1
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Liu S, Yin Y, Liu S, Wang C, Sun W, Hu X. Shining a light on liver health: advancements in fluorescence-enhanced enzyme biosensors for early disease detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1392857. [PMID: 38707500 PMCID: PMC11066187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1392857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Early detection of liver diseases holds paramount importance in optimizing treatment outcomes and prognosis, thereby significantly enhancing the likelihood of recovery while mitigating the risk of progression to liver cancer. Liver diseases encompass a spectrum of conditions, each potentially manifesting distinct enzymatic profiles. Monitoring these enzymes in situ facilitates timely intervention and therapeutic management. In recent years, the field of biosensor technology has witnessed remarkable advancement, owing to strides in biomedicine and computational sciences. Biosensors have garnered widespread utility across medical and biological domains, spanning the detection of disease biomarkers, drug release tracking, ion imaging, and fluorescence imaging within living organisms. These applications have markedly enhanced imaging resolution and have the potential to refine disease diagnosis accuracy for clinicians. A pivotal aspect in the successful application of this technology lies in the construction of fluorescence probes adept at swiftly and selectively identifying target enzymes by amalgamating liver disease enzymes with fluorescence probe technology. However, research in this niche area remains relatively scarce. Building upon this foundational understanding, the present review delineates the utilization of biosensors in the early diagnosis of liver disease. Serving as a theoretical framework, this review envisages the development of high-performance biosensors tailored for the early detection of liver cancer. Furthermore, it offers insights into the potential of biosensor technology to progress and broaden its practical applications, thus contributing to the advancement of diagnostic methodologies in liver disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Liu
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yatong Yin
- Qingdao Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shihai Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenshe Sun
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Zhang L, Zhang R, Cong X, He M, Zhao X, Fan J, Peng X, Cui J, Sun W. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Monoamine Oxidase A with a Large Stokes Shift for Intraoperative Navigation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1115-1124. [PMID: 38194480 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is a dimeric flavoprotein that is found in the mitochondrial membrane. Currently, there is a lack of near-infrared fluorescent probes (NIR-FPs) with good specificity and high sensitivity for detecting MAO-A, making it difficult to accurately recognize and image cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the NIR-FP DDM-NH2 was designed and synthesized in order to detect MAO-A specifically in live biological systems. The probe comprised two functional components: dicyanoisophosphone as an NIR dye precursor and alanine as a recognition moiety. After identifying MAO-A, the probe exhibited an NIR emission peak at 770 nm with a significant Stokes shift (180 nm), 11-fold response factor, low detection limit of 99.7 nM, and considerably higher affinity toward MAO-A than that toward MAO-B, indicating high sensitivity. In addition, DDM-NH2 was effective when applied to the image-based assessment of MAO-A activity in HeLa cells, zebrafish, and tumor-bearing mice, demonstrating great potential for visualization-based research and MAO-A application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinyue Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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3
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Optical substrates for drug-metabolizing enzymes: Recent advances and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1068-1099. [PMID: 35530147 PMCID: PMC9069481 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), a diverse group of enzymes responsible for the metabolic elimination of drugs and other xenobiotics, have been recognized as the critical determinants to drug safety and efficacy. Deciphering and understanding the key roles of individual DMEs in drug metabolism and toxicity, as well as characterizing the interactions of central DMEs with xenobiotics require reliable, practical and highly specific tools for sensing the activities of these enzymes in biological systems. In the last few decades, the scientists have developed a variety of optical substrates for sensing human DMEs, parts of them have been successfully used for studying target enzyme(s) in tissue preparations and living systems. Herein, molecular design principals and recent advances in the development and applications of optical substrates for human DMEs have been reviewed systematically. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted. The presented information offers a group of practical approaches and imaging tools for sensing DMEs activities in complex biological systems, which strongly facilitates high-throughput screening the modulators of target DMEs and studies on drug/herb‒drug interactions, as well as promotes the fundamental researches for exploring the relevance of DMEs to human diseases and drug treatment outcomes.
