y, Loukas YL. Dried plasma spots as an alternative sample collection technique for the quantitative LC-MS/MS determination of gabapentin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1339-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Krasowski MD. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Newer Anti-Epilepsy Medications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1909-1935. [PMID: 20640233 PMCID: PMC2904466 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past twenty years, 14 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. In general, the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring has not been established in clinical trials for these new anticonvulsants, and clear guidelines for drug monitoring have yet to be defined. The antiepileptic drugs with the strongest justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly protein bound and are candidates for free drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring has lower utility for gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin. Measurement of salivary drug concentrations has potential utility for therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs will be discussed in managing patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, RCP 6233, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Abstract
In the past twenty years, 14 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. In general, the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring has not been established in clinical trials for these new anticonvulsants, and clear guidelines for drug monitoring have yet to be defined. The antiepileptic drugs with the strongest justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly protein bound and are candidates for free drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring has lower utility for gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin. Measurement of salivary drug concentrations has potential utility for therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs will be discussed in managing patients with epilepsy.
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Manera M, Miró M, Ribeiro MFT, Estela JM, Cerdà V, Santos JLM, Lima JLFC. Rapid chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations exploiting pulsed-flow analysis. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:10-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oertel R, Arenz N, Pietsch J, Kirch W. Simultaneous determination of three anticon-vulsants using hydrophilic interaction LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:238-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Musenga A, Mandrioli R, Comin I, Kenndler E, Raggi MA. Determination of vigabatrin in human plasma by means of CE with LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3535-41. [PMID: 17828800 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the quantitation of the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin (VGB) in human plasma. It is based on CE with LIF detection. The effect of the pH of the buffer and of N-methylglucamine (GLC) as BGE constituent was investigated. The final BGE consisted of 50 mM borate buffer, pH 9.0, with 100 mM GLC and enabled separation within 12 min at 20 kV voltage. An SPE procedure was used for the pretreatment of biological samples, based on mixed-mode lipophilic-cation exchange cartridges, followed by a derivatization step with 6-carboxyfluorescein-N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Fluorescence was excited by an Ar-ion laser (lambda(exc) = 488 nm). Linearity was observed in the 10-120 microg/mL plasma concentration range. Extraction yield was >96%, precision (expressed as RSD) <6.7% and accuracy (recovery) was between 97.0 and 101.6%. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of VGB in plasma of epileptic patients undergoing therapy with the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Musenga
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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31
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Ribeiro MFT, Santos JLM, Lima JLFC. Piezoelectric pumping in flow analysis: Application to the spectrophotometric determination of gabapentin. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 600:14-20. [PMID: 17903459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solutions propelling devices are fundamental components of a flow-based analytical manifold. In this work different manifold configurations were implemented to evaluate the performance of multiple piezoelectric micro-pumps used as solutions insertion and propulsion devices. The micro-pumps are piezo-actuated micro-diaphragm pumps with passive check valves characterised by a small compact size and low power demands, and are able to produce reproducible flow rates of up to 4 mL min(-1). The flow rate is controlled by the frequency of the piezoelectric actuator (up to 20 Hz). As an additional feature, piezoelectric micro-pumps actuation generates a pulsed flowing stream that ensures a faster sample/reagent mixing contributing to improved reaction development. The developed flow approach was assessed in the spectrophotometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical preparations upon reaction with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate in alkaline medium. Distinct flow manifold configurations were designed for achievement of different solutions management. Linear calibrations plots for gabapentin concentrations of up to 150 mg L(-1), with relative standard deviations of less than 1.50% (n=10) and a sample throughput of about 28 determinations per hour, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F T Ribeiro
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
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Park JH, Jhee OH, Park SH, Lee JS, Lee MH, Shaw LM, Kim KH, Lee JH, Kim YS, Kang JS. Validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of gabapentin in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in Korean volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:829-35. [PMID: 17428017 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for gabapentin (GB) in human plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioequivalence (BE) studies in human. In a randomized crossover design with a 1-week period, each subject received a 300 mg GB capsule. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and separated by LC with a Gemini C(18) column using acetonitrile-10 mm ammonium acetate (20:80, v/v, pH 3.2) as mobile phase. The GB and internal standard [(S)-(+)-alpha-aminocyclohexanepropionic acid hydrate] were analyzed using an LC-API 2000 MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ionization was optimized using ESI(+) and selectivity was achieved using MS/MS analysis, m/z 172.0 --> 154.0 and m/z 172.0 --> 126.0 for GB and IS, respectively. The assay exhibited good linearity over a working range of 20-5000 ng/mL for GB in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 20 ng/mL. No endogenous compounds were found to interfere with the analysis. The accuracy and precision were shown for concentrations over the standard ranges. This method was successfully applied for the PK and BE studies by analysis of blood samples taken up to 36 h after an oral dose of 300 mg of GB in 24 healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Al‐Majed AA. A Derivatization Reagent for Vigabatrin and Gabapentin in HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500295229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Al‐Majed
