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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Weller H, Krossing I. On the Synthesis and Structure of 'Naked' Ga(I) and In(I) Salts and the Surprising Stability of Simple Ga(I) and In(I) Salts in the Coordinating Solvents Ether and Acetonitrile. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400897. [PMID: 38597591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the solid-state structures of solvent-free Ga[pf] and In[pf] salts ([pf]-=[Al(ORF)4]-; RF=C(CF3)3), which are very rare examples of salts with truly 'naked' metal cations. Both salts may serve as starting materials for subvalent gallium and indium chemistry with very weakly coordinating ligands providing the freedom of choice for solvents and ligands for the future. On the other hand, we report and rationalize the formation and isolation of [M(OEt2)2][pf] and [M(MeCN)2][pf] (M=Ga, In), underlining the surprising stability of these subvalent group 13 M+ ions against disproportionation. Unexpectedly, dicoordinate and carbene analogous [M(L)2]+ ions with the [pf]- counterion are stable in L=acetonitrile and diethyl ether at room temperature, opening up possible applications for example in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Weller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Daub M, Bugnet A, Krossing I. Structures, Bonding Analyses and Reactivity of a Dicationic Digallene and Diindene Mimicking trans-bent Ditetrylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311648. [PMID: 37728006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of bisdicyclohexylphosphinoethane (dcpe) and the subvalent MI sources [MI (PhF)2 ][pf] (M=Ga+ , In+ ; [pf]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) yielded the salts [{M(dcpe)}2 ][pf]2 , containing the first dicationic, trans-bent digallene and diindene structures reported so far. The non-classical MI ⇆MI double bonds are surprisingly short and display a ditetrylene-like structure. The bonding situation was extensively analyzed by quantum chemical calculations, QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules) and EDA-NOCV (Energy Decomposition Analysis with the combination of Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence) analyses and is compared to that in the isoelectronic and isostructural, but neutral digermenes and distannenes. The dissolved [{Ga(dcpe)}2 ]2+ ([pf]- )2 readily reacts with 1-hexene, cyclooctyne, diphenyldisulfide, diphenylphosphine and under mild conditions at room temperature. This reactivity is analyzed and rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexis Bugnet
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Sellin M, Krossing I. Homoleptic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cations: Synthetic Approaches, Characterization and Follow-Up Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2776-2787. [PMID: 37668537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon monoxide, CO, is one of the most important ligands in organometallic chemistry. It is an excellent π-acceptor and a moderate σ-donor. Therefore, most of the known transition metal carbonyls (TMCs) exhibit a zerovalent or even negative metal oxidation state (OS) of up to -4. However, given the right conditions, the carbonyl ligand also forms homoleptic cationic complexes with one or more transition metal atoms, the transition metal carbonyl cations (TMCCs), known with an OS of up to +3. Despite their long-standing history upon discovery of the first [M(CO)6]+ examples (M = Mn, Tc, Re) by E. O. Fischer in 1962 as well as their very fundamental nature, it took until the 1990s for the scope to be widened by Aubke, Strauss and Willner. Yet, many potential TMCC entries known from gas-phase mass spectrometry work remained unknown on preparative grounds. This is due to their high reactivity, which puts scientists to new challenges and encourages the development of suitable solvents, anions and oxidants, to cope with the demands of these fundamental salts─later referred to as pseudo-gas-phase conditions and innocent deelectronators and solvents.Hence, the utilization of extremely weakly coordinating perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al(ORF)4]- and [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF = -OC(CF3)3) in combination with the polar but non- or weakly coordinating innocent solvents 1,2-difluorobenzene (oDFB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) yielded the first TMCC salts containing heptacoordinate [M(CO)7]+ (M = Nb, Ta) as well as paramagnetic [M(CO)6]+· (M = Cr, Mo, W) or [Ni(CO)4]+·. However, the use of typical inorganic oxidants Ag+, [NO]+ and Ag+/0.5 I2 regularly led to unwanted side reactions. For example, the Lewis acidic silver(I) cations form Lewis pairs with various Lewis basic TMCs yielding partly clustered [Agx{TMC}y]x+ complex salts, while nitrosonium cations may substitute for carbonyl ligands, forming [M(CO)x-1(NO)]+ complexes. The synergistic oxidizing reagent Ag+/0.5 X2 can add halonium ions X+ to the TMCs (X = Cl, Br, I). This prevented the synthesis of univalent group 8 TMCC salts. Yet, the application of radical cation salts of perfluorinated arenes as innocent deelectronators finally yielded salts of [Fe(CO)5]+· and [M3(CO)14]2+ (M = Ru, Os).TMCC salts are excellent starting materials, and the reaction of [Co(CO)5]+ and [Ni(CO)4]+· with benzene led to the previously unknown bis(benzene) sandwich complexes [Co(benzene)2]+ and [Ni(benzene)2]+·. Under the right conditions, even the very weakly bound oDFB-complex salts with [M(oDFB)2]+ (M = Co, Ni) cations form, useful as naked metal(I) synthons and for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Radtke V, Priester D, Heering A, Müller C, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Unified Redox Scale for All Solvents: Consistency and Gibbs Transfer Energies of Electrolytes from their Constituent Single Ions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300609. [PMID: 37191477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have devised the unified redox scale Eabs H2O , which is valid for all solvents. The necessary single ion Gibbs transfer energy between two different solvents, which only can be determined with extra-thermodynamic assumptions so far, must clearly satisfy two essential conditions: First, the sum of the independent cation and anion values must give the Gibbs transfer energy of the salt they form. The latter is an observable and measurable without extra-thermodynamic assumptions. Second, the values must be consistent for different solvent combinations. With this work, potentiometric measurements on silver ions and on chloride ions show that both conditions are fulfilled using a salt bridge filled with the ionic liquid [N2225 ][NTf2 ]: if compared to the values resulting from known pKL values, the silver and chloride single ion magnitudes combine within a uncertainty of 1.5 kJ mol-1 to the directly measurable transfer magnitudes of the salt AgCl from water to the solvents acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide, ethanol, and methanol. The resulting values are used to further develop the consistent unified redox potential scale Eabs H2O that now allows to assess and compare redox potentials in and over six different solvents. We elaborate on its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denis Priester
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Heering
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carina Müller
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Jaroń T. The Preparation, Characterization, and Pressure-Influenced Dihydrogen Interactions of Tetramethylphosphonium Borohydride. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5334. [PMID: 37570038 PMCID: PMC10420206 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethylphosphonium borohydride was synthesized via an ion metathesis reaction in a weakly-coordinating aprotic environment. [(CH3)4P]BH4, in contrast to related [(CH3)4N]+ compounds which tend to crystallize in a tetragonal system, adopts the distorted wurtzite structure (P63mc), resembling some salts containing analogous ions of As and Sb. [(CH3)4P]BH4 decomposes thermally in several endo- and exothermic steps above ca. 240 °C. This renders it more stable than [(CH3)4N]BH4, with a lowered temperature of decomposition onset by ca. 20 °C and solely exothermic processes observed. Raman spectra measured at the 0-10 GPa range indicate that a polymorphic transition occurs within 0.53-1.86 GPa, which is further confirmed by the periodic DFT calculations. The latter suggests a phase transition around 0.8 GPa to a high-pressure phase of [(CH3)4N]BH4. The P63mc phase seems to be destabilized under high pressure by relatively closer dihydrogen interactions, including the C-H…H-C contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jaroń
