1
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Seymour JM, Gousseva E, Towers Tompkins FK, Parker LG, Alblewi NO, Clarke CJ, Hayama S, Palgrave RG, Bennett RA, Matthews RP, Lovelock KRJ. Unravelling the complex speciation of halozincate ionic liquids using X-ray spectroscopies and calculations. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 39058290 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Using a combination of liquid-phase X-ray spectroscopy experiments and small-scale calculations we have gained new insights into the speciation of halozincate anions in ionic liquids (ILs). Both core and valence X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were performed directly on the liquid-phase ILs, supplemented by Zn 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out on both 1- and 2- halozincate anions, in both a generalised solvation model SMD (Solvation Model based on Density) and the gas phase, to give XP spectra and total energy differences; time-dependent DFT was used to calculate XANES spectra. Speciation judgements were made using a combination of the shape and width of the experimental spectra, and visual matches to the calculated spectra. For 2- halozincate anions, excellent matches were found between the experimental and calculated XP spectra, clearly showing that only 2- halozincate anions were present at all zinc halide mole fractions, x, studied. At specific values of x (0.33, 0.50, 0.60) only one halozincate anion was present; equilibria of different halozincate anions at those values of x were not observed. All findings show that chlorozincate anion and bromozincate anion speciation matched at the same x. Based on the results, predictions are made of the halozincate anion speciation for all values of x up to 0.67. Caution is advised when using differences in calculated total energies obtained from DFT to judge halozincate anion speciation, even when the SMD was employed, as predictions based on total energy differences did not always match the findings from the experimental and calculated spectra. Our findings clearly establish that the combination of high-quality experimental data from multiple spectroscopies and a wide range of calculated structures are essential to have high confidence in halozincate anion speciation identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - E Gousseva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | | | - L G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - N O Alblewi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - C J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Hayama
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell, UK
| | - R G Palgrave
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK
| | - R A Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - R P Matthews
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, UK.
| | - K R J Lovelock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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2
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Zhang YR, Yuan DF, Wang LS. Probing the Strong Nonadiabatic Interactions in the Triazolyl Radical Using Photodetachment Spectroscopy and Resonant Photoelectron Imaging of Cryogenically Cooled Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16620-16630. [PMID: 36048511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the adiabatic potential energy surfaces defined by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation are the cornerstones for understanding the electronic structure and spectroscopy of molecular systems, nonadiabatic effects due to the coupling of electronic states by nuclear motions are common in complex molecular systems. The nonadiabatic effects were so strong in the 1,2,3-triazolyl radical (C2H2N3) that the photoelectron spectrum of the triazolide anion was rendered unassignable and could only be understood using nonadiabatic calculations, involving the four low-lying electronic states of triazolyl. Using photodetachment spectroscopy and resonant photoelectron imaging of cryogenically cooled anions, we are able to completely unravel the complex vibronic levels of the triazolyl radical. Photodetachment spectroscopy reveals a dipole-bound state for the triazolide anion at 172 cm-1 below the detachment threshold and 32 vibrational Feshbach resonances. Resonant photoelectron imaging is conducted by tuning the detachment laser to each of the Feshbach resonances. Combining the photodetachment spectrum and the resonant photoelectron spectra, we are able to assign all 28 vibronic peaks resolved for the triazolyl radical. Fundamental frequencies for 12 vibrational modes of the ground state of the triazolyl radical are measured experimentally. The current study provides unprecedented experimental vibronic information, which will be valuable to verify theoretical models to treat nonadiabatic effects involving multiple electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Rou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dao-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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3
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Zhou Y, Liu H, Jin X, Xing X, Wang X, Wang G, Zhou M. Significant π Bonding in Coinage Metal Complexes OCTMCCO- from Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of coinage metal complexes in the form of TMC(CO)n- (TM=Cu, Ag, Au; n = 0-3) were generated using a laser ablation-supersonic expansion ion source in the gas phase. Mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations indicated that the TMC(CO)3- complexes contain a linear OCTMCCO- core anion. Bonding analyses suggest that the linear OCTMCCO- anions are better described as the bonding interactions between a singlet ground state TM+ metal cation and the OC/CCO2- ligands in the singlet ground state. Besides the strong ligands to metal σ donation bonding components, the π-bonding components also contribute significantly to the metal-ligands bonding due to the synergetic effects of the CO and CCO2- ligands. The strengths of the bonding of the three metals show a V-shaped trend in which the second-row transition metal Ag exhibits the weakest interactions whereas the third-row transition metal Au has the strongest interactions due to the relativistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaopeng Xing
