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Roufosse B, Serbu C, Marschner C, Prince S, Blom B. Homo and heteromultimetallic complexes containing a group 8 transition metal and μ-diphosphine bridging ligands involved in anticancer research: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116528. [PMID: 38805938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a comprehensive review focusing on synthetic strategies, detailed structural analysis, and anticancer activity investigations of complexes following the general formula [LnM(μ-diphosphine)M'Lm] where M = group 8 metal; M' = any transition metal; μ-diphosphine = bridging ligand; Ln and Lm = ligand spheres). Both homo- and heteromultimetallic complexes will be discussed in detail. We review in vitro, in vivo and in silico anticancer activity investigations, in an attempt to draw comparisons between the various complexes and derive structure-activity relationships (SAR). This review solely focuses on complexes falling under the general formula stated above that have been studied for their anticancer activities, other complexes falling into that scheme but which have not undergone anticancer testing are not included in this review. We compare the anticancer activities of these complexes to their mononuclear counterparts, and a positive control (cisplatin) when possible and present a summary of all existing data to date and attempt to draw some conclusions on the future development of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Roufosse
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christi Serbu
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Burgert Blom
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Jia Y, Wu W, Chen R, Wang H, Zhang C, Chen L, Yao J. Magneto-electrochemical method for chiral recognition of amino acid enantiomers. Analyst 2024; 149:3732-3738. [PMID: 38842499 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chiral recognition of enantiomers with identical mirror-symmetric molecular structures is important for the analysis of biomolecules, and it conventionally relies on stereoselective interactions in chiral chemical environments. Here, we develop a magneto-electrochemical method for the enhanced detection of chiral amino acids (AAs), that combines the advantages of the high sensitivity of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensors and chirality-induced effects under a magnetic field. The ECL difference between L- and D-enantiomers can be amplified over 35-fold under a field of 3.5 kG, and the chiral discrimination can be achieved in dilute AA solutions down to the nM level. The field-dependent ECL and chronocoulometry measurements suggest that chiral AAs can lock the spins on their radicals and thus enlarge the ECL change under applied magnetic fields (magneto-ECL, MECL), which explains the field-enhanced chiral discrimination of AA enantiomers. Finally, a detailed protocol is demonstrated for the identification of unknown AA solutions, in which the species, chirality and concentration of AAs can be determined simultaneously from the 2D plots of the ECL and MECL results. This work benefits the development of field-assisted detection methods and represents a promising and universal strategy for the comprehensive analysis of chiral biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wubin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Institute of Molecular Engineering Plus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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3
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Giacomazzo GE, Conti L, Paderni D, Sfragano PS, Quadrini L, Macedi E, Andreini C, Donati C, Bernacchioni C, Mulas G, Valtancoli B, Palchetti I, Giorgi L, Fusi V, Cencetti F, Giorgi C. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes with Benzoxazole Derivatives and Non-Innocent Ligands as Effective Antioxidants in Human Neuroblasts. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400834. [PMID: 38716700 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes continue to raise increasing interest for the encouraging results in several biomedical areas. Considering their vast chemical-physical repertoire, in particular the possibility to switch from the sensitization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to ROS-scavenging abilities by tuning the nature of their ligands, it is therefore surprising that their potential as antioxidants has not been largely investigated so far. Herein, we explored the antioxidant behaviour of the novel ruthenium compound [Ru(dbpy)(2,3-DAN)Cl]PF6 (Ru1), featuring a benzoxazole derivative (dpby=2,6-bis(4-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl)pyridine) and the non-innocent 2,3-diamminonaftalene (2,3-DAN) ligand, along with the reference tpy-containing analogue [Ru(tpy)(2,3-DAN)Cl]PF6 (Ru2) (tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). Following the synthesis and the electrochemical characterization, chemical antioxidant assays highlighted the beneficial role of dpby for the ROS-scavenging properties of Ru1. These data have been corroborated by the highest protective effect of Ru1 against the oxidative stress induced in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma, which exerts pro-survival and anti-inflammatory actions. The results herein reported highlight the potential of Ru1 as pharmacological tool in neurodegenerative diseases and specially prove that the antioxidant properties of such compounds are likely the result of a non-trivial synergetic action involving the bioactive ligands in their chemical architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Daniele Paderni
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences "Carlo Bo", University of Urbino, Via della Stazione 4, 61029, Urbino., Italy
| | - Patrick Severin Sfragano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Quadrini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Eleonora Macedi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences "Carlo Bo", University of Urbino, Via della Stazione 4, 61029, Urbino., Italy
| | - Camilla Andreini
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare-INGM, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Bernacchioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Gloria Mulas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
| | - Luca Giorgi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences "Carlo Bo", University of Urbino, Via della Stazione 4, 61029, Urbino., Italy
| | - Vieri Fusi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences "Carlo Bo", University of Urbino, Via della Stazione 4, 61029, Urbino., Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI), Italy
