Gold-catalyzed oxazoles synthesis and their relevant antiproliferative activities

Recent Developments in Oxazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Review on Synthetic Strategies, Mechanism of Action and SAR studies

BACKGROUND

Cancer is the world's third deadliest disease. Despite the availability of numerous treatments, researchers are focusing on the development of new drugs lacking resistance and toxicity issues. Many newly synthesized drugs fail to reach clinical trials due to poor pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, there is an imperative requisite to expand novel anticancer agents with in vivo efficacy.

OBJECTIVE

This review emphasizes synthetic methods, contemporary strategies used for the inclusion of oxazole moiety, mechanistic targets along with comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies to provide perspective into the rational design of highly efficient oxazole-based anticancer drugs.

METHODS

Literature related to oxazole derivatives engaged in cancer research is reviewed. This article gives a detailed account of synthetic strategies, targets of oxazole in cancer, including STAT3, Microtubules, G-quadruplex, DNA topoisomerases, DNA damage, Protein kinases, miscellaneous targets, in vitro studies, and some SAR studies.

RESULTS

Oxazole derivatives possess potent anticancer activity by inhibiting novel targets such as STAT3 and G-quadruplex. Oxazoles also inhibit tubulin protein to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Some other targets such as DNA topoisomerase enzyme, protein kinases, and miscellaneous targets including Cdc25, mitochondrial enzymes, HDAC, LSD1, HPV E2 TAD, NQO1, Aromatase, BCl-6, Estrogen receptor, GRP-78, and Keap-Nrf2 pathway are inhibited by oxazole derivatives Many derivatives showed excellent potencies on various cancer cell lines with IC50 values in nanomolar concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Oxazole is a five-membered heterocycle, with oxygen and nitrogen at 1 and 3 positions respectively. It is often combined with other pharmacophores in the expansion of novel anticancer drugs. In summary, oxazole is a promising entity to develop new anticancer drugs.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Oxazole-Based Molecules via van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis

Oxazole compounds, including one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom in a five-membered heterocyclic ring, are present in various biological activities. Due to binding with a widespread spectrum of receptors and enzymes easily in biological systems through various non-covalent interactions, oxazole-based molecules are becoming a kind of significant heterocyclic nucleus, which have received attention from researchers globally, leading them to synthesize diverse oxazole derivatives. The van Leusen reaction, based on tosylmethylisocyanides (TosMICs), is one of the most appropriate strategies to prepare oxazole-based medicinal compounds. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of the synthesis of oxazole-containing molecules utilizing the van Leusen oxazole synthesis from 1972, aiming to look for potential oxazole-based medicinal compounds, which are valuable information for drug discovery and synthesis.

Oxa/thiazole-tetrahydropyran triazole-linked hybrids with selective antiproliferative activity against human tumour cells

Inspired by marine bioactive compounds, the principle of molecular hybridization was applied combining diverse heterocyclic systems by a triazole ring, to produce new and more active compounds.

Palladium-catalyzed selective synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines from electron-rich arylamines, electron-poor arylamines and glyoxalates

Palladium-catalyzed selective synthesis of various 3,4-dihydroquinazolines from electron-rich arylamines, electron-poor arylamines and glyoxalates was developed.

Method for transforming alkynes into (E)-dibromoalkenes

The highly stereoselective bromination of alkynes has been realized by using copper(II) bromide as both the reacting partner and the catalyst, offering a generally efficient synthesis of (E)-dibromoalkenes. The reaction conditions are exceptionally mild, and a wide range of functional groups are well tolerated.