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bahrami G, Mohammadi B. Sensitive microanalysis of gabapentin by high-performance liquid chromatography in human serum using pre-column derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: Application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 837:24-8. [PMID: 16644294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the published methods for analysis of gabapentin, an antiepileptic agent, in human serum require automated o-phthalaldehyde derivatization of the drug and immediate injection of the unstable derivatives formed. A new, very sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of the drug in human serum using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) as a fluorescent labeling agent is presented. In this method the sensitivity was significantly improved and the limit of quantification of 0.002 microg/ml was obtained using 100 microl serum sample and 10 microl injection. However, the LOQ can be improved by increasing the sampling volume. The procedure involved protein precipitation of serum by acetonitrile followed by derivatization with NBD-Cl. Amlodipine was used as internal standard and chromatographic separation was performed on a Shimpack CLC-C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm) column. The fluorescence derivative of the drug was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 470 and 537 nm, respectively. A mobile phase consisting of methanol and sodium phosphate buffer (0.05 M; pH 2.5) containing 1 ml/l triethylamine (65:35, v/v) was used. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.002-15 microg/ml. No interferences were found from commonly co-administrated antiepileptic drugs. The method was applied in a randomized cross-over bioequivalence study of two different gabapentin preparations in 24 healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Bahrami G, Kiani A. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of gabapentin in human serum using liquid–liquid extraction and pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 835:123-6. [PMID: 16574508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most of the published methods for analysis of gabapentin, an antiepileptic agent, in human serum are based on the same approach, involving o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization of deproteinized serum samples. The present paper however, describes a new, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of gabapentin in human serum using liquid-liquid extraction and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) as pre-column labeling agent. The drug and an internal standard (azithromycin) were extracted from serum by salting-out approach using a mixture of dichloromethane-2 propanol (1:1, v/v) as the extracting solvent. The extracted analytes were subjected to derivatization with FMOC-Cl in the presence of phosphate buffer (pH 7). A mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (73/27, v/v; pH of 3.9) containing 1 ml/l triethylamine was eluted and chromatographic separation was performed on a Shimpack CLC-C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm) column. The standard curve was linear over the range of 0.03-20 microg/ml and limit of quantification was 0.03 microg/ml. The performance of analysis was studied and the validated method showed excellent performance in terms of selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. No interferences were found from commonly co-administered antiepileptic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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36
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Ramakrishna NVS, Vishwottam KN, Koteshwara M, Manoj S, Santosh M, Chidambara J, Sumatha B, Varma DP. Rapid quantification of gabapentin in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:360-8. [PMID: 16112830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of gabapentin, a new antiepileptic drug, in human plasma using its structural analogue, 1,1-cyclohexane diacetic acid monoamide (CAM) as internal standard. The method involved a simple protein precipitation by means of acetonitrile followed by a rapid isocratic elution with 10mM ammonium formate buffer/acetonitrile (20/80, v/v, pH 3.0) on Waters Symmetry C(18 reversed phase chromatographic column and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 172-->154 and m/z 200-->182 were used to measure the analyte and the IS, respectively. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 40-10000 ng/mL for gabapentin in human plasma. The limit of detection and lower limit of quantification in human plasma were 10 and 40 ng/mL, respectively. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve ranges. A run time of 2 min for each sample made it possible to analyze a throughput of more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V S Ramakrishna
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road # 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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Ji HY, Jeong DW, Kim YH, Kim HH, Yoon YS, Lee KC, Lee HS. Determination of gabapentin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2127-32. [PMID: 16773671 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of gabapentin in human plasma was developed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS). The devised method involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by separation on an Atlantis HILIC silica column using an acetonitrile/ammonium formate mobile phase (100 mM, pH 3.0) (85:15, v/v). Analytes were detected using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The standard curve was linear (r = 1.000) over the concentration range of 50.0-10000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification for gabapentin was 50.0 ng/mL (ca. 20 pg gabapentin) using a 10-microL plasma sample. The coefficients of variation and relative errors for intra- and inter-assay at four QC levels (i.e., 50.0, 125, 750, and 7500 ng/mL) were 4.7 to 9.4% and -4.1 to 1.6%, respectively. Absolute and relative matrix effects for gabapentin and metformin were practically absent. Gabapentin and metformin recoveries were 98.5% and 99.0%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of gabapentin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Ji
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Phytofermentation Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1390-401. [PMID: 16237664 DOI: 10.1002/jms.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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