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Panzade P, Wagh A, Harale P, Bhilwade S. Pharmaceutical cocrystals: a rising star in drug delivery applications. J Drug Target 2024; 32:115-127. [PMID: 38164658 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2300690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals, owing to their manifold applications, are acting as bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical product development. The ability to scale up pharmaceutical cocrystals through continuous manufacturing approaches offers superior and economic pharmaceutical products. Moreover, cocrystals can be an aid for the nanoparticulate systems to solve the issues related to scale-up and cost. Cocrystals grabbed attention of academic researchers and pharmaceutical scientist due to their potential to target various diseases like cancer. The present review is mainly focussed on the diverse and comprehensive applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals in drug delivery including solubility and dissolution enhancement, improvement of bioavailability of drug, mechanical and flow properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, controlled/sustained release and colour tuning of API. Besides, phytochemical based cocrystals, multi-drug cocrystals and cocrystals for tumour therapy have been discussed in this review. Additionally, recent progress pertinent to pharmaceutical cocrystals is also included, which may provide future directions to manufacturing and scale-up of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Anita Wagh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Pratiksha Harale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sumeet Bhilwade
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
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Zhou Y, Tu Y, Yang J, Qian K, Liu X, Fu Q, Xu X, Chen S. Enhancing the Stability, Solubility, and Antioxidant Activity of Cinchonine through Pharmaceutical Cocrystallization. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1257-1270. [PMID: 38844745 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cinchoninze hydrochloride solves the problem of the low solubility of cinchonine, but it is unstable and susceptible to deliquescence. In this study, we designed and prepared cinchonine cocrystal salts or cinchonine salts with better stability, solubility and antioxidant activity than cinchonine. METHOD We successfully synthesized and characterized three cinchonine salts, namely, cinchonine-fumaric acid, cinchonine-isoferulic acid, and cinchonine-malic acid. The high humidity (92.5% RH) and high temperature (60°C) tests were conducted to determine the physical stability and hygroscopicity of cinchonine hydrochloride, cinchonine and three cinchonine salts. And the ultraviolet spectrophotometry was conducted to determine the equilibrium solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate of cinchonine and salts. Moreover, the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays determined the antioxidant activity of cinchonine and salts. RESULT Compared with cinchonine hydrochloride and cinchonine, all three cinchonine salts exhibited good physical stability over 15 days under high humidity (92.5% RH) and high temperature (60°C) conditions. While cinchonine and cinchonine hydrochloride are categorized as hygroscopic and deliquescent, respectively, three cinchonine salts are classified as slightly hygroscopic, meaning that they have a lower hygroscopicity than cinchonine and cinchonine hydrochloride. And three cinchonine salts had higher equilibrium solubility, faster intrinsic dissolution rates, and higher antioxidant activity in comparison to cinchonine. Moreover, they showed a "spring and parachute" pattern in the phosphate buffer (pH = 6.8). CONCLUSION Cocrystallization technology is a viable option for improving cinchonine's poor physicochemical qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueyang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Li S, Li Q, Wang W, Liu M, Yang S, Zhang L, Yang D, Du G, Lu Y. A Novel Cocrystal of Daidzein with Piperazine to Optimize the Solubility, Permeability and Bioavailability of Daidzein. Molecules 2024; 29:1710. [PMID: 38675529 PMCID: PMC11052268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that daidzein has various significant medicinal values and health benefits, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cholesterol lowering, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and so on. To our disappointment, poor solubility, low permeability and inferior bioavailability seriously limit its clinical application and market development. To optimize the solubility, permeability and bioavailability of daidzein, the cocrystal of daidzein and piperazine was prepared through a scientific and reasonable design, which was thoroughly characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Combining single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with theoretical calculation, detailed structural information on the cocrystal was clarified and validated. In addition, a series of evaluations on the pharmacogenetic properties of the cocrystal were investigated. The results indicated that the cocrystal of daidzein and piperazine possessed the favorable stability, increased solubility, improved permeability and optimized bioavailability of daidzein. Compared with the parent drug, the formation of cocrystal, respectively, resulted in 3.9-, 3.1-, 4.9- and 60.8-fold enhancement in the solubility in four different media, 4.8-fold elevation in the permeability and 3.2-fold in the bioavailability of daidzein. Targeting the pharmaceutical defects of daidzein, the surprising elevation in the solubility, permeability and bioavailability of daidzein was realized by a clever cocrystal strategy, which not only devoted assistance to the market development and clinical application of daidzein but also paved a new path to address the drug-forming defects of insoluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuang Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Meiru Liu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shiying Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.W.); (S.L.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (M.L.); (S.Y.)
