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Shan J, Han D, Shen C, Lei Q, Zhang Y. Mechanism and strategies of immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016646. [PMID: 36238278 PMCID: PMC9550896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Although there are standard treatment options for CRC, most patients respond poorly to these treatments. Immunotherapies have gradually emerged due to the increasing awareness and understanding of tumor immunity, exhibiting good therapeutic efficacy in various cancers. Immunotherapies include cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell therapies. In particular, ICIs, which are antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand PD-L1, have been successfully applied clinically for solid tumors, relieving the inhibitory effect of the tumor microenvironment on T cells. However, only a minority of patients with cancer achieve a durable clinical response during immunotherapy. Several factors restrict the efficacy of immunotherapy, leading to the development of drug resistance. In this review, we aimed to discuss the current status of immunotherapy for CRC and elaborate on the mechanisms that mediate resistance to immunotherapy and other potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqi Shan
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Han
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Shen
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Lei
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang,
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Combination therapy with CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:647-660. [PMID: 34158626 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an encouraging and fast-growing platform used for the treatment of various types of tumors in human body. Despite the recent success of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, especially in B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the application of this treatment approach in solid tumors faced several obstacles resulted from the heterogeneous expression of antigens as well as the induction of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is a new cancer treatment modality by the use of competent or genetically engineered viruses to replicate in tumor cells selectively. OVs represent potential candidates to synergize the current setbacks of CAR T-cell application in solid tumors and then and overcome them. As well, the application of OVs gives researches the ability to engineer the virus with payloads in the way that it selectively deliver a specific therapeutic agents in tumor milieu to reinforce the cytotoxic activity of CAR T cells. Herein, we made a comprehensive review on the outcomes resulted from the combination of CAR T-cell immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of solid cancers. In the current study, we also provided brief details on some challenges that remained in this field and attempted to shed a little light on the future perspectives.
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Tian Y, Xie D, Yang L. Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 35387984 PMCID: PMC8987060 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, 643000, Zigong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Cancer diseases lead to the second-highest death rate all over the world. For treating tumors, one of the most common schemes is chemotherapy, which can decrease the tumor size and control the progression of cancer diseases. To better understand the mechanisms of chemotherapy, we developed a mathematical model of tumor growth under chemotherapy. This model includes both immune system response and drug therapy. We characterize the symmetrical properties and dynamics of this differential equation model by finding the equilibrium points and exploring the stability and symmetry properties in a range of model parameters. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the chemotherapy drug-induced tumor mortality rate and the drug decay rate contribute significantly to the determination of treatment outcomes. Numerical simulations highlight the importance of CTL activation in tumor chemotherapy.
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Yeo D, Giardina C, Saxena P, Rasko JEJ. The next wave of cellular immunotherapies in pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:561-576. [PMID: 35229033 PMCID: PMC8857655 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease that is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide by 2030. The overall 5-year survival rate is around 10%. Pancreatic cancer typically presents late with locally advanced or metastatic disease, and there are limited effective treatments available. Cellular immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has had significant success in treating hematological malignancies. However, CAR T cell therapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer has been limited. This review provides an overview of current and ongoing CAR T cell clinical studies of pancreatic cancer and the major challenges and strategies to improve CAR T cell efficacy. These strategies include arming CAR T cells; developing off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR T cells; using other immune CAR cells, like natural killer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; and combination therapy. Careful incorporation of preclinical models will enhance management of affected individuals, assisting incorporation of cellular immunotherapies. A multifaceted, personalized approach involving cellular immunotherapy treatment is required to improve pancreatic cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannel Yeo
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Caroline Giardina
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Accelerating vein-to-vein cell therapy workflows with new bioanalytical strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:164-174. [PMID: 34416662 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies represent a new era of treatment modalities for cancer. Through agile bioprocessing and bioengineering, patient-derived T-cells can be directed toward cancer biomarkers to impart a more robust and targeted immune response. In order to avoid delays in critical treatment timeframes, new bioanalytical tools are needed to accelerate, streamline, and maximize the throughput of T-cell bioprocessing. This review offers a survey of recent biotechnological advances supporting enhanced and expedited biomanufacturing workflows for autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, ranging from novel genetic engineering techniques and cell sorting platforms to stem cells and tumor organoid models. Collectively, these methods can increase the clinical impact of cancer therapeutics by improving the specificity, efficacy, and timely delivery of cell-based products.
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