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Billion A, Schorpp M, Feser R, Schmitt M, Eisele L, Scherer H, Sonoda T, Kawa H, Butschke B, Krossing I. The perfluoroadamantoxy aluminate as an ideal weakly coordinating anion? - synthesis and first applications. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4355-4370. [PMID: 36924178 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) facilitate the stabilization and isolation of highly reactive and almost "naked" cations. Alkoxyaluminate-based WCAs such as [Al(OC(CF3)3)4]- ([pf]-) are widely used due to their synthetic accessibility and their high stability. However, small cations are still able to coordinate the oxygen atoms of the [pf]- anion or even to abstract an alkoxy ligand. The novel WCA [Al(OC10F15)4]- ([pfAd]-; OC10F15 = perfluoro-1-adamantoxy) is characterized by a very rigid core framework, thus indicating a higher stability towards fluoride-ion abstraction (DFT calculations) and providing hope to generate less disordered crystal structures. The [pfAd]- anion was generated by the reaction of the highly acidic alcohol perfluoro-1-adamantanol C10F15OH with LiAlH4 in o-DFB. Li[pfAd] could not be synthesized free of impurities (and still contains unreacted alcohol). Yet, starting from contaminated Li[pfAd], the very useful pure salts Ag[pfAd], [Ph3C][pfAd] and [H(OEt2)2][pfAd] could be synthesized. The salts were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Additionally, [NO][pfAd] could be synthesized containing alcohol impurities but nonetheless enabled the synthesis of the salt P9+[pfAd]-. The synthesis of Tl[pfAd] in a mixture of H2O/acetone/o-DFB demonstrated the water stability of the [pfAd]- anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Billion
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Feser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lea Eisele
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Takaaki Sonoda
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hajimu Kawa
- Exfluor Research Corporation, 2350 Double Creek Drive, Round Rock, Texas 78664, USA
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Jeong H, Kamphaus EP, Redfern PC, Hahn NT, Leon NJ, Liao C, Cheng L. Computational Predictions of the Stability of Fluorinated Calcium Aluminate and Borate Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6933-6941. [PMID: 36702613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage concepts based on multivalent ions, such as calcium, have great potential to become next-generation batteries due to their low cost and comparable cell voltage and energy density to Li-ion batteries. However, the development of Ca batteries is still hindered by the lack of suitable materials that grant a long cycle life. Specific to electrolyte materials, developing a calcium salt that is chemically stable under ambient conditions and enables reversible electrodeposition of Ca is critical. In this work, we use first-principles calculations to study the intrinsic and reductive stability of twelve Ca salts with fluorinated aluminate and borate anions and analyze the decomposition products formed on the metal anode surface that are critical to early-stage solid electrolyte interphase formation. We found anions with significant steric hindrance and a high degree of fluorination are intrinsically less stable and deemed unviable designs for Ca salt. Aluminate salts are generally less reactive with the Ca anode than their borate counterparts, and a high degree of fluorination leads to weaker reductive stability. Calcium fluoride is the most prominent decomposition product on the anode surface, and carbide-like motifs were also found from the decomposition of the designed salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonjae Jeong
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ethan P Kamphaus
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paul C Redfern
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nathan T Hahn
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Material, Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Noel J Leon
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chen Liao
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Weller H, Krossing I. How long are Ga⇆Ga double bonds and Ga-Ga single bonds in dicationic gallium dimers? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1353-1356. [PMID: 36648756 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses and characterization of two salts [(L)GaGa(L)][pf]2 ([pf]- = [Al(ORF)4]-; RF = C(CF3)3) are reported. They include the first dicationic digallene [(L)Ga⇆Ga(L)]2+ (L = CDPPh = C(PPh3)2) and a digallane [(L)Ga-Ga(L)]2+ (L = [NacNacMes]-). The CDPPh-supported digallene dication includes a trans-bent [L-GaGa-L]2+ bond that is analogous to neutral R-GaGa-R molecules and related to Robinson's famous "Digallyne" [R-GaGa-R]2-. The dicationic digallane [(L)Ga-Ga(L)]2+ is analogous to the widely used "Jones magnesium dimer", but includes a very short GaII-GaII single bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Hanna Weller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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Szlosek R, Ackermann MT, Marquardt C, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Coordination of Pnictogenylboranes Towards Tl(I) Salts and a Tl- Mediated P-P Coupling. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202911. [PMID: 36259382 PMCID: PMC10099240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of only Lewis-base (LB)-stabilized pnictogenylboranes EH2 BH2 ⋅NMe3 (E=P, As) towards Tl(I) salts has been studied. The reaction of Tl[BArCl ] (BArCl =[B(3,5-C6 H3 Cl2 )4 ]- ) with the corresponding pnictogenylborane results in the formation of [Tl(EH2 BH2 ⋅NMe3 )][BArCl ] (1 a: E=P; 1 b: E=As). Whereas the Tl ion in 1 a/b is monocoordinated, the exchange of the weakly coordinating anion (WCA) in the Tl(I) salt leads to the formation of a trigonal pyramidal coordination mode at the Tl atom by coordination of three equivalents of EH2 BH2 ⋅ NMe3 in [Tl(EH2 BH2 ⋅ NMe3 )3 ][WCA] (2 a: E=P, WCA=TEFCl ; 2 b: E=As, WCA=TEF) (TEF=[Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ]- , TEFCl =[Al{(OC(CF3 )2 (CCl3 )}4 ]- ). Furthermore, by using two equivalents of PH2 BH2 ⋅NMe3 , a Tl(I)-mediated P-P coupling takes place in CH2 Cl2 as solvent resulting in [Me3 N⋅BH2 PH2 PHBH2 ⋅NMe3 ][WCA] (WCA=TEF, 3 a; BArCl , 3 b; TEFCl , 3 c). In contrast, for the arsenic derivatives 1 b and 2 b, no coupling reaction is observed. The underlying chemical processes are elucidated by quantum chemical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias T Ackermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., Sankt-Peterburg, 7/9, 199304 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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King RP, Herniman JM, Levason W, Reid G. Structural Diversity in Divalent Group 14 Triflate Complexes Involving Endocyclic Thia-Macrocyclic Coordination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:853-862. [PMID: 36602470 PMCID: PMC9846692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly unusual series of M(II) (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) complexes with endocyclic thioether macrocyclic coordination and with coordination numbers ranging from three to nine have been prepared by the reaction of [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane), [12]aneS4 (1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane), or [24]aneS8 (1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octathiacyclotetracosane) with M(OTf)2 (M = Sn and Pb; OTf = CF3SO3-) or with GeCl2·dioxane and 2 mol equiv of TMSOTf (Me3SiO3SCF3) in a mixture of anhydrous CH2Cl2 and MeCN. The isolated bulk products are characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 19F{1H}, and 119Sn{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESI+ MS, and microanalytical data. Crystal structures are also reported for [M(L)][OTf]2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb; L = [9]aneS3, [12]aneS4) and for [M([24]aneS8)][OTf]2 (M = Sn, Pb). In all cases, the ligand is bound in an endocyclic fashion, but the coordination environment and number are highly dependent on the group 14 ion, the macrocyclic ring size, and the number of S-donor atoms it presents. Solution NMR spectroscopic data suggest that the metal-macrocycle coordination is retained in solution but that the triflate anions are extensively dissociated on the NMR timescale. Density functional theory calculations on the [M([9]aneS3)]2+ and [M([12]aneS4)]2+ (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) dications reveal that the HOMO is centered on the group 14 atom as a directional "lone pair"; it also retains a significant amount of positive charge.
