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Al Musaimi O. FDA's stamp of approval: Unveiling peptide breakthroughs in cardiovascular diseases, ACE, HIV, CNS, and beyond. J Pept Sci 2024:e3627. [PMID: 38885943 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Peptides exhibit significant specificity and effective interaction with therapeutic targets, positioning themselves as key players in the global pharmaceutical market. They offer potential treatments for a wide range of diseases, including those that pose significant challenges. Notably, the peptide trofinetide (Daybue) marked a groundbreaking achievement by providing the first-ever cure for Rett syndrome, and several peptides have secured FDA approval as first-in-class medications. Furthermore, peptides are expanding their presence in areas traditionally dominated by either small or large molecules. A noteworthy example is the FDA approval of motixafortide (Aphexda) as the first peptide-based chemokine antagonist. Here, the focus will be on the analysis of FDA-approved peptides, particularly those targeting cardiovascular diseases, human immunodeficiency, central nervous system diseases, and various other intriguing classes addressing conditions such as osteoporosis, thrombocytopenia, Cushing's disease, and hypoglycemia, among others. The review will explore the chemical structures of the peptides, their indications and modes of action, the developmental trajectory, and potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Sengupta S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Natural products from the human microbiome: an emergent frontier in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4006-4030. [PMID: 38669195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Often referred to as the "second genome", the human microbiome is at the epicenter of complex inter-habitat biochemical networks like the "gut-brain axis", which has emerged as a significant determinant of cognition, overall health and well-being, as well as resistance to antibiotics and susceptibility to diseases. As part of a broader understanding of the nexus between the human microbiome, diseases and microbial interactions, whether encoded secondary metabolites (natural products) play crucial signalling roles has been the subject of intense scrutiny in the recent past. A major focus of these activities involves harvesting the genomic potential of the human microbiome via bioinformatics guided genome mining and culturomics. Through these efforts, an impressive number of structurally intriguing antibiotics, with enhanced chemical diversity vis-à-vis conventional antibiotics have been isolated from human commensal bacteria, thereby generating considerable interest in their total synthesis and expanding their therapeutic space for drug discovery. These developments augur well for the discovery of new drugs and antibiotics, particularly in the context of challenges posed by mycobacterial resistance and emerging new diseases. The current landscape of various synthetic campaigns and drug discovery initiatives on antibacterial natural products from the human microbiome is captured in this review with an intent to stimulate further activities in this interdisciplinary arena among the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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3
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A New Regioselective Synthesis of the Cysteine-Rich Peptide Linaclotide. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031007. [PMID: 36770675 PMCID: PMC9919235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid residue peptide approved by the FDA for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), which activates guanylate cyclase C to accelerate intestinal transit. Here we show a new method for the synthesis of linaclotide through the completely selective formation of three disulfide bonds in satisfactory overall yields via mild oxidation reactions of the solid phase and liquid phase, using 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), diphenylmethyl (Dpm) and 2-nitrobenzyl (O-NBn) protecting groups of cysteine as substrate, respectively.