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4
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Li X, Shi D, Song Y, Xu Y, Gao Y, Qiu W, Chen X, Li X, Huang Y, Feng Y, Li B, Guo Y, Li J. Specific tracking of monoamine oxidase A in heart failure models by a far-red fluorescent probe with an ultra large Stokes shift. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Yang Y, Zhai H, Yuan J, Wang K, Zhang H. Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Flavinase Activity: Design and Applications. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200043. [PMID: 35174973 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavinases, including monoamine oxidase (MAO-A/MAO-B), quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), nitroreductase (NTR) and so on, are important redox enzymes in organisms. They are considered as biomarkers of cell energy metabolism and cell vitality. Importantly, their aberrant expression is related to various disease processes. Therefore, the accurate measurement of flavinase is useful for the early diagnosis of diseases, which has aroused great concern in the scientific community. Various methods are also available for the detection of flavinases, fluorescence probes are considered to be one of the best detection methods due to their easy and accurate sensing capability. This review aims to introduce the advances in the design and application of flavinase probes in the last five years. This study focuses on analyzing the design strategies and reaction mechanisms of flavinases fluorescent probes and discusses the current challenges, which will further advance the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for flavinase-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Yang
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Hongchen Zhai
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chenistry and chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jie Yuan
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Kui Wang
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 46 Jianshe Road, Muye Zone,, 453007, Xinxiang, CHINA
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6
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Chen X, Huang Z, Huang L, Shen Q, Yang ND, Pu C, Shao J, Li L, Yu C, Huang W. Small-molecule fluorescent probes based on covalent assembly strategy for chemoselective bioimaging. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1393-1415. [PMID: 35425188 PMCID: PMC8979026 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08037g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress in the development of small molecular fluorescent probes based on the covalent assembly principle. The challenges and perspective in this field are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Nai-Di Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chibin Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang D, Jiang N, Li P, Zhang Y, Sun S, Mao J, Liu S, Wei W. Detection of monoamine oxidase B using dark-field light scattering imaging and colorimetry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12329-12332. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of MAO-B using dark-field light scattering imaging and colorimetry based on localized surface plasmon resonance induced by silver deposited gold nanostars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jian Mao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
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8
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Sidhu JS, Kaur N, Singh N. Trends in small organic fluorescent scaffolds for detection of oxidoreductase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113441. [PMID: 34167075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are diverse class of enzymes engaged in modulating the redox homeostasis and cellular signaling cascades. Abnormal expression of oxidoreductases including thioredoxin reductase, azoreductase, cytochrome oxidoreductase, tyrosinase and monoamine oxidase leads to the initiation of numerous disorders. Thus, enzymes are the promising biomarkers of the diseased cells and their accurate detection has utmost significance for clinical diagnosis. The detection method must be extremely selective, sensitive easy to use, long self-life, mass manufacturable and disposable. Fluorescence assay approach has been developed potential substitute to conventional techniques used in enzyme's quantification. The fluorescent probes possess excellent stability, high spatiotemporal ratio and reproducibility represent applications in real sample analysis. Therefore, the enzymatic transformations have been monitored by small activatable organic fluorescent probes. These probes are generally integrated with enzyme's substrate/inhibitors to improve their binding affinity toward the enzyme's catalytic site. As the recognition unit bio catalyzed, the signaling unit produces the readout signals and provides novel insights to understand the biochemical reactions for diagnosis and development of point of care devices. Several structural modifications are required in fluorogenic scaffolds to tune the selectivity for a particular enzyme. Hence, the fluorescent probes with their structural features and enzymatic reaction mechanism of oxidoreductase are the key points discussed in this review. The basic strategies to detect each enzyme are discussed. The selectivity, sensitivity and real-time applications are critically compared. The kinetic parameters and futuristic opportunities are present, which would be enormous benefits for chemists and biologists to understand the facts to design and develop unique fluorophore molecules for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagpreet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
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9
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Fan N, Wu C, Zhou Y, Wang X, Li P, Liu Z, Tang B. Rapid Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging of Monoamine Oxidase B for Diagnosis of Early-Stage Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7110-7117. [PMID: 33909401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis could induce cirrhosis and liver cancer, causing serious damages to liver function and even death. Early diagnosis of fibrosis is extremely requisite for optimizing treatment schedule to improve cure rate. In early-stage fibrosis, overexpressed monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) can serve as a biomarker, which greatly contributes to the diagnosis of early liver fibrosis. However, there is still a lack of desired strategy to precisely monitor MAO-B in situ. In this work, we established a two-photon fluorescence imaging method for in vivo detection of MAO-B activity counting on a simply prepared probe, BiPhAA. The BiPhAA could be activated by MAO-B within 10 min and fluoresced brightly. To our knowledge, this BiPhAA-based imaging platform for MAO-B is more rapid than other current detection methods. Furthermore, BiPhAA allowed the dynamic observation of endogenous MAO-B level changes in hepatic stellate cells (LX-2). Through two-photon fluorescence imaging, we observed six times higher fluorescence brightness in the liver tissue of fibrosis mice than that of normal mice, thus successfully distinguishing mice with liver fibrosis from normal mice. Our work offers a simple, fast, and highly sensitive approach for imaging MAO-B in situ and paves a way to the diagnosis of early liver fibrosis with accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
