Application of a circulating antigen detection immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis

Quantum Dot-Based Nanosensors for In Vitro Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Despite the existing effective treatment methods, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most deadly infectious disease, its carriers in the latent and active phases accounting for more than 20% of the world population. An effective method for controlling TB and reducing TB mortality is regular population screening aimed at diagnosing the latent form of TB and taking preventive and curative measures. Numerous methods allow diagnosing TB by directly detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) biomarkers, including M.tb DNA, proteins, and specific metabolites or antibodies produced by the host immune system in response to M.tb. PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and immunochemical analyses, flow cytometry, and other methods allow the detection of M.tb biomarkers or the host immune response to M.tb by recording the optical signal from fluorescent or colorimetric dyes that are components of the diagnostic systems. Current research in biosensors is aimed at increasing the sensitivity of detection, a promising approach being the use of fluorescent quantum dots as brighter and more photostable optical tags. Here, we review current methods for the detection of M.tb biomarkers using quantum dot-based nanosensors and summarize data on the M.tb biomarkers whose detection can be made considerably more sensitive by using these sensors.

Pathogen-derived biomarkers for active tuberculosis diagnosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Despite the availability of effective treatments, TB remains a major public health concern in most low and middle-income countries, representing worldwide the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease. Inadequate case detection and failures to classify the disease status hamper proper TB control. The limitations of the conventional diagnostic methods have encouraged much research activities in this field, but there is still an urgent need for an accurate point of care test for active TB diagnosis. A rapid, precise, and inexpensive TB diagnostic test would allow an earlier implementation of an appropriate treatment and the reduction of disease transmission. Pathogen-derived molecules present in clinical specimens of affected patients are being validated for that purpose. This short review aims to summarize the available data regarding biomarkers derived from M. tuberculosis, and their current usage in active TB diagnosis.

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis: due to shift track

Development of novel diagnostics for tuberculosis has so far been governed by the clinical requirement of improving the detection of patients with paucibacillary forms of the disease. For this aim, serological assays have been evaluated using several antigens, but were found insufficiently sensitive, because antibody production associates with the bacterial load of the disease. Consequently, detection of antibodies against a relatively small number of selected well-defined antigens has a much higher sensitivity for sputum smear-positive pulmonary disease in adult HIV-negative patients. They are the most active in generating and spreading aerosols containing live tubercle bacilli, but their detection is often delayed, thus perpetuating the transmission of the infection and disease in the population. High volume throughput serological screening of clinical suspects with mild clinical symptoms may help to achieve diagnosis earlier, than currently used procedures. Such expanded testing could be done more efficiently in laboratories, than at 'points-of-care' and at a lower cost than other tests. The feasibility of this approach towards reducing the delayed diagnosis of the most infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis needs to be ascertained in prospective diagnostic trials, in populations at a high risk. Reducing the transmission of tuberculosis is of key importance for achieving its continued decline and therefore it is proposed, that the aims of serological screening should shift from clinical to public health priorities.

Biomarkers of disease activity, cure, and relapse in tuberculosis

The changing face of tuberculosis, with epidemics fueled by HIV and urbanization in much of the world and a relative increase in the importance of latent tuberculosis as a source of cases in the more economically developed countries, has led to a demand for more robust, clinically applicable diagnostic tools. As a result, research aiming to identify biomarkers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease has flourished. This article discusses the most recent findings of that work.

A novel application of affinity biosensor technology to detect antibodies to mycolic acid in tuberculosis patients

Tuberculosis has re-emerged as a global health problem due to co-infection with HIV and the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. HIV co-infection introduced a 30% underestimation in TB diagnosis based on sputum analysis, calling for a reliable and fast serodiagnostic assay to assist in the management of TB in HIV-burdened populations. Serodiagnosis with mycobacterial lipid cell wall antigens gave promising results, in particular with LAM and cord factor. Free mycolic acids have also been considered because they are unique in structure to each species of Mycobacterium and can be economically extracted and purified. In a standard immunoassay such as ELISA, however, an unacceptable number of false positive and false negative test results were obtained. Here we report a much improved biosensor method to detect antibodies to mycolic acids in patient serum as surrogate markers of active tuberculosis. Mycolic acid (MA) liposomes were immobilized on a non-derivatized twin-celled biosensor cuvette and blocked with saponin. A high dilution of serum was used to calibrate the binding signal of the two cells, followed by contact with patient serum at a lesser dilution, but pre-incubated with either antigen-carrying, or empty liposomes. The serum, or the protein A purified IgG thereof, from sputum-positive tuberculosis patients could be inhibited from binding to the MA in the biosensor by prior incubation with MA-containing liposomes. The accuracy of the inhibition test was 84% if HIV-positive patients for whom a negative TB sputum analyses could not be relied upon to serve as a reference standard were excluded. If biosensor technology could be made suitable for high throughput screening, then it may provide the solution to the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis against a background of HIV.