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4
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Braga Emidio N, Tran HNT, Andersson A, Dawson PE, Albericio F, Vetter I, Muttenthaler M. Improving the Gastrointestinal Stability of Linaclotide. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8384-8390. [PMID: 33979161 PMCID: PMC8237258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High susceptibility to proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract limits the therapeutic application of peptide drugs in gastrointestinal disorders. Linaclotide is an orally administered peptide drug for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and abdominal pain. Linaclotide is however degraded in the intestinal environment within 1 h, and improvements in gastrointestinal stability might enhance its therapeutic application. We therefore designed and synthesized a series of linaclotide analogues employing a variety of strategic modifications and evaluated their gastrointestinal stability and pharmacological activity at its target receptor guanylate cyclase-C. All analogues had substantial improvements in gastrointestinal half-lives (>8 h vs linaclotide 48 min), and most remained active at low nanomolar concentrations. This work highlights strategic approaches for the development of gut-stable peptides toward the next generation of orally administered peptide drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Braga Emidio
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hue N. T. Tran
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Asa Andersson
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
and Department of Organic Chemistry, University
of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Wang J, Dong L, Liu Y, Chen X, Ma Y, Yin H, Du S, Qi Y, Wang K. Efficient Synthesis and Oxidative Folding Studies of Centipede Toxin RhTx. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Li YM, Lu XF. Total chemical synthesis of the phosphorylated p62 UBA domain reveals that Ser 407Pi but not Ser 403Pi enhances ubiquitin binding. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8709-8715. [PMID: 33084718 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As an autophagic adaptor, p62 specifically targets ubiquitinated proteins to an autophagosome for lysosomal degradation through a critical ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. Recent research studies reported that the Ser403 and Ser407 sites on the UBA domain were modified by phosphorylation, increasing the binding affinity between p62 and ubiquitin (Ub). However, the exact role of each phosphorylation site in the regulation of the UBA domain and Ub binding remains unclear. In this text, we applied total chemical synthesis to prepare four types of phosphorylated UBAs, among which the bisphosphorylated UBA was successfully synthesized via the pseudo-dipeptide unit and auxiliary-mediated hydrazide-based native chemical ligation (NCL). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays showed that the phosphorylation at S407 enhanced the binding affinity between UBA and Ub, while that at S403 did not. It was suggested that phosphorylation at S407 might be important for promoting the interplay between the UBA domain and Ub, whereas phosphorylation at S403 was not directly involved in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology (High-Tech Branch), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology (High-Tech Branch), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xian-Fu Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology (High-Tech Branch), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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7
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Qi Y, Qu Q, Bierer D, Liu L. A Diaminodiacid (DADA) Strategy for the Development of Disulfide Surrogate Peptides. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2793-2802. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Kun Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Qian Qu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Donald Bierer
- Bayer AG Department of Medicinal Chemistry Aprather Weg 18A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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8
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Zuo C, Zhang B, Wu M, Bierer D, Shi J, Fang GM. Chemical synthesis and racemic crystallization of rat C5a-desArg. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Chen J, Sun S, Zhao R, Xi C, Qiu W, Wang N, Wang Y, Bierer D, Shi J, Li Y. Chemical Synthesis of Six‐Atom Thioether Bridged Diaminodiacid for Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide Disulfide Bond Mimics. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyou Chen
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Techmology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chen‐Peng Xi
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Wenjie Qiu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryBayer AG Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Techmology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yi‐Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
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10
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Hua X, Bai JS, Kong YF, Chu GC, Shi J, Li YM. Acid-sensitive auxiliary assisted atypical diubiquitin synthesis exploiting thiol-ene coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Chimeric protein probes for C5a receptors through fusion of the anaphylatoxin C5a core region with a small-molecule antagonist. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Liu P, Chu GC, Xu H, Li YM, Wang J, Shi J. Catalyst free hydrazone ligation for protein labeling and modification using electron-deficient benzaldehyde reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:7036-7040. [PMID: 30238118 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions have emerged as valuable tools for site-specific protein labeling and modification in vitro and in vivo. Hydrazone and oxime ligation has recently attracted considerable attention for wide applications in the conjugation of biomolecules. However, this kind of reaction has suffered from slow kinetics under physiological conditions and toxicity or complications of the reaction system due to catalysts. In this work we have developed an electron-deficient benzaldehyde reagent, which can be easily equipped with various types of bio-functional molecules for catalyst-free hydrazone ligation. The reagent can be equipped with not only small molecules such as fluorescence dyes or drugs, but also macromolecules like PEG. These can be precisely ligated to the C-terminus of proteins by an efficient hydrazone reaction at neutral pH and room temperature. The new reagent based catalyst-free hydrazone ligation provides a practical approach for the site specific modification of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
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13
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Li X, Liu L, Li Y. 15th Chinese International Peptide Symposium. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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