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China
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4
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Yuan DF, Zhang YR, Qian CH, Wang LS. Resonant two-photon photoelectron imaging and adiabatic detachment processes from bound vibrational levels of dipole-bound states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1380-1389. [PMID: 34981094 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05219e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anions cannot have Rydberg states, but anions with polar neutral cores can support highly diffuse dipole-bound states (DBSs) as a class of interesting electronically excited states below the electron detachment threshold. The binding energies of DBSs are extremely small, ranging from a few to few hundred wavenumbers and generally cannot support bound vibrational levels below the detachment threshold. Thus, vibrational excitations in the DBS are usually above the electron detachment threshold and they have been used to conduct resonant photoelectron spectroscopy, which is dominated by state-specific autodetachment. Here we report an investigation of a cryogenically-cooled complex anion, the enantiopure (R)-(-)-1-(9-anthryl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanolate (R-TFAE-). The neutral R-TFAE radical is relatively complex and highly polar with a non-planar structure (C1 symmetry). Photodetachment spectroscopy reveals a DBS 209 cm-1 below the detachment threshold of R-TFAE- and seven bound and eight above-threshold vibrational levels of the DBS. Resonant two-photon detachment (R2PD) via the bound vibrational levels of the DBS exhibits strictly adiabatic photodetachment behaviors by the second photon, in which the vibrational energies in the DBS are carried to the neutral final states, because of the parallel potential energy surfaces of the DBS and the corresponding neutral ground electronic state. Relaxation processes from the bound DBS levels to the ground and low-lying electronically excited states of R-TFAE- are also observed in the R2PD photoelectron spectra. The combination of photodetachment and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy yields frequencies for eight vibrational modes of the R-TFAE radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemsitry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Yue-Rou Zhang
- Department of Chemsitry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Chen-Hui Qian
- Department of Chemsitry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemsitry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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5
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Mejuto-Zaera C, Tzeli D, Williams-Young D, Tubman NM, Matoušek M, Brabec J, Veis L, Xantheas SS, de Jong WA. The Effect of Geometry, Spin, and Orbital Optimization in Achieving Accurate, Correlated Results for Iron-Sulfur Cubanes. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:687-702. [PMID: 35034448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters comprise an important functional motif in the catalytic centers of biological systems, capable of enabling important chemical transformations at ambient conditions. This remarkable capability derives from a notoriously complex electronic structure that is characterized by a high density of states that is sensitive to geometric changes. The spectral sensitivity to subtle geometric changes has received little attention from correlated, large active space calculations, owing partly to the exceptional computational complexity for treating these large and correlated systems accurately. To provide insight into this aspect, we report the first Complete Active Space Self Consistent Field (CASSCF) calculations for different geometries of the [Fe(II/III)4S4(SMe)4]-2 clusters using two complementary, correlated solvers: spin-pure Adaptive Sampling Configuration Interaction (ASCI) and Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG). We find that the previously established picture of a double-exchange driven magnetic structure, with minute energy gaps (<1 mHa) between consecutive spin states, has a weak dependence on the underlying geometry. However, the spin gap between the singlet and the spin state 2S + 1 = 19, corresponding to a maximal number of Fe-d electrons being unpaired and of parallel spin, is strongly geometry dependent, changing by a factor of 3 upon slight deformations that are still within biologically relevant parameters. The CASSCF orbital optimization procedure, using active spaces as large as 86 electrons in 52 orbitals, was found to reduce this gap compared to typical mean-field orbital approaches. Our results show the need for performing large active space calculations to unveil the challenging electronic structure of these complex catalytic centers and should serve as accurate starting points for fully correlated treatments upon inclusion of dynamical correlation outside the active space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mejuto-Zaera
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15784, Greece.,Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Vas. Constantinou 48, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - David Williams-Young
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Norm M Tubman
- Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab. (QuAIL), Exploration Technology Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Mikuláš Matoušek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Sotiris S Xantheas
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
| | - Wibe A de Jong
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Seymour JM, Gousseva E, Large AI, Clarke CJ, Licence P, Fogarty RM, Duncan DA, Ferrer P, Venturini F, Bennett RA, Palgrave RG, Lovelock KRJ. Experimental measurement and prediction of ionic liquid ionisation energies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20957-20973. [PMID: 34545382 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02441h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) valence electronic structure provides key descriptors for understanding and predicting IL properties. The ionisation energies of 60 ILs are measured and the most readily ionised valence state of each IL (the highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO) is identified using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron resonant XPS. A structurally diverse range of cations and anions were studied. The cation gave rise to the HOMO for nine of the 60 ILs presented here, meaning it is energetically more favourable to remove an electron from the cation than the anion. The influence of the cation on the anion electronic structure (and vice versa) were established; the electrostatic effects are well understood and demonstrated to be consistently predictable. We used this knowledge to make predictions of both ionisation energy and HOMO identity for a further 516 ILs, providing a very valuable dataset for benchmarking electronic structure calculations and enabling the development of models linking experimental valence electronic structure descriptors to other IL properties, e.g. electrochemical stability. Furthermore, we provide design rules for the prediction of the electronic structure of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | | | - Alexander I Large
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK. .,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Coby J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Roger A Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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7
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Yuan Q, Cao W, Wang XB. Cryogenic and temperature-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy of metal complexes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1719699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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8
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Cirri A, Hernández HM, Johnson CJ. High Precision Electronic Spectroscopy of Ligand-Protected Gold Nanoclusters: Effects of Composition, Environment, and Ligand Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1467-1479. [PMID: 31916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are a class of nanomaterials valued for their electronic properties and diverse structural features. While the advent of X-ray crystallography of AuNCs has revealed their geometric structures with high precision, detailed electronic structure analysis is challenged by environmental, compositional, and thermal averaging effects present in electronic spectra of typical samples. To circumvent these challenges, we have adapted mass spectrometer-based electronic absorption spectroscopy techniques to acquire high-resolution electronic spectra of atomically precisely defined nanoclusters separated from a synthetic mixture. Here we discuss recent results using this approach to link the surface chemistry of triphenylphosphine-protected AuNCs to their electronic structure and expand on key elements of the experiment and the link between these gas-phase measurements and solution-phase behavior of AuNCs. Chemically derivatized Au8(P(p-X-Ph)3)72+ and Au9(P(p-X-Ph)3)83+ clusters, where X = -H, -CH3, or -OCH3, are used to derive systematic trends in the response of the electronic spectrum to the electron-donating character of the ligand shell. We find a linear relationship between the substituent Hammett parameter σp and the transition energy between both sets of clusters' highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, a transition that is localized in the metal core within the limits of the superatomic model. The similarity of the mass-selective and solution-phase UV/vis spectra of Au9(PPh3)83+ indicates that the interpretation of these experiments is transferable to the condensed phase. He and N2 environments are introduced to a series of isovalent clusters as a subtle probe of discrete environmental effects over electronic structure. Strikingly, select bands in the UV/vis spectrum respond strongly to the identity of the environment, which we interpret as a state-selective indicator of interfacially relevant electronic transitions. Physically predictable trends such as these will aid in building molecular design principles necessary for the development of novel materials based on nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cirri
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794-3400 , United States
| | - Hanna Morales Hernández
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794-3400 , United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794-3400 , United States
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9
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Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Saue T, Belpassi L. Ground and excited electronic states of AuH 2via detachment energies on AuH 2− using state-of-the-art relativistic calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26742-26752. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AuH2 is not as simple as it may seem at first glance!