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10
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She M, Wang Z, Chen J, Li Q, Liu P, Chen F, Zhang S, Li J. Design strategy and recent progress of fluorescent probe for noble metal ions (Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt). Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Liu W, Li R, Deng F, Yan C, Zhou X, Miao L, Li X, Xu Z. A Cell Membrane Fluorogenic Probe for Gram-Positive Bacteria Imaging and Real-Time Tracking of Bacterial Viability. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2104-2112. [PMID: 35014338 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a global healthcare problem, resulting in serious clinical morbidities and mortality. Real-time monitoring of live bacteria by fluorescent imaging technology has potential in diagnosis of bacterial infections, elucidating antimicrobial agents' mode of action, assessing drug toxicity, and examining bacterial antimicrobial resistance. In this work, a naphthalimide-derived fluorescent probe ZTRS-BP was developed for wash-free Gram-positive bacteria imaging. The probe aggregated in aqueous solutions and exhibited aggregation-caused fluorescence quenching (ACQ). The interaction with Gram-positive bacteria cell walls would selectively disaggregate the probe and the liberated probes were dispersed on the outside of the bacteria cell walls to achieve surface fluorescence imaging. There were no such interactions with Gram-negative bacteria, which indicates that selective binding and imaging of Gram-positive bacteria was achieved. The binding of zinc ions by ZTRS-BP can enhance the fluorescent signals on the bacterial surface by inhibiting the process of photoinduced electron transfer. ZTRS-BP-Zn(II) complex was an excellent dye to discriminate mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Also, live and dead bacteria can be differentially imaged by ZTRS-BP-Zn(II). Furthermore, ZTRS-BP-Zn(II) was used for real-time monitoring bacteria viability such as B. cereus treated with antibiotic vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fei Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Chunyu Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,Zhang Dayu Schoole of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Xuelian Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,Zhang Dayu Schoole of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Lu Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,Zhang Dayu Schoole of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
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12
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Liu X, Li K, Shi L, Zhang H, Liu YH, Wang HY, Wang N, Yu XQ. Purine-based Ir(iii) complexes for sensing viscosity of endo-plasmic reticulum with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2265-2268. [PMID: 33533357 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07867k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel purine-based iridium complexes were designed for selective determination of ER viscosity. The Ir-PH possessed excellent ER targeting ability and could distinguish the viscosity changes under ER stress by fluorescence lifetime image microscopy (FLIM), which may accelerate the development of relative quantitative detection of microenvironment changes at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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13
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Zhou Z, Yuan X, Long D, Liu M, Li K, Xie Y. A pyridine-Si-rhodamine-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualizing reactive oxygen species in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:118927. [PMID: 32987271 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A lysosomal-targeted near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species (ROS) was developed with highly sensitive ability. The different responding activity toward H2O2, OH, and HClO were investigated. Meanwhile, the probe has been successfully applied in detecting and imaging reactive oxygen species both in cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200233 Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Da Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200233 Shanghai, China.
| | - Manhua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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14
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Gao L, Wang W, Wang X, Yang F, Xie L, Shen J, Brimble MA, Xiao Q, Yao SQ. Fluorescent probes for bioimaging of potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1219-1250. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes various types of fluorescent probes for PD and their applications for detection of various PD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Liuxing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Radiology
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
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15
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Ma S, Chen G, Xu J, Liu Y, Li G, Chen T, Li Y, James TD. Current strategies for the development of fluorescence-based molecular probes for visualizing the enzymes and proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Zhou J, Jangili P, Son S, Ji MS, Won M, Kim JS. Fluorescent Diagnostic Probes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001945. [PMID: 32902000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating disorders that feature progressive and selective loss of function or structure of anatomically or physiologically associated neuronal systems. Both chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality along with the death of neurons in different areas of the brain; moreover, there are few or no effective curative therapy options for treating these disorders. There is an urgent need to diagnose neurodegenerative disease as early as possible, and to distinguish between different disorders with overlapping symptoms that will help to decide the best clinical treatment. Recently, in neurodegenerative disease research, fluorescent-probe-mediated biomarker visualization techniques have been gaining increasing attention for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. A survey of fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases is provided. These imaging probes are categorized based on the different potential biomarkers of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Guides to develop new sensing strategies, recognition mechanisms, as well as the ideal features to further improve neurodegenerative disease fluorescence imaging are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Subin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Myung Sun Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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17