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11
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Zhang C, Wang J, Lin Z, Ye Q. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Three-Dimensional Analogues of 9-Borafluorenes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18275-18284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chonghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qing Ye
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Krossing I. Direct Comparison of Subvalent, Polycationic Group 13 Cluster Compounds: Lessons learned on Isoelectronic DMPE Substituted Gallium and Indium Tetracation Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201369. [PMID: 35695015 PMCID: PMC9796046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The tetracationic, univalent cluster compounds [{M(dmpe)}4 ]4+ (M=Ga, In; dmpe=bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) were synthesized as their pf salts ([pf]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ). The four-membered ring in [{M(dmpe)}4 ]4+ is slightly puckered for M=Ga and almost square planar for M=In. Yet, although structurally similar, only the gallium cluster is prevalent in solution, while the indium cluster forms temperature dependent equilibria that include even the monomeric cation [In(dmpe)]+ . This system is the first report of one and the same ligand inducing formation of isoelectronic and isostructural gallium/indium cluster cations. The system allows to study systematically analogies and differences with thermodynamic considerations and bonding analyses, but also to outline perspectives for bond activation using cationic, subvalent group 13 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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13
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Radtke V, Gebel N, Priester D, Ermantraut A, Bäuerle M, Himmel D, Stroh R, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. Measurements and Utilization of Consistent Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions: Towards a Unified Redox Potential Scale for All Solvents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200509. [PMID: 35446995 PMCID: PMC9401597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing the “ideal” ionic liquid salt bridge to measure Gibbs energies of transfer of silver ions between the solvents water, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate and dimethylformamide results in a consistent data set with a precision of 0.6 kJ mol−1 over 87 measurements in 10 half‐cells. This forms the basis for a coherent experimental thermodynamic framework of ion solvation chemistry. In addition, we define the solvent independent peabsH2O
‐ and the EabsH2O
values that account for the electronating potential of any redox system similar to the pHabsH2O
value of a medium that accounts for its protonating potential. This EabsH2O
scale is thermodynamically well‐defined enabling a straightforward comparison of the redox potentials (reducities) of all media with respect to the aqueous redox potential scale, hence unifying all conventional solvents′ redox potential scales. Thus, using the Gibbs energy of transfer of the silver ion published herein, one can convert and unify all hitherto published redox potentials measured, for example, against ferrocene, to the EabsH2O
scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Niklas Gebel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Denis Priester
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Monika Bäuerle
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Regina Stroh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 23a 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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14
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Keßler M, Hartmann L, Stammler HG, Neumann B, Röschenthaler GV, Hoge B. Free Difluorobis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphoranide Ion and Its Ligand Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10833-10843. [PMID: 35786908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on the "free" [P(C2F5)2F2]- ion and its ligand properties in transition metal complex chemistry. For this purpose, Ag[P(C2F5)2F2] was treated with [{(Et2N)3P═N}3P═NHC(CH3)3]Cl ([EtP4H]Cl) to yield [EtP4H][P(C2F5)2F2], featuring a weakly coordinating phosphazenium cation. Due to the weak interaction between the cation and anion, the [P(C2F5)2F2]- ion meets the so-called pseudo-gas-phase conditions. To determine the Tolman electronic parameter, [EtP4H][Ni(CO)3{P(C2F5)2F2}] was prepared from [EtP4H][P(C2F5)2F2] and [Ni(CO)4], facilitating the classification of the P(C2F5)2F2 moiety as a moderately π-acidic ligand. By treatment of [EtP4H][P(C2F5)2F2] with [AuCl(tht)], the neutral tetrahydrothiophene ligand was substituted by the phosphoranide ion, yielding [EtP4H][AuCl{P(C2F5)2F2}]. When Ag[P(C2F5)2F2] was treated with [AuCl(tht)], on the other hand, the chloride was substituted. Transmetalation reactions of this type proved to be an efficient transfer method of the P(C2F5)2F2 moiety, as further demonstrated by the reactions of Ag[P(C2F5)2F2] with [FeCl(CO)2Cp], [FeCl(CO)2Cp*], and [PdCl2(NCMe)2]. Surprisingly, P(C2F5)2F demonstrated fluorinating abilities toward [FeCl(CO)2Cp], [FeCl(CO)2Cp*], [AuCl(tht)], and [PdCl2(NCMe)2]. Apparently, fluorido transition metal complexes were generated in situ under the formation of P(C2F5)2Cl. The fluorido iron and palladium complexes transfer their fluoride ions onto P(C2F5)2F, yielding the respective phosphoranido complexes, featuring the P(C2F5)2F2 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Keßler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lukas Hartmann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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Reiß F, Villinger A, Brand H, Baumann W, Hollmann D, Schulz A. Low‐Temperature Isolation of a Labile Silylated Hydrazinium‐yl Radical Cation, [(Me
3
Si)
2
N−N(H)SiMe
3
]
.+. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200854. [PMID: 35404528 PMCID: PMC9321631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of silylated hydrazine, (Me3Si)2N−N(H)SiMe3, with silver salts led to the formation of a highly labile hydrazinium‐yl radical cation, [(Me3Si)2N−N(H)SiMe3].+, at very low temperatures (decomposition > −40 °C). EPR, NMR, DFT and Raman studies revealed the formation of a nitrogen‐centered radical cation along the N−N unit of the hydrazine. In the presence of the weakly coordinating anion [Al{OCH(CF3)2}4]−, crystallization and structural characterization in the solid state were achieved. The hydrazinium‐yl radical cation has a significantly shortened N−N bond and a nearly planar N2Si3 framework, in contrast to the starting material. According to DFT calculations, the shortened N−N bond has a total bond order of 1.5 with a π‐bond order of 0.5. The π bond can be regarded as a three‐π‐electron, two‐center bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Harald Brand
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Dirk Hollmann
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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16
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Klare HFT, Oestreich M. The Power of the Proton: From Superacidic Media to Superelectrophile Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15490-15507. [PMID: 34520196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Superacidic media became famous in connection with carbocations. Yet not all reactive intermediates can be generated, characterized, and eventually isolated from these Brønsted acid/Lewis acid cocktails. The counteranion, that is the conjugate base, in these systems is often too nucleophilic and/or engages in redox chemistry with the newly formed cation. The Brønsted acidity, especially superacidity, is in fact often not even crucial unless protonation of extremely weak bases needs to be achieved. Instead, it is the chemical robustness of the aforementioned counteranion that determines the success of the protolysis. The advent of molecular Brønsted superacids derived from weakly coordinating, redox-inactive counteranions that do withstand the enormous reactivity of superelectrophiles such as silicon cations completely changed the whole field. This Perspective summarizes general aspects of medium and molecular Brønsted acidity and shows how applications of molecular Brønsted superacids have advanced from stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes involving protons and in situ generated superelectrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Bochmann S, Böhme U, Brendler E, Friebel M, Gerwig M, Gründler F, Günther B, Kroke E, Lehnert R, Ruppel L. Unexpected Formation of the Highly Symmetric Borate Ion [B(SiCl