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Trond Saue
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques
- UMR 5626 CNRS – Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
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10
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Jian T, Dau PD, Shuh DK, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA, Peterson KA, Gibson JK. Activation of Water by Pentavalent Actinide Dioxide Cations: Characteristic Curium Revealed by a Reactivity Turn after Americium. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14005-14014. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phuong Diem Dau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David K. Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Xu S, Smith JET, Weber JM. Hydration of a Binding Site with Restricted Solvent Access: Solvatochromic Shift of the Electronic Spectrum of a Ruthenium Polypyridine Complex, One Molecule at a Time. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7650-7658. [PMID: 27627894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the electronic spectra of mass selected [(bpy)(tpy)Ru-OH2]2+·(H2O)n clusters (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy =2,2':6'2″-terpyridine, n = 0-4) in the spectral region of their metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands. The spectra of the mono- and dihydrate clusters exhibit partially resolved individual electronic transitions. The water network forming at the aqua ligand leads to a rapid solvatochromic shift of the peak of the band envelope: addition of only four solvent water molecules can recover 78% of the solvatochromic shift in bulk solution. The sequential shift of the band shows a clear change in behavior with the closing of the first hydration shell. We compare our experimental data to density function theory (DFT) calculations for the ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - James E T Smith
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - J Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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12
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Daly S, Girod M, Vojkovic M, Giuliani A, Antoine R, Nahon L, O'Hair RAJ, Dugourd P. Single-Photon, Double Photodetachment of Nickel Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid 4- Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2586-2590. [PMID: 27327376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon, two-electron photodetachment from nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetra anions, [NiPc](4-), was examined in the gas-phase using a linear ion trap coupled to the DESIRS VUV beamline of the SOLEIL Synchrotron. This system was chosen since it has a low detachment energy, known charge localization, and well-defined geometrical and electronic structures. A threshold for two-electron loss is observed at 10.2 eV, around 1 eV lower than previously observed double detachment thresholds on multiple charged protein anions. The photodetachment energy of [NiPc](4-) has been previously determined to be 3.5 eV and the photodetachment energy of [NiPc](3-•) is determined in this work to be 4.3 eV. The observed single photon double electron detachment threshold is hence 5.9 eV higher than the energy required for sequential single electron loss. Possible mechanisms are for double photodetachment are discussed. These observations pave the way toward new, exciting experiments for probing double photodetachment at relatively low energies, including correlation measurements on emitted photoelectrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS & ENS Lyon, UMR 5280 , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marin Vojkovic
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- INRA, UAR1008 Caractérisation et Élaboration des Produits Issus de l'Agriculture, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
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13
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Liu X, Hou GL, Wang X, Wang XB. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals Remarkable Noninnocence of Ligands in Nickel Bis(dithiolene) Complexes [Ni(dddt)2]− and [Ni(edo)2]−. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2854-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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14
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Xu S, Weber JM. Absorption Spectrum of a Ru(II)-Aquo Complex in Vacuo: Resolving Individual Charge-Transfer Transitions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11509-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- JILA, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - J. Mathias Weber
- JILA, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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15
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Wang LS. Perspective: Electrospray photoelectron spectroscopy: From multiply-charged anions to ultracold anions. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:040901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4927086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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16
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Herbert JM. The Quantum Chemistry of Loosely-Bound Electrons. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118889886.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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17
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Eide EFVD, Hou GL, Deng SHM, Wen H, Yang P, Bullock RM, Wang XB. Metal-Centered 17-Electron Radicals CpM(CO)3• (M = Cr, Mo, W): A Combined Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om3011454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin F. van der Eide
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - S. H. M. Deng
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - Hui Wen
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division and ‡Environmental Molecular
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,
United States
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18
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Gal JF, Iacobucci C, Monfardini I, Massi L, Duñach E, Olivero S. A quantitative approach of the interaction between metal triflates and organic ligands using electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:2059-2062. [PMID: 23055073 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between two Lewis "superacid" catalysts Zn(OTf)(2) and In(OTf)(3) and series of amide and phosphate ligands is quantitatively characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A specific feature of the ESI-MS spectra of the mixture of metal triflates and Lewis bases is the formation of ionic adducts resulting from the displacement of one triflate anion by two neutral ligands. A ligand competition model is developed, which describes the relative intensities of the ionic adducts as a function of relative ligand concentrations. The relative affinities deduced from the ligand competition method are combined in an affinity scale for the metal triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Gal
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS-UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France.
