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Wei L, Ji D, Zhao F, Tian X, Guo Y, Yan J. A Review of Carbon Nanofiber Materials for Dendrite-Free Lithium-Metal Anodes. Molecules 2024; 29:4096. [PMID: 39274944 PMCID: PMC11397400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium metal is regarded as ideal anode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrode potential. However, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites seriously hinders the practical application of lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). Among various strategies, carbon nanofiber materials have shown great potential in stabilizing the lithium-metal anode (LMA) due to their unique functional and structural characteristics. Here, the latest research progress on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) for LMA is systematically reviewed. Firstly, several common preparation techniques for CNFs are summarized. Then, the development prospects, strategies and the latest research progress on CNFs for dendrite-free LMA are emphatically introduced from the perspectives of neat CNFs and CNF-based composites. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of CNFs for stabilizing LMA are summarized and discussed. These discussions and proposed strategies provide new ideas for the development of high-performance LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dawei Ji
- Fiber Materials Research Center, School of Textiles and Fashion, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fulai Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xuwang Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongshi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
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2
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Lu Z, Wang M, Chen S, Jiang C, Tang Y, Li H, Wan M, Wang D. MgNiO 2 as a Ceramic Additive To Improve the Durability of Lithium Metal Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31201-31208. [PMID: 38857455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Ceramic materials are the most popular additives to regulate the reinless interfacial reaction between lithium and the electrolyte by strengthening the SEI layer or tuning lithium deposition. Here, we propose an exceptional material, MgNiO2, abbreviated as MN, which can improve the durability of lithium metal anode. Since it is undecomposed up to 0 V vs Li/Li+, the MN's particles give some semiconductive characteristics to the SEI layer to tune the interfacial reactions. The addition of MgNiO2 in the protective films lowers interfacial resistance, which is responsible for the improved durability of Li|Cu cells: ∼210 cycles, which is 4 times longer than that of the control. Furthermore, this ceramic is used to modify the carbon film woven with carbon nanofibers (CNF @ MN). The cells with this modified 3-D host present excellent operational lives, as high as ∼2400 h in Li|Li symmetric cells and ∼280 cycles in the Li|NCM811 cells. Our approaches demonstrate that MN is an effective ceramic for stabilizing the lithium anode. It also indicates that the inert nature of the semiconductor to lithium is worth exploring thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Muqin Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yihan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Deyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Yang S, Zhao S, Chen S. Recent advances in electrospinning nanofiber materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13346-13366. [PMID: 38033908 PMCID: PMC10685289 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems because of their considerable energy density and intrinsic safety. Nonetheless, the severe dendrite growth of the Zn anode, the serious degradation of the cathode, and the boundedness of separators restrict the application of AZIBs. Fortunately, electrospinning nanofibers demonstrate huge potential and bright prospects in constructing AZIBs with excellent electrochemical performance due to their controllable nanostructure, high conductivity, and large specific surface area (SSA). In this review, we first briefly introduce the principles and processing of the electrospinning technique and the structure design of electrospun fibers in AZIBs. Then, we summarize the recent advances of electrospinning nanofibers in AZIBs, including the cathodes, anodes, and separators, highlighting the nanofibers' working mechanism and the correlations between electrode structure and performance. Finally, based on insightful understanding, the prospects of electrospun fibers for high-performance AZIBs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10029 China
| | - Shunshun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10029 China
| | - Shimou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10029 China
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Jiang Z, Li A, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Tabish M, Chen X, Song H. Modulation of Si-O Structure in Uniformly Ultrasmall Silicon Oxycarbide for Superior Lifespan of Lithium Metal Anodes. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37975807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing nanoseeds guiding homogeneous deposition of lithium is an effective strategy to inhibit disorderly growth of lithium, where silicon oxide has been attracting attention as a transform seed. However, the research on silicon-oxide-based seeds has concentrated more on utilizing their lithiophilicity but less on their Si-O structures, which could result in different failure mechanisms. In this study, various Si-O structures of silicon oxycarbide carbon nanofibers are prepared by adjusting the content of octa(aminopropylsilsesquioxane). According to XANES and experimental observations, the C-rich SiOC has an active Si-O-C structure but generates a larger volume variation during lithiation, while in the O-rich phase, the silica-oxygen tetrahedral structure can contribute to alleviate the volume expansion but has poor electrochemical activity. SiOC, which is dominated by SiO3C, has a suitable Si-O and silica-oxygen tetrahedral-structure distribution, which balances the electrochemical activity and volume expansion. This allows the host to demonstrate an excellent lifespan over 3740 h with a tiny voltage hysteresis (22 mV) at 2 mA cm-2, and it retains a favorable capacity of 97 mA h g-1 after 630 cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% in full cells. This study experiences the influence of various Si-O structures on lithium metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Tabish
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaihe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Cao J, Qian G, Lu X, Lu X. Advanced Composite Lithium Metal Anodes with 3D Frameworks: Preloading Strategies, Interfacial Optimization, and Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205653. [PMID: 36517114 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as the most promising anode candidate for next-generation rechargeable storage systems due to its impeccable capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential. Nevertheless, the irregular dendritic Li, unstable interface, and infinite volume change, which are the intrinsic drawbacks rooted in Li metal, give a seriously negative effect on the practical commercialization for Li metal batteries. Among the numerous optimization strategies, designing a 3D framework with high specific surface area and sufficient space is a convincing way out to ameliorate the above issues. Due to the Li-free property of the 3D framework, a Li preloading process is necessary before the 3D framework that matches with the electrolyte and cathode. How to achieve homogeneous integration with Li and 3D framework is essential to determine the electrochemical performance of Li metal anode. Herein, this review overviews the recent general fabrication methods of 3D framework-based composite Li metal anode, including electrodeposition, molten Li infusion, and pressure-derived fabrication, with the focus on the underlying mechanism, design criteria, and interfacial optimization. These results can give specific perspectives for future Li metal batteries with thin thickness, low N/P ratio, lean electrolyte, and high energy density (>350 Wh Kg-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Cao