3
)
4
]
−. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Mike Friebel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Maik Gerwig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Franziska Gründler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Betty Günther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Robert Lehnert
- Wacker Chemie AG Friedrich-von-Heyden-Platz 1 01612 Nünchritz Germany
| | - Lars Ruppel
- Wacker Chemie AG Friedrich-von-Heyden-Platz 1 01612 Nünchritz Germany
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18
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Daly S, Weske S, Mravak A, Krstić M, Kulesza A, Antoine R, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Dugourd P, Koszinowski K, O’Hair RAJ. Phenyl argentate aggregates [AgnPhn+1]− (n = 2–8): Models for the self-assembly of atom-precise polynuclear organometallics. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0052697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5306 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastian Weske
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonija Mravak
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5306 Lyon, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5306 Lyon, France
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST) at University of Split, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, Split 21000, Croatia
- Chemistry Department Humboldt, University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5306 Lyon, France
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd., Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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19
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Bläsing K, Labbow R, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylated Sulfuric Acid: Preparation of a Tris(trimethylsilyl)oxosulfonium [(Me 3 Si-O) 3 SO] + Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13798-13802. [PMID: 33913571 PMCID: PMC8251596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of silylated sulfuric acid, O2 S(OSiMe3 )2 (T2 SO4 , T=Me3 Si; also known as bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfate), has been studied in detail with the aim of synthesizing the formal autosilylation products of silylated sulfuric acid, [T3 SO4 ]+ and [TSO4 ]- , in analogy to the known protonated species, [H3 SO4 ]+ and [HSO4 ]- . The synthesis of the [TSO4 ]- ion only succeeds when a base, such as OPMe3 that forms a weakly coordinating cation upon silylation, is reacted with T2 SO4 , resulting in the formation of [Me3 POT]+ [TSO4 ]- . [T3 SO4 ]+ salts could be isolated starting from T2 SO4 in the reaction with [T-H-T]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- or T+ [CHB11 Br6 H5 ]- when a weakly coordinating anion is used as counterion. All silylated compounds could be crystallized and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Rene Labbow
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
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20
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Bläsing K, Labbow R, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylierte Schwefelsäure: Herstellung eines Tris(trimethylsilyl)oxosulfonium[(Me
3
Si‐O)
3
SO]
+
‐Salzes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Rene Labbow
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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21
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Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Nachweis des Lewis‐amphoteren Charakters von Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanid, [Si(C
2
F
5
)
3
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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22
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Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Evidence of the Lewis-Amphoteric Character of Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12124-12131. [PMID: 33617080 PMCID: PMC8252080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to a first view on the geometrical and electronic structure of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, this anion appears as a Lewis base. Quantum chemical calculations on perfluoroalkylated silanides show significantly lower HOMO and LUMO energy levels in comparison to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which implies reduced Lewis basicity and increased Lewis acidity of the [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- ion. With these findings and a HOMO-LUMO gap of 4.80 eV similar to N-heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis), perfluoroalkyl silanides are predestined to exhibit Lewis-amphoteric character similar to silylenes. Deprotonation of Si(C2 F5 )3 H with sterically demanding phosphazene bases afforded thermally stable phosphazenium salts of the [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- anion, which add to benzaldehyde, benzophenone, CS2 , and CO2 in various manners. This behavior also mirrors the reactivity of silylenes towards ketones as well as heterocumulenes and is rationalized by Lewis amphotericity being inherent in these silanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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23
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Zhang C, Wang J, Su W, Lin Z, Ye Q. Synthesis, Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Studies of Three-Dimensional Inorganic Analogues of 9,10-Diboraanthracene-A New Class of Lewis Superacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8552-8558. [PMID: 33984238 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional inorganic analogues of 9,10-diboraanthracene, B2X2(C2B10H10)2 (X = Cl, 1; X = Br, 2), were attained by salt elimination of Li2C2B10H10 and trihaloboranes. The methyl- and phenyl-substituted compounds B2Me2(C2B10H10)2 (3) and B2Ph2(C2B10H10)2 (4) were obtained by treating 1 or 2 with the corresponding Grignard reagents. These compounds were fully characterized by NMR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), IR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Experimental (CV and Gutmann-Beckett method) and computational (fluoride ion affinity, hydride ion affinity and LUMO energy) results suggest that the order of Lewis acidity is 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 > SbF5. Treatment of 1 or 2 with HSiEt3 gave a rare neutral borane-silane adduct, (Et3SiH)2B2H2(C2B10H10)2 (5). The equilibrium of 5 in solution was thoroughly investigated by spectroscopy and quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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24
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Abstract
Abstract
This review summarises the experimental and structural knowledge on polycyclic phosphanes, with a focus on bicyclic and tricyclic phosphanes, as they have not only been the most studied in the last 25 years, but also show the greatest diversity in terms of constitutional isomerism and structural motifs. Moreover, only polycyclic phosphanes that have p-block substituents at all free valences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Kirill Faust
- Institut für Katalyse, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz , Altenberger Straße 69 , 4040 Linz , Austria
