β -Cyclodextrin as a supramolecular catalyst for the synthesis of 2 H -indazolo[2,1- b ]phthalazine-trione derivatives in water and their antimicrobial activities

Rational design, synthesis, in vitro, and in-silico studies of pyrazole‑phthalazine hybrids as new α‑glucosidase inhibitors

This paper describes the design, development, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of fourteen novel heterocycle hybrids as inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. The primary aim of this study was to explore the potential of novel pyrazole-phthalazine hybrids as selective inhibitors of α-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which plays a key role in the management of type 2 diabetes. The rationale for this study stems from the need for new, more effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase with improved efficacy and safety profiles compared to currently available therapies like Acarbose. The synthesized compounds were tested against the yeast α-glucosidase enzyme and showed significantly higher activity than the standard drug Acarbose. The IC50 values ranged from 13.66 ± 0.009 to 494 ± 0.006 μM, compared to the standard drug Acarbose (IC50 = 720.18 ± 0.008). The most effective α-glucosidase inhibitor, 2-acetyl-1-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione (8l), was identified through a kinetic binding study that yielded an inhibition constant, Ki, of 34.75 µM. All of the pharmacophoric features used in the hybrid design were found to be involved in the interaction with the enzyme's active site, as expected. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) have been performed.

Phthalic anhydride (PA): a valuable substrate in organic transformations

This review has been centralized on applications of phthalic anhydride (PA) as a valuable and significant heterocyclic substrate in two- and multicomponent organic reactions. The article has been subdivided into the following parts: (i) PA introduction by focusing on its characterization, synthesizing procedure, and multiple-aspect applications. In addition, the previous review articles based on PA have also been indicated; (ii) the applications of PA as a substrate have been subdivided into parts with a glance on the reaction components numbers; (iii) the applications of PA in esterification reactions; and (iv) some examples of PA in multistep synthesis. The review covers the corresponding literature up to the end of 2022. According to the abovementioned classifications, PA is a potent substrate to design a wide range of heterocyclic compounds that possess various kinds of properties and applications in chemistry, industry, and pharmaceuticals.

Ag NPs supported chitosan-agarose modified Fe3O4 nanocomposite catalyzed synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and anticancer studies against liver and lung cancer cells

In this article we report a novel Ag NPs fabricated chitosan-agarose composite functionalized core-shell type Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle (Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄). The biogenic material was analyzed over a number of physicochemical methods like, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM and ICP-OES. In catalytic exploration we aimed the synthesis of diverse 2H-indazolo0-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives via one-pot three component coupling of phathalalhydrazide, dimedone and different aldehydes. It afforded good to excellent yields under solvent-less conditions. Robustness of the catalyst was justified by catalyst recyclability for consecutive 10 times, hot filtration and leaching tests. Again, biological activity of the material was evaluated by studying the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties over lung and liver cancer cell lines. Antioxidant potential of Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging studies and the corresponding IC50 was found to be 96.57 μg/mL. Liver and lung cancer studies over Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was carried out by MTT assay against HepG2 and A549 cell lines. The corresponding IC50 values were found as 192.35 and 365.28 μg/mL respectively. % Cell viability of the nanomaterial decreased dose dependently over both the cell lines without any cytotoxicity on normal cell line. The results demonstrates Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite to be an efficient chemotherapeutic drug against the lung and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Sulfonated β-cyclodextrins: efficient supramolecular organocatalysts for diverse organic transformations

The present review summarizes various organic transformations carried out by using sulfonated β-cyclodextrins such as β-cyclodextrin sulfonic acid, β-cyclodextrin propyl sulfonic acid, and β-cyclodextrin butyl sulfonic acid as an efficient, supramolecular reusable catalyst under diverse reaction conditions.

A New Supported Manganese-Based Coordination Complex as a Nano-Catalyst for the Synthesis of Indazolophthalazinetriones and Investigation of Its Antibacterial Activity

A new magnetic supported manganese-based coordination complex (Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTMS@MBOL@ Mn) was prepared in consecutive stages and characterized via various techniques (VSM, SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, EDX, TG-DTA, and ICP). To evaluate its application, it was used for synthesis of divers Indazolophthalazinetriones in a simple procedure via the one-pot three-component condensation reaction of aldehydes, dimedone, and phthalhydrazide in ethanol under reflux conditions. The Mn catalyst can be recycled without any noticeable loss in catalytic activity. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the nano-catalyst were studied against some bacterial strains.

Ag NPs on chitosan-alginate coated magnetite for synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and human lung protective effects against α-Guttiferin

Biocomposite nanomaterials have been evolved as the new generation catalysts and therapeutic supplement in these days. Magnetically isolation has added new features to this category. This has encouraged us to synthesize a novel Ag NP adorned chitosan-alginate dual bio-polysaccharide (two of the more versatile polysaccharides) modified core-shell magnetic nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄/CS-Alg/Ag NPs). The material was meticulously characterized following different physicochemical techniques, such as, FT-IR, ICP-OES, FESEM, EDX, atomic mapping, TEM, VSM, XRD and XPS studies. The as synthesized material was catalytically explored in the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of biologically potent 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives involving a wide range of substrates. The reactions were ended up with excellent yields under solvent-free heating conditions. The catalyst recyclability, heterogeneity and leaching tests were performed to ensure its high stability and robustness. It could be reused as much as 10 times in succession with almost unchanged catalytic performances. In the lung protective part of the present research, the human lung toxicity was induced by α-Guttiferin. The cell viability of lung MRC-5, CCD19Lu, WI-38, and BEAS-2B cell lines was measured by trypan blue assay. Caspase-3 activity was assessed by the caspase activity colorimetric assay kit and mitochondrial membrane potential of lung cells was studied by Rhodamine123 fluorescence dye. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test was used to show DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of lung cells. Also, the Rat inflammatory cytokine assay kit was used to measure the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. The catalyst-treated cell cutlers significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations, and raised the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability in the high concentration of α-Guttiferin-treated lung MRC-5, CCD19Lu, WI-38, and BEAS-2B cells. The best result of lung protective properties of catalyst against α-Guttiferin was seen in the high dose of catalyst i.e., 4 μg. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for catalyst and butylated hydroxytoluene. The catalyst inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 171 μg/mL. According to the above results, catalyst can be administrated as a lung protective drug for the treatment of lung diseases after approving in the clinical trial studies in humans.

Asymmetric Michael addition reactions catalyzed by calix[4]thiourea cyclohexanediamine derivatives

A number of upper rim-functionalized calix[4]thiourea cyclohexanediamine derivatives have been designed, synthesized and used as catalysts for enantioselective Michael addition reactions between nitroolefins and acetylacetone. The optimal catalyst 2 with a mono-thiourea group exhibited good performance in the presence of water/toluene (v/v = 1:2). Under the optimal reaction conditions, high yields of up to 99% and moderate to good enantioselectivities up to 94% ee were achieved. Detailed experiments clearly showed that the upper rim-functionalized hydrophobic calixarene scaffold played an important role in cooperation with the catalytic center to the good reactivities and enantioselectivities.