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Yuan P, Hu K, Zhang L, Yang D, Lu Y, Du G. Improvement of the Thermal Stability and Aqueous Solubility of Three Matrine Salts Assembled by the Similar Structure Salt Formers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:94. [PMID: 38256926 PMCID: PMC10818515 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrine (MAT), a natural Chinese herbal medicine, has a unique advantage in the treatment of various chronic diseases. However, its low melting point, low bioavailability, and high dosage restrict its subsequent development into new drugs. In this study, three kinds of MAT salts, namely, MAT-2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (MAT-25DHB), MAT-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (MAT-26DHB), and MAT-salicylic acid-hydrate (MAT-SAL-H2O), were designed and synthesized to improve the drugability of MAT. The three salts were characterized by using various analytical techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The results of the thermal stability evaluation showed that the formation of salts improved the stability of MAT; MAT-25DHB is the most stable salt reported at present. The results of aqueous solubility showed that the solubility of MAT-25DHB was higher than that of MAT, while that of MAT-26DHB and MAT-SAL-H2O were less. Given that the MAT-25DHB salt further improved the solubility of MAT, it is expected to be subjected to further research as an optimized salt. Lattice energy and solvation free energy are important factors affecting the solubility of salts; the reasons for the changes of solubility and stability of three kinds of salts are explained by calculating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyang Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoxi Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Penghui Yuan
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kun Hu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Shandong Yikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Yu M, Liang M, An Q, Wang W, Zhang B, Yang S, Zhou J, Yang X, Yang D, Zhang L, Du G, Lu Y. Versatile Solid Modifications of Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Salts: Novel Metformin-Rhein Salts Based on Advantage Complementary Strategy Design. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041196. [PMID: 37111681 PMCID: PMC10142746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an effective treatment for diabetes and diabetic complications, based on the advantage complementary strategy of drug-drug salt, by designing and synthesizing the multicomponent molecular salts containing metformin (MET) and rhein (RHE). Finally, the salts of MET-RHE (1:1), MET-RHE-H2O (1:1:1), MET-RHE-ethanol-H2O (1:1:1:1), and MET-RHE-acetonitrile (2:2:1) were obtained, indicating the polymorphism of salts formed by MET and RHE. The structures were analyzed by the combination of characterization experiments and theoretical calculation, and the formation mechanism of polymorphism was discussed. The obtained results of in vitro evaluation showed that MET-RHE had a similar hygroscopicity with metformin hydrochloride (MET·HCl), and the solubility of the component of RHE increased by approximately 93 times, which laid a foundation for improving the bioavailability of MET and RHE in vivo. The evaluation of hypoglycemic activity in mice (C57BL/6N) indicated that MET-RHE exhibited better hypoglycemic activity than the parent drugs and the physical mixtures of MET and RHE. The above findings demonstrate that this study achieved the complementary advantages of MET and RHE through the multicomponent pharmaceutical salification technique, and provides new possibilities for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Yu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meidai Liang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi An
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoxi Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
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Li J, Huang Y, An Q, Li W, Li J, Liu H, Yang D, Lu Y, Zhou Z. Discovered two polymorphs and two solvates of lamotrigine-tolfenamic acid salt: Thermal behavior and crystal morphological differences. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Insight into the Formation of Cocrystal and Salt of Tenoxicam from the Isomer and Conformation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091968. [PMID: 36145717 PMCID: PMC9504695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenoxicam (TNX) is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that shows a superior anti-inflammatory effect and has the advantages of a long half-life period, a fast onset of action, a small dose, complete metabolism, and good tolerance. Some compounds often have tautomerism, and different tautomers exist in different crystalline forms. TNX is such a compound and has three tautomers. TNX always exists as the zwitterionic form in cocrystals. When the salt is formed, TNX exists in the enol form, which exhibits two conformations depending on whether a proton is gained or lost. Currently, the crystal structure of the keto form is not in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Based on the analysis of existing crystal structures, we derived a simple rule for what form of TNX exists according to the pKa value of the cocrystal coformer (CCF) and carried out validation tests using three CCFs with different pKa values, including p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB), and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). The molecular surface electrostatic potential (MEPS) was combined with the pKa rule to predict the interaction sites. Finally, two new cocrystals (TNX-PAS and TNX-DNB) and one salt (TNX-DHB) of TNX were obtained as expected. The differences between the cocrystals and salt were distinguished by X-ray diffraction, vibration spectra, thermal analysis, and dissolution measurements. To further understand the intermolecular interactions in these cocrystals and salt, the lattice energy and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) were used to explain them from the perspective of energy. The results suggest that the melting point of the CCF determines that of the cocrystal or salt, the solubility of the CCF itself plays an important role, and the improvement of the solubility after salt formation is not necessarily better than that of API or its cocrystals.
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Two Novel Co-Crystals of Naproxen: Comparison of Stability, Solubility and Intermolecular Interaction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070807. [PMID: 35890107 PMCID: PMC9317554 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel co-crystals of naproxen (NPX) were designed and prepared at a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, namely, naproxen–caprolactam (NPX–CPL) and naproxen–oxymatrine (NPX–OMT). The characteristics of the co-crystals were evaluated in terms of stability and solubility studies. In terms of solubility, in four kinds of solvent systems with different pH, the solubility of NPX–OMT was significantly improved compared with that of NPX, whereas the NPX–CPL showed advantages in acidic solvent systems, indicating that the co-crystals can be applied to concoct preparations depending on therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, the experimental results of the thermal analysis showed that the co-crystal NPX–OMT had better thermal stability than the co-crystal NPX–CPL. Finally, as a complement to the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC XRD) method, the theoretical calculation based on density functional theory (DFT) was also used to reveal the intermolecular interaction of the co-crystals at the molecular level and visually display the difference between them.
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