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Materialdesign , Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock , A.-Einstein-Str. 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Malinowski PJ, Zhuravlev V, Jaroń T, Santiso-Quinones G, Krossing I. Extending the chemistry of weakly basic ligands: solvates of Ag + and Cu + stabilized by [Al{OC(CF 3) 3} 4] - anion as model examples in the screening of useful weakly interacting solvents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2050-2056. [PMID: 33480940 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Weakly Coordinating Anions (WCAs) facilitate the formation of exotic "naked" cationic species. However, the feasibility of the respective synthesis approaches may be limited by the basicity of the solvent utilized, as the latter is one of the most important factors determining the solvation ability. In this work, we focus on a series of novel complexes of Ag(i) and Cu(i) with weakly basic ligands such as CH2Cl2, Cl3CCN and SO2 stabilized by perfluorinated alkoxyaluminate, Al[(ORF)4]-, RF = C(CF3)3. The discussion includes their synthesis protocols, crystal structures, vibrational spectra and thermal stability (TGA/DSC/EGA). We show that the Cu-SO2 adducts present exceptional stability in relation to other metal-SO2 complexes. To broaden the scope of weakly basic ligands which could prove helpful in the development of chemistry with WCAs, the screening of potential candidates based on DFT calculations is presented.
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27
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Unkrig W, Zhe F, Tamim R, Oesten F, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Cationic Niobium-Sandwich and Piano-Stool Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:758-765. [PMID: 32871041 PMCID: PMC7839738 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the homoleptic bis(arene) niobium cations [Nb(arene)2 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) with 16 valence electrons and heteroleptic arene-carbonyl cations [(CO)Nb(arene)2 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) and [(arene)M(CO)4 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H6 ) obeying 18 valence electrons are described. Stabilization of these complexes was achieved by using the weakly coordinating anions [Al(ORF )4 ]- or [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (RF = C(CF3 )3 ). The limits of two synthesis routes starting from neutral Nb(arene)2 (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) or [NEt4 ][M(CO)6 ] (M = Nb, Ta) were investigated. All compounds were analyzed by single crystal X-ray determination, vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations were executed to support the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Unkrig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Fu Zhe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Razan Tamim
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Friederike Oesten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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28
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Brown JT, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Effects of structural variations on π-dimer formation: long-distance multicenter bonding of cation-radicals of tetrathiafulvalene analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25054-25065. [PMID: 33118569 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04891g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multicenter (pancake) bonding between cation-radicals of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, TMTSF+˙, tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, TMTTF+˙, and bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene, ET+,˙ was compared to that of tetrathiafulvalene, TTF+˙. To minimize counter-ion effects, the cation-radical salts with weakly coordinating anions (WCA), tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate, dodecamethylcarborane and hexabromocarborane were prepared. Solid-state (X-ray and EPR) measurements revealed diamagnetic π-dimers in the TMTSF and ET salts and the separate monomers in the TTF salts with all WCAs, while TMTTF existed as a dimer in one and a monomer in two salts. The variable-temperature UV-Vis studies of these salts in solution showed that the thermodynamics of formation of the π-bonded dimers of TMTTF+˙ was close to that of TTF+˙, while TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ showed a higher propensity for π-dimerization. These data indicated that the replacement of sulfur with heavier selenium or insertion of ethylenedithia-substituents into the TTF core increases the π-dimers' stability. Yet, computational analysis indicated that the weakly covalent component of π-bonding decreases in the order TTF > TMTTF > TMTSF > ET. The higher stability of the π-dimers of TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ cation-radicals was related to a decrease of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic counter-parts and an increase of dispersion components in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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29
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Stack by Stack: From the Free Cyclopentadienylgermanium Cation Via Heterobimetallic Main-Group Sandwiches to Main-Group Sandwich Coordination Polymers. Chemistry 2020; 26:14109-14117. [PMID: 32745294 PMCID: PMC7702131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic cationic sandwich complexes [M(μ-Cp)M'Cp]+ of group 13 (M=Ga, In) and group 14 (M'=Ge, Sn) elements have been prepared as [WCA]- salts (WCA=Al(ORF )4 ; ORF =OC(CF3 )3 ). Their molecular structures include free apical gallium or indium atoms. The sandwich complexes were formed in the reactions of [M(HMB)]+ [WCA]- (HMB=C6 Me6 ) with the free metallocenes [M'Cp2 ]. Their structures are related to known stannocene and stannocenium salts; the unprecedented germanium analogues, namely the free germanocenium cation [GeCp]+ and the corresponding triple-decker complex cation [CpGe(μ-Cp)GeCp]+ , are described herein. By variation of the reaction conditions, these sandwich complexes can be transformed into the group 13/14 mixed cationic coordination polymer [{In(HMB)(μ-SnCp2 )}n ][WCA]n . This polymeric chain motif was also successfully replicated by the synthesis of complexes [{Ga/In(HMB)(μ-FeCp2 )}n ][WCA]n containing FeCp2 as a bridging ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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30
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Dodge HM, Kita MR, Chen CH, Miller AJM. Identifying and Evading Olefin Isomerization Catalyst Deactivation Pathways Resulting from Ion-Tunable Hemilability. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Dodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R. Kita
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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31
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Morrow TJ, Gipper JR, Christman WE, Arulsamy N, Hulley EB. A Terminal Rh Methylidene from Activation of CH 2Cl 2. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Jordan R. Gipper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - William E. Christman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Elliott B. Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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32
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Glootz K, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Gallium(I) and Indium(I) Cations Coordinated by Pentamethylethylenediamine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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33
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Malinowski PJ, Jaroń T, Domańska M, Slattery JM, Schmitt M, Krossing I. Building blocks for the chemistry of perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al{OC(CF 3) 3} 4] -: simplified preparation and characterization of Li +-Cs +, Ag +, NH 4+, N 2H 5+ and N 2H 7+ salts. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7766-7773. [PMID: 32329763 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) significantly facilitate synthesis of various exotic chemical compounds and novel, potentially useful materials. One of such anions - [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]-, denoted [Al(ORF)4]-, appears particularly convenient, as it can be easily prepared from the commercially available alanates and HOC(CF3)3. Here we present a thorough characterization of a series of solvent-free M[Al(ORF)4] salts, M = Li-Cs, Ag, NH4, N2H5 and N2H7, and related compounds of monovalent cations, which are crucial starting materials for further work with these species. Notably, the corresponding synthetic protocols are updated by an improved method for fast, facile and easily scalable synthesis of Li[Al(ORF)4], which remains the most useful primary source of the anion. The physico-chemical properties of these salts including crystal structures, thermal stability by TG/DSC, vibrational spectra as well as solubility are discussed in a systematic fashion.