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19
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Xie H, Qin Z, Wu X, Tang Z, Jiang L. Photoelectron velocity-map imaging signature of structural evolution of silver-doped lead Zintl anions. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064318. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4745000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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von Szentpály L. Reply to “Comment on 'Ruling Out Any Electrophilicity Equalization Principle'”. J Phys Chem A 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- László von Szentpály
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Liu HT, Xiong XG, Dau PD, Wang YL, Li J, Wang LS. The mixed cyanide halide Au(i) complexes, [XAuCN]− (X = F, Cl, Br, and I): evolution from ionic to covalent bonding. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00487e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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22
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Xing XP, Wang XB, Wang LS. Photoelectron Imaging of Doubly Charged Anions, −O2C(CH2)nCO2− (n = 2−8): Observation of Near 0 eV Electrons Due to Secondary Dissociative Autodetachment. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4524-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xing
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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23
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Wang XB, Wang YL, Yang J, Xing XP, Li J, Wang LS. Evidence of Significant Covalent Bonding in Au(CN)2−. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:16368-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Yi-Lei Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Xiao-Peng Xing
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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24
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Probing the gas-phase stability of the Re2X82- (X=Cl, Br) and Re2XnY8-n2- (X=Cl, Y=Br, n=1–3) metal–metal bond complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Rensing C, Ehrler OT, Yang JP, Unterreiner AN, Kappes MM. Photodissociation dynamics of IrBr62− dianions by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:234306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3148377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352;
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352;
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28
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Wang XB, Wang LS. Development of a low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy instrument using an electrospray ion source and a cryogenically controlled ion trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:073108. [PMID: 18681692 DOI: 10.1063/1.2957610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control ion temperatures is critical for gas phase spectroscopy and has been a challenge in chemical physics. A low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy instrument has been developed for the investigation of complex anions in the gas phase, including multiply charged anions, solvated species, and biological molecules. The new apparatus consists of an electrospray ionization source, a three dimensional (3D) Paul trap for ion accumulation and cooling, a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and a magnetic-bottle photoelectron analyzer. A key feature of the new instrument is the capability to cool and tune ion temperatures from 10 to 350 K in the 3D Paul trap, which is attached to the cold head of a closed cycle helium refrigerator. Ion cooling is accomplished in the Paul trap via collisions with a background gas and has been demonstrated by observation of complete elimination of vibrational hot bands in photoelectron spectra of various anions ranging from small molecules to complex species. Further evidence of ion cooling is shown by the observation of H2-physisorbed anions at low temperatures. Cold anions result in better resolved photoelectron spectra due to the elimination of vibrational hot bands and yield more accurate energetic and spectroscopic information. Temperature-dependent studies are made possible for weakly bonded molecular and solvated clusters, allowing thermodynamic information to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, USA and Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS 8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Grinev TA, Buchachenko AA. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the Cl−…H2∕D2 anions: A model beyond the rotationless and Franck–Condon approximations. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:154317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Li S, Peterson KA, Dixon DA. Benchmark calculations on the adiabatic ionization potentials of M–NH3 (M=Na,Al,Ga,In,Cu,Ag). J Chem Phys 2008; 128:154301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2834923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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31
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Kocak FS, Zavalij P, Lam YF, Eichhorn BW. Solution dynamics and gas-phase chemistry of Pd2@Sn18 4-. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3515-20. [PMID: 18380457 DOI: 10.1021/ic701699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sn9(4-) reacts with Pd(PPh3)4 in ethylenediamine/toluene solvent mixtures in the presence of 2,2,2-cryptand to give the Pd2@Sn18(4-) cluster as the K(2,2,2,-crypt)+ salt. The cluster is isostructural with Pd2@Ge18(4-) and has a nuclearity different from that of the Pt and Ni analogues, Ni2@Sn17(4-) and Pt2@Sn17(4-). The Pd2@Sn18(4-) ion has a deltahedral capsulelike structure with 40 cluster bonding electrons and is the largest free-standing polystannide characterized to date. Like Pt2@Sn17(4-), the Pd2@Sn18(4-) complex is highly dynamic in solution, showing a single (119)Sn NMR resonance indicative of an intramolecular liquidlike dynamic exchange. LDI-MS studies of the crystalline sample show extensive fragmentation and the formation of five gas-phase cluster series: Sn(x)- (1 < x < 12), PdSn(x-1) - (4 < x < 18), Pd 2Sn(x-2) - (6 < x < 21), Pd3Sn(x-3) - (8 < x < 21), and Pd 4Sn(x-4) - (13 < x < 21). The most abundant ion in the gas phase is the PdSn(10) - cluster, which presumably has an Sn(10) bicapped-square-antiprismatic structure with an endohedral Pd (e.g., Ni@Pb(10)(2-)).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanem Kocak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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