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Wu X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou H, Tang X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Chen D, Zhou X, Guo J, Cai H, Zheng J, Sun P. Click-Reaction-Triggered SERS Signals for Specific Detection of Monoamine Oxidase B Activity. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15050-15058. [PMID: 33103897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of biogenic amines. One of its isoforms, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), is thought to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, which make the selective detection of MAOB activity essential. In this work, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor was fabricated and the MAOB activity was specifically determined by detecting the SERS signals of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction product via an amine-aldehyde click reaction. This process was simply achieved by coating core-shell gold-silver nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) on 3-aminopropyl aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-modified glass, and then, a monolayer of cysteamine (CA) was attached to the nanoparticle surface as a linker through Ag-S bonds. Using phenethylamine (PA) as a specific substrate of MAOB, the enzyme product phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) will produce significant Raman signals via the amine-aldehyde click reaction with CA, while other molecules, such as MAOB and PA, have no signal output because they cannot form close interaction with nanoparticles due to the existence of a CA layer. This sensor was further used for the specific determination of MAOB activity in clinical blood samples and the MAOB inhibitor assessment successfully. Meanwhile, by changing the click reaction types and taking advantage of the SERS fingerprint peaks for the specific click reaction products, this strategy offers huge potential to detect multiple enzyme activities simultaneously and can be used for new click reaction screening, enzyme-related disease diagnosis, drug screening, and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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18
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Dejouy G, Renault K, Bonnin Q, Chevalier A, Michaudet C, Picquet M, Valverde IE, Romieu A. Fluorogenic Enzyme-Triggered Domino Reactions Producing Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-one-based Heterocycles. Org Lett 2020; 22:6494-6499. [PMID: 32806136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and effective biocompatible domino reaction triggered by a model protease and leading to the formation of strongly fluorescent quinoxalin-2(1H)-one N-heterocycles is described. Some positive attributes including versatility and the ability to provide outstanding fluorescence "OFF-ON" responses were revealed by this work. They open the way for practical applications of this novel type of "covalent-assembly"-based fluorescent probe in the fields of sensing and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garance Dejouy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Kévin Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Quentin Bonnin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Chevalier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cédric Michaudet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Michel Picquet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ibai E Valverde
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
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19
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Li MY, Li K, Liu YH, Zhang H, Yu KK, Liu X, Yu XQ. Mitochondria-Immobilized Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorite in Living Cells, Tissues, and Zebrafishes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3262-3269. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang-Kang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Quesneau V, Roubinet B, Renard PY, Romieu A. Reinvestigation of the synthesis of “covalent-assembly” type probes for fluoride ion detection. Identification of novel 7-(diethylamino)coumarins with aggregation-induced emission properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Renault K, Debieu S, Richard JA, Romieu A. Deeper insight into protease-sensitive "covalent-assembly" fluorescent probes for practical biosensing applications. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8918-8932. [PMID: 31560014 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a rational and systematic study devoted to the structural optimisation of a novel class of protease-sensitive fluorescent probes that we recently reported (S. Debieu and A. Romieu, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 15, 2575-2584), based on the "covalent-assembly" strategy and using the targeted enzyme penicillin G acylase as a model protease to build a fluorescent pyronin dye by triggering a biocompatible domino cyclisation-aromatisation reaction. The aim is to identify ad hoc probe candidate(s) that might combine fast/reliable fluorogenic "turn-on" response, full stability in complex biological media and ability to release a second molecule of interest (drug or second fluorescent reporter), for applications in disease diagnosis and therapy. We base our strategy on screening a set of active methylene compounds (C-nucleophiles) to convert the parent probe to various pyronin caged precursors bearing Michael acceptor moieties of differing reactivities. In vitro stability and fluorescent enzymatic assays combined with HPLC-fluorescence analyses provide data useful for defining the most appropriate structural features for these fluorogenic scaffolds depending on the specifications inherent to biological application (from biosensing to theranostics) for which they will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Renault
- ICMUB, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France.
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22
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Huang J, Hong D, Lang W, Liu J, Dong J, Yuan C, Luo J, Ge J, Zhu Q. Recent advances in reaction-based fluorescent probes for detecting monoamine oxidases in living systems. Analyst 2019; 144:3703-3709. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00409b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview summarizes the recent advances in reaction based MAO type fluorescent probes and their imaging applications in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Danqi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Lang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
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23
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Wang N, Chen XC, Ding RL, Yang XL, Li J, Yu XQ, Li K, Wei X. Synthesis of high drug loading, reactive oxygen species and esterase dual-responsive polymeric micelles for drug delivery. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2371-2378. [PMID: 35520478 PMCID: PMC9059833 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high drug loading, controlled-release drug delivery system was constructed with dual-stimulus responsive abilities in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiao-Chuan Chen
- Operative Dentistry and Endodontics
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ruo-Lin Ding
- West China College of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610064
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xi Wei
- Operative Dentistry and Endodontics
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
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