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34
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Soft interactions with hard Lewis acids: generation of mono- and dicationic alkaline-earth metal arene-complexes by direct oxidation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2068-2076. [PMID: 32180929 PMCID: PMC7057851 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the first unsupported dicationic arene complexes of calcium and strontium [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ is reported (HMB = hexamethylbenzene; AE = alkaline earth metal; oDFB = ortho-difluorobenzene). They were prepared by direct oxidation of the elemental metals employing the ligand-forming radical cation salt [HMB][WCA] as an oxidant (WCA = [Al(ORF)4] or [μF-{Al(ORF)3}2]; RF = C(CF3)3). In addition, monocationic η6-HMB complexes of calcium, strontium and barium supported by coordination of the monodentate anion [F-Al(ORF)3]- are reported. In all examples, almost undistorted η6-HMB coordination is observed with rather short M-arenecentroid distances approaching those observed with the isoelectronic but negatively charged pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand. The structure and bonding, thermodynamic stability and Lewis acidity (fluoride/hydride ion affinities, FIA/HIA) of the generated complexes were assessed by DFT methods. It followed that the gaseous dications [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ are extremely hard Lewis acids that retain FIAs close to superacidity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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35
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Li Z, Gandon V, Bour C. Bimolecular vinylation of arenes by vinyl cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6507-6510. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene derivatives can be easily synthesized from vinyl triflates and arenes under mild reaction conditions, using [Li][Al(OC(CF3)3)4] as a catalyst and LiHMDS as a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay Cedex
- France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay Cedex
- France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay Cedex
- France
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36
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Lacroix MR, Liu Y, Strauss SH. Hydrated Metal Ion Salts of the Weakly Coordinating Fluoroanions PF 6-, TiF 62-, B 12F 122-, Ga(C 2F 5) 4-, B(3,5-C 6H 3(CF 3) 2) 4-, and Al(OC(CF 3) 3) 4-. In Search of the Weakest HOH···F Hydrogen Bonds. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14900-14911. [PMID: 31617354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectra of microcrystalline samples of 11 metal ion salt hydrates of a variety of weakly coordinating fluoroanions are reported. The compounds studied were Li(H2O)4(Al(OC(CF3)3)4), Li(H2O)(B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4), Li(H2O)n(Ga(C2F5)4), Li(H2O)(PF6), Li2(H2O)2(TiF6), Li2(H2O)4(B12F12), Na(H2O)(PF6), Na2(H2O)2(B12F12), K2(H2O)2(B12F12), Rb2(H2O)2(B12F12), Cs2(H2O)(B12F12), and their partially or completely deuterated isotopologs and isotopomers. The O-D···F hydrogen bonds in Li(HOD)(H2O)3(Al(OC(CF3)3)4) (ν(OD) = 2706 cm-1), Li(HOD)(B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4) (ν(OD) = 2705 cm-1), and Li(HOD)(H2O)n(Ga(C2F5)4) (ν(OD) = 2697 cm-1) rival HOD absorbed in polyvinylidene difluoride (ν(OD) = 2696 cm-1) and HOD···FCH3 in a frozen Ar matrix (ν(OD) = 2685 cm-1) for the weakest hydrogen bonds between a water molecule and an F atom in any compound. As weak as they are, minor differences in O-H···F hydrogen bonds in the same fluoroanion salt can be distinguished spectroscopically. Uncoupled HOD molecules in asymmetric F···HOD···F' hydrogen bonding environments in Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, and Co2+ hydrates of B12F122- gave rise to two observable ν(OD) bands even though the two R(O···F) distances differ by only 0.010(4) Å (Mg2+), 0.033(2) Å (Co2+), 0.074(4) Å (Rb+), and 0.106(6) Å (Cs+). A plot of ν(OD) for hydrates with a single uncoupled HOD molecule per metal ion (e.g., Li(HOD)(H2O)3(Al(OC(CF3)3)4)) vs R(O···F) distance from single-crystal X-ray or neutron diffraction structures was prepared. The ν(OD) values range from 2305 to 2706 cm-1 and the R(O···F) distances range from 2.58 to 3.17 Å. The plot consists of 53 {ν(OD), R(O···F)} data points, 23 of which are new and have ν(OD) > 2600 cm-1, in contrast to a 1994 ν(OD) vs R(O···F) plot with 28 data points, none of which had ν(OD) > 2600 cm-1. There is a clear and significant difference between the new ν(OD) vs R(O···F) plot and a literature ν(OD) vs R(O···O) plot for hydrates containing O-D···O hydrogen bonds. For a given ν(OD) stretching frequency, the exponential regression curves show that R(O···F) is typically 0.1-0.2 Å shorter than R(O···O), in harmony with the lower basicity and smaller size of F atoms vs O atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lacroix
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado at Denver , Denver , Colorado 80217 , United States
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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37
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Kögel JF, Lork E, Lõkov M, Parman E, Leito I, Timoshkin AY, Beckmann J. Three Fluorinated Trityl Alcohols and their Lithium Salts – Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and Acidity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography Universität Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography Universität Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Parman
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography Universität Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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38
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Axtell JC, Messina MS, Liu JY, Galaktionova D, Schwan J, Porter TM, Savage MD, Wixtrom AI, Rheingold AL, Kubiak CP, Winkler JR, Gray HB, Král P, Alexandrova AN, Spokoyny AM. Photooxidative Generation of Dodecaborate-Based Weakly Coordinating Anions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10516-10526. [PMID: 31247818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active proanions of the type B12(OCH2Ar)12 [Ar = C6F5 (1), 4-CF3C6H4 (2), 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 (3)] are introduced in the context of an experimental and computational study of the visible-light-initiated polymerization of a family of styrenes. Neutral, air-stable proanions 1-3 were found to initiate styrene polymerization through single-electron oxidation under blue-light irradiation, resulting in polymers with number-average molecular weights (Mn) ranging from ∼6 to 100 kDa. Shorter polymer products were observed in the majority of experiments, except in the case of monomers containing 4-X (X = F, Cl, Br) substituents on the styrene monomer when polymerized in the presence of 1 in CH2Cl2. Only under these specific conditions are longer polymers (>100 kDa) observed, strongly supporting the formulation that reaction conditions significantly modulate the degree of ion pairing between the dodecaborate anion and cationic chain end. This also suggests that 1-3 behave as weakly coordinating anions (WCA) upon one-electron reduction because no incorporation of the cluster-based photoinitiators is observed in the polymeric products analyzed. Overall, this work is a conceptual realization of a single reagent that can serve as a strong photooxidant, subsequently forming a WCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Ji-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysts, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | | | - Josef Schwan