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Qian
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xueyi Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xia Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
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Liu P, Wang H, Huang T, Li L, Xiong W, Huang S, Ren X, Ouyang X, Hu J, Zhang Q, Liu J. Cost-effective natural graphite reengineering technology for lithium ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Wu J, He J, Wang M, Li M, Zhao J, Li Z, Chen H, Li X, Li C, Chen X, Li X, Mai YW, Chen Y. Electrospun carbon-based nanomaterials for next-generation potassium batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2381-2398. [PMID: 36723354 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable potassium (K) batteries that are of low cost, with high energy densities and long cycle lives have attracted tremendous interest in affordable and large-scale energy storage. However, the large size of the K-ion leads to sluggish reaction kinetics and causes a large volume variation during the ion insertion/extraction processes, thus hindering the utilization of active electrode materials, triggering a serious structural collapse, and deteriorating the cycling performance. Therefore, the exploration of suitable materials/hosts that can reversibly and sustainably accommodate K-ions and host K metals are urgently needed. Electrospun carbon-based materials have been extensively studied as electrode/host materials for rechargeable K batteries owing to their designable structures, tunable composition, hierarchical pores, high conductivity, large surface areas, and good flexibility. Here, we present the recent developments in electrospun CNF-based nanomaterials for various K batteries (e.g., K-ion batteries, K metal batteries, K-chalcogen batteries), including their fabrication methods, structural modulation, and electrochemical performance. This Feature Article is expected to offer guidelines for the rational design of novel electrospun electrodes for the next-generation K batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Jiabo He
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Manxi Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Manxian Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Jingyue Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Zulin Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Hongyang Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Chuanping Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yuming Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China.
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Wang Z, Xie S, Gao X, Chen X, Cong L, Liu J, Xie H, Yu C, Liu Y. In-situ polymerized carbonate induced by Li-Ga alloy as novel artificial interphase on Li metal anode. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Liu X, Liu J, Li GR, Liu S, Gao XP. Dimensionally Stable Composite Li Electrode with Cu Skeleton and Lithophilic Li-Mg Alloy Microstructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56801-56807. [PMID: 36515498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium electrodes have gained increasing attention in recent years for their promising applications in high-energy-density secondary batteries. However, structural instability during cycling remains a considerable obstacle to development. In this study, a dimensionally stable Li-Mg/Cu composite electrode was fabricated. Cu foam as a plate grid can sustain the structure, and Li-Mg alloy as the active and lithophilic component can guide the uniform Li plating within the composite. Thus, Li-Mg/Cu electrode shows long-term stability in terms of dimensional change and surface morphology. This work provides a facile and practical way to fabricate composite Li electrodes with high dimensional stability for secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guo-Ran Li
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue-Ping Gao
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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10
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Zhao L, Wu Z, Wang Z, Bai Z, Sun W, Sun K. Regulating Solvation Structures Enabled by the Mesoporous Material MCM-41 for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20891-20901. [PMID: 36378080 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For developing the reversible lithium metal anode, constructing an ideal solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) by regulating the Li+ solvation structure is a powerful way to overcome the major obstacles of lithium dendrite and limited Coulombic efficiency (CE). Herein, spherical mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 nanoparticles are coated on a commercial PP separator and used to regulate the Li+ solvation structure for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The regulated solvation structure exhibits an agminated state with more contact ion pairs (CIPs) and ionic aggregates (AGGs), which successfully construct a homogeneous inorganic-rich SEI in the lithium anode. Meanwhile, the regulated solvation structure weakens the interaction between the solvents and Li+, resulting in low Li+ desolvation energy and uniform Li deposition. Thus, a high CE (∼96.76%), dendrite-free Li anode, and stable Li plating/stripping cycling for approximately 1000 h are achieved in the regulated carbonate-based electrolyte without any additives. Therefore, regulating the Li+ solvation structure in the electrolyte by employing a mesoporous material is a forceful way to construct an ideal SEI and harness lithium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kening Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Metal/Metal Oxide (N-MnO/rGO) Encapsulated Carbon Nanofiber Composites for High-performance Li-ion Batteries. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhang W, Zhang L, Guo J, Lee J, Lin L, Diao G. Carbon Nanofibers Based on Potassium Citrate/Polyacrylonitrile for Supercapacitors. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030272. [PMID: 35323748 PMCID: PMC8951469 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wearable supercapacitors based on carbon materials have been emerging as an advanced technology for next-generation portable electronic devices with high performance. However, the application of these devices cannot be realized unless suitable flexible power sources are developed. Here, an effective electrospinning method was used to prepare the one-dimensional (1D) and nano-scale carbon fiber membrane based on potassium citrate/polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which exhibited potential applications in supercapacitors. The chemical and physical properties of carbon nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the Brunnauer–Emmett–Teller method. The fabricated carbon nanofiber membrane illustrates a high specific capacitance of 404 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The good electrochemical properties could be attributed to the small diameter and large specific surface area, which promoted a high capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.G.)
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si 16229, Korea
| | - Ludan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Junqiang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jeongyeon Lee
- Institute of Textiles Clothing, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China;
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Guowang Diao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (G.D.)
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