Rapid and simple detection of a mycobacterium circulating antigen in serum of pulmonary tuberculosis patients by using a monoclonal antibody and Fast-Dot-ELISA

OBJECTIVES

Several immunoassays have been established for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens in serum, sputum and cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous patients using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies raised against different mycobacterium antigens. Some of these assays display both high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of these antigens. However, these assays require special and highly expensive equipment and the procedures require long periods for their completion. Thus, the rationale of this study was to establish and evaluate Fast-Dot-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (FD-ELISA) as a fast, cheap and field applicable assay for detection of mycobacterium antigen in serum of patients with pulmonary TB.

DESIGNS AND METHODS

This study included three groups: group I: 175 tuberculous patients with pulmonary TB proves with sputum Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) for acid-fast bacilli and sputum culture (all cases were culture positive for MTB); Group II: 65 patients with diseases other than pulmonary TB as bronchial carcinoma (17 patients), bronchial asthma (29 patients) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19 patients); group III: 50 healthy individuals. Groups II and III served as negative control groups. The target mycobacterium antigen was identified in both crude mycobacterium antigens extract and serum of patients with pulmonary TB, using western blotting technique and anti-TB monoclonal antibody (TB20-mAb) and then it was estimated in the serum samples of all studied groups as an index of tuberculosis, using a newly developed FD-ELISA.

RESULTS

The target mycobacterium antigen was identified at 20 kDa molecular mass in crude mycobacterium antigens extract as well as in serum of patients with pulmonary TB. The developed FD-ELISA detected the mycobacterium antigen in the sera of 159 out of 175 pulmonary TB patients with a sensitivity of 90.8% and 93.0% positive predictive value (PPV). In addition, it identified 12 false weakly positive cases out of 115 samples of negative control groups (7 out of 65 non-TB patients and 5 out of 50 healthy individuals) with a specificity of 89.6% and 86.6% negative predictive value (NPV). Standardization of the FD-ELISA using a serial dilution of the purified mycobacterium antigen indicated that the assay was able to detect 1.8 microg/ml as a lowest detectable antigen concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

The newly developed FD-ELISA is a simple, rapid and highly sensitive assay for detection of mycobacterium antigen in patients with pulmonary TB. Moreover, all steps were performed at room temperature and without the need to use expensive equipment, and this may enhance the application of this assay in tuberculosis screening programs. Further study is needed for confirmation of FD-ELISA reproducibility in light infected pulmonary TB patients and in a large population.

Progress in serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

One-third of the world population is estimated to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Accurate and timely identification of infected individuals is critical for treatment and control. The current diagnostic methods lack the desired sensitivity and specificity, require sophisticated equipment and skilled workforce or take weeks to yield results. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB, TB-HIV co-infection, childhood TB and sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB pose serious challenges. Interest in developing serodiagnostic methods is increasing because detection of antibody is rapid, simple and relatively inexpensive, and does not require a living cell for detection. Three types of tests, namely screening tests to overcome diagnostic delay, specific tests for diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB and other bacteriologically negative cases, and tests for vaccine-induced immunity need critical consideration. Several factors must be considered to develop serodiagnostic methods for TB. Antigen recognition by infected individuals is highly heterogeneous due to stage of disease, differences in HLA types, strain of the bacilli, health of the patient and bacillary load. With advances in molecular biological techniques, a number of novel antigens have been identified. Some of these antigens have proven valuable in detecting specific antibodies in some of the most challenging TB patients. The best example is a fusion protein containing several M. tuberculosis proteins (e.g. CFP-10, MTB8, MTB48, MTB81 and the 38-kDa protein) which showed encouraging results in detecting antibodies in sera of patients, including TB-HIV co-infection. This review presents progress made in the serodiagnosis of TB during the last decade.