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91115 , United States
| | - Tyler M Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Miles D Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Alex I Wixtrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91115 , United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91115 , United States
| | | | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
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39
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Pap LG, Couldridge A, Arulsamy N, Hulley E. Electrostatic polarization of nonpolar substrates: a study of interactions between simple cations and Mo-bound N 2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11004-11017. [PMID: 31232399 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a great deal of catalytic studies have focused on covalent interactions between substrates and catalyst centers, recognition of the importance of noncovalent and ionic interactions is driving new approaches to catalyst design. Electrostatic interactions with simple cations (those with little covalency, such as alkali metals) play crucial roles in many catalytic processes, but these effects are challenging to study due to their complicated solvation and speciation behaviour. These effects are particularly difficult to study during cation-mediated reactions with weakly-polar or non-polar substrates. Dinitrogen is one of the most nonpolar substrates known to be affected by electrostatic interactions in both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions but understanding the significance of these effects requires further exploration. To examine these effects systematically, a new multidentate ligand framework bearing pendent crown ethers has been developed and incorporated into a series of Mo(0)-based dinitrogen complexes. Prepared via both reduction and ligand substitution routes, the strength and impact of cation-N2 interactions have been studied experimentally (IR spectroscopy) and computationally. Although the smallest cation (Li+) has the largest impact on the ground-state heterobimetallic activation of N2, solvation interactions are highly competitive and result in low Li+-(N2)Mo binding affinities. Thus, although smaller cations can have the largest electronic impact on substrates, these interactions are also the least persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente G Pap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Adam Couldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Elliott Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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40
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Ibad MF, Schulz A, Villinger A. Facile Route to Silver Triarene Borate Salts, [Ag(arene)3][B(C6F5)4]: Thermodynamics, Structure, and Bonding. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Ibad
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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41
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Meier SC, Himmel D, Krossing I. How does the Environment Influence a Given Cation? A Systematic Investigation of [Co(CO) 5 ] + in Gas Phase, Solution, and Solid State. Chemistry 2018; 24:19348-19360. [PMID: 30259588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IR spectroscopic studies of the gaseous metal carbonyl cations [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅mCO (m=1-4) indicated that the weakly bound CO molecules in a second coordination sphere perturb the structure of [Co(CO)5 ]+ causing the CO stretching frequencies ν(CO) to become noticeably redshifted. In this work, we aimed to establish the relationship between such gas phase IR spectra and those recorded in condensed phases, either as a solid salt or as a solution in the weakly basic solvent o-difluorobenzene. For this purpose, a series of [Co(CO)5 ]+ [WCA]- salts (WCA=weakly coordinating anion), with the counterions varying between more coordinating (WCA=F-Al(ORF )3 , (RF O)3 Al-F-Al(F)(ORF )2 ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) and almost non-coordinating (WCA=Al(ORF )4 , F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ), were synthesized and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy as well as X-ray structure analysis. The experimental spectra differ considerably from that of the undisturbed gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ion, as the structural deformation of [Co(CO)5 ]+ requires very little energy. Together with previously reported data, the perturbed condensed phase [Co(CO)5 ]+ ions were analyzed and compared with the gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅mCO ions. DFT calculations were performed on simply adapted [Co(CO)5 ]+ structures to allow the assignment of all the ν(CO) modes and a qualitative interpretation of structural deformations by external influences as a function of the environment (ligands, solvation, crystal packing). The analysis showed that especially the degenerate E' mode νe and the averaged asymmetric equatorial CO stretch ν ‾ e , which originates from a split of the E' mode, are a function of the interaction with the environment. Whereas for the more coordinating counterions ν ‾ e values of 2112-2120 cm-1 were obtained, for the less coordinating counterions ν ‾ e values of up to 2133 cm-1 were found, which is very close to that of gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅4CO, with a ν ‾ e value of 2135 cm-1 . This indicates the possibility of approximating the gas phase conditions in the condensed phases with the [Co(CO)5 ]+ ion probably being the prototypical probe molecule for investigating the strengths of interactions in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C Meier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Franz D, Inoue S. Cationic Complexes of Boron and Aluminum: An Early 21st Century Viewpoint. Chemistry 2018; 25:2898-2926. [PMID: 30113744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Boron and aluminum are lighter Group 13 elements, found in daily life commodities, and considered environmentally benign. Nevertheless, they markedly differ in their elemental properties (e.g., metal character, atomic radius). The use of Lewis acidic complexes of boron and aluminum for methods of bond activation and catalysis (e.g., hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates, polymerization of olefins and epoxides) is quickly expanding. The introduction of cationic charge may boost the metalloid-centered Lewis acidity and allow for its fine-tuning particularly with regard to preference for "hard" or "soft" Lewis bases (i.e., substrates). Especially the isolation of low-coordinate cations (number of ligand atoms smaller than four) demands elaborate techniques of thermodynamic and kinetic stabilization (i.e., electronic saturation and steric shielding) by a ligand system. Furthermore, the properties of the solvent and the counteranion must be considered with care. Here, selected examples of boron and aluminum cations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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43
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Riddlestone IM, Keller S, Kirschenmann F, Schorpp M, Krossing I. Towards Weakly Coordinating Anions with the Extremely Electron Withdrawing Perfluoropyridinoxy Ligand –OC
5
F
4
N. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Florian Kirschenmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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44
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Kögel JF, Timoshkin AY, Schröder A, Lork E, Beckmann J. Al(OCArF3) 3 - a thermally stable Lewis superacid. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8178-8183. [PMID: 30568768 PMCID: PMC6256356 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adduct free Lewis superacid Al(OCArF3)3 was obtained by the reaction of ArF3COH with AlEt3 and fully characterized (ArF = C6F5). It comprises a high thermal stability up to 180 °C and a distinct reactivity towards Lewis bases, as exemplified by the isolation of the neutral adducts Al(OCArF3)·D (D = MeCN, THF, Et2O, pyridine, OPEt3), the fluoride complexes [Q][FAl(OCArF)3] (Q+ = Cs+, Ag+, Tl+, [S(NMe2)3]+, [Ph3C]+, Li+, [NBu4]+, [FeCp2]+) and the chloride complex [Ph3C][ClAl(OCArF)3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius F Kögel
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry , St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 , 199034 St. Petersburg , Russia .
| | - Artem Schröder
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Enno Lork
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Jens Beckmann
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
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45
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Martens A, Weis P, Krummer MC, Kreuzer M, Meierhöfer A, Meier SC, Bohnenberger J, Scherer H, Riddlestone I, Krossing I. Facile and systematic access to the least-coordinating WCA [(R FO) 3Al-F-Al(OR F) 3] - and its more Lewis-basic brother [F-Al(OR F) 3] - (R F = C(CF 3) 3). Chem Sci 2018; 9:7058-7068. [PMID: 30310626 PMCID: PMC6137444 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By reaction of the Lewis acid Me3Si-F-Al(ORF)3 with a series of [PF6]- salts, gaseous PF5 and Me3Si-F are liberated and salts of the anion [F-Al(ORF)3]- ([f-al]-; RF = C(CF3)3) can be obtained. By addition of another equivalent of Me3Si-F-Al(ORF)3 to [f-al]-, gaseous Me3Si-F is released and salts of the least coordinating anion [(RFO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- ([al-f-al]-) are formed. Both procedures work for a series of synthetically useful cations including Ag+, [NO]+, [Ph3C]+ and in very clean reactions with 5 g batch sizes giving excellent yields typically exceeding 90%. In addition, the synthesis of Me3Si-F-Al(ORF)3 has been optimized and scaled up to 85 g batches in an one-pot procedure. These anions could previously only be obtained by difficult to control decomposition reactions of [Al(ORF)4]- or by halide abstraction reactions with Me3Si-F-Al(ORF)3, generating relatively large countercations that are unsuited for further use as universal starting materials. Especially [al-f-al]- is of interest for the stabilization of reactive cations, since it is even weaker coordinating than [Al(ORF)4]- and more stable against strong electrophiles. This bridged anion can be seen as an adduct of [f-al]- and Al(ORF)3. Thus, it is similarly Lewis acidic as BF3 and eventually reacts with nucleophiles (Nu) from the reaction environment to yield Nu-Al(ORF)3 and [f-al]-. This prevents working with [al-f-al]- salts in ethereal or other donor solvents. By contrast, the [f-al]- anion is no longer Lewis acidic and may therefore be used for reactions involving stronger nucleophiles than the [al-f-al]- anion can withstand. Subsequently it may be transformed into the [al-f-al]- salt by simple addition of one equivalent of Me3Si-F-Al(ORF)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Martens
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Philippe Weis
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Michael Christian Krummer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Marvin Kreuzer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Andreas Meierhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Stefan C Meier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Jan Bohnenberger
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ian Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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46
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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47
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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48
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Abstract
Treating PCl5 with C12H8Li2, generated from either C12H10, C12H8Br2, or C12H8I2, affords three products in different ratios depending on the source of the lithiated biphenyl. Hellwinkel’s salt [P(C12H8)2][P(C12H8)3] ([1][2]) and another product [P(C12H8)(C24H16)][P(C12H8)3] ([1′][2]) were obtained by reacting PCl5 with 2,2′-dilithiobiphenyl [Route A: 2.5 equiv.; obtained from biphenyl, n-BuLi, and TMEDA; Route B: 3.0 equiv.; obtained from 2,2′-diiodobiphenyl and n-BuLi; Route C: 4.0 equiv.; obtained from 2,2′-dibromobiphenyl and n-BuLi]. The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of the chiral spiro-compound [1′][2] and the characterization of the pentavalent phosphorane [P(C12H8)2(C12H9)] (3) are reported. The complex [1′][2] was characterized by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry. The pentavalent compound (3) was characterized by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatera Hazin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 10 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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50
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Mann L, Hornberger E, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Further Development of Weakly Coordinating Cations: Fluorinated Bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)iminium Salts. Chemistry 2018; 24:3902-3908. [PMID: 29314397 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
So far unknown bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)iminium cations [PPN]+ with one fluorine atom in para ([PPN-1F ]+ ), two in meta ([PPN-2F ]+ ), or three in para and meta positions of the phenyl rings ([PPN-3F ]+ ) were obtained by a newly developed one-pot reaction. These halogenated [PPN]+ cations were characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy in comparison with quantum-chemical calculations, ESI+ mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To assess their quality as weakly coordinating cations and the associated ability to stabilize labile anions, the electrostatic potential and fluoride-ion affinity were calculated and compared with those of the unsubstituted and so far unknown perfluorinated [PPN-5F ]+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hornberger
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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