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Chandra A, Basu P, Raha S, Dhibar P, Bhattacharya S. Development of ruthenium complexes with S-donor ligands for application in synthesis, catalytic acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation and crossed-aldol condensation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10675-10685. [PMID: 38860941 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ru(dmso)4Cl2] with a potassium salt of four xanthate (RO-C(S)S-; R = Me, Et, iPr and tBu) ligands (depicted as Ln; n = 1-4) in hot methanol afforded a group of mixed-ligand complexes of type [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2]. The crystal structures of all the four complexes have been determined, which show that the xanthate ligands are bound to the metal center forming four-membered chelates and dmso is coordinated through sulfur and they are mutually cis. The relative thermodynamic stability of this cis and the other possible trans-isomers of these complexes has been assessed with the help of DFT calculations, which have revealed that the cis-isomer is the more stable isomer. The coordinated dmso in the [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes could be easily displaced by chelating bidentate ligands (depicted as L') to furnish complexes of type [Ru(Ln)2(L')], as demonstrated through isolation of two such complexes, viz. [Ru(L3)2(bpy)] and [Ru(L2)2(phen)] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The crystal structure of [Ru(L3)2(bpy)] has been determined and the structure of [Ru(L2)2(phen)] has been optimized by the DFT method. The electronic spectra of the four [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes and the two derivatives ([Ru(Ln)2(L')]; n = 3, L' = bpy; n = 2, L' = phen), recorded in dichloromethane solutions, show intense absorptions spanning the visible and ultraviolet regions, which have been analyzed by the TDDFT method. The [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes are found to serve as efficient catalyst precursors for the acceptorless dehydrogenation of 2-propanol followed by crossed-aldol condensation with substituted benzaldehydes (and related aldehydes), using tert-butoxide as the co-catalyst, producing dibenzylideneacetone derivatives in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushri Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
| | - Pousali Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
| | - Shreya Raha
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
| | - Papu Dhibar
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Brainware University, Kolkata 700 125, India
| | - Samaresh Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
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5
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Łomzik M, Błauż A, Tchoń D, Makal A, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. Development of Half-Sandwich Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir Complexes Bearing the Pyridine-2-ylmethanimine Bidentate Ligand Derived from 7-Chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18224-18237. [PMID: 38680348 PMCID: PMC11044151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors are one of the most promising anticancer agents developed in recent years. Herein, we report the synthesis of ispinesib-core pyridine derivative conjugates, which are potent KSP inhibitors, with half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and iridium. Conjugation of 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one with the pyridine-2-ylmethylimine group and the organometallic moiety resulted in up to a 36-fold increased cytotoxicity with IC50 values in the micromolar and nanomolar range also toward drug-resistant cells. All studied conjugates increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, simultaneously decreasing the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase, suggesting mitotic arrest. Additionally, ruthenium derivatives were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, no significant influence of the organometallic moiety on KSP inhibition was observed, which suggests that conjugation of a KSP inhibitor with the organometallic moiety modulates its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łomzik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Faculty
of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Oncobiology
and Epigenetics, Cytometry Lab, University
of Lodz, ul. Pomorska
141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Daniel Tchoń
- Laboratory
for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anna Makal
- Laboratory
for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Faculty
of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Oncobiology
and Epigenetics, Cytometry Lab, University
of Lodz, ul. Pomorska
141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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6
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Jagathesan K, Roy S. Recent Development of Transition Metal Complexes as Chemotherapeutic Hypoxia Activated Prodrug (HAP). ChemMedChem 2024:e202400127. [PMID: 38634306 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state characterized by low concentration of Oxygen. Hypoxic state is often found in the central region of solid tumors. Hypoxia is associated with abnormal neovascularization resulted in poor blood flow in tissues and increased proliferation of tumor cells, imbalance between O2 supply and O2 consumption in tumor cells, high concentration of proton and strong reducibility. And, these abnormalities enhance the survival potency of the hypoxic tumours and increase the resistance towards chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the approach for treating hypoxic region of tumour is to use reducing environment of hypoxic tumours for reducing a molecule (hypoxia activated prodrug, HAP) and as a result the active drug will be released in hypoxic region in a controlled manner from the prodrug and kill the hypoxic tumour. Co(III) and Pt(IV) complexes with monodentate active drug molecule in the axial position can be reduced to Co(II) and Pt(II) moieties and as a result, the axial ligands (active drug) could come out from the metal center and could show its anticancer activity. In this review we have highlighted the research articles where transition metal-based complexes are used as chemotherapeutic hypoxia activated prodrug molecules which are reported in last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jagathesan
- Dept. of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sovan Roy
- Dept. of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
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7
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Bright SA, Erby M, Poynton FE, Monteyne D, Pérez-Morga D, Gunnlaugsson T, Williams DC, Elmes RBP. Tracking the cellular uptake and phototoxicity of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base conjugates. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:344-359. [PMID: 38576718 PMCID: PMC10989513 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) complexes are attracting significant research attention as a promising class of photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Having previously reported the synthesis of two novel Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base compounds 1 and 2 with interesting photophysical properties, where the emission from either the Ru(ii) polypyridyl centres or the naphthalimide moieties could be used to monitor binding to nucleic acids, we sought to use these compounds to investigate further and in more detail their biological profiling, which included unravelling their mechanism of cellular uptake, cellular trafficking and cellular responses to photoexcitation. Here we demonstrate that these compounds undergo rapid time dependent uptake in HeLa cells that involved energy dependent, caveolae and lipid raft-dependent mediated endocytosis, as demonstrated by confocal imaging, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Following endocytosis, both compounds were shown to localise to mostly lysosomal and Golgi apparatus compartments with some accumulation in mitochondria but no localisation was found to the nucleus. Upon photoactivation, the compounds increased ROS production and induced ROS-dependent apoptotic cell death. The photo-activated compounds subsequently induced DNA damage and altered tubulin, but not actin structures, which was likely to be an indirect effect of ROS production and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of the compounds or the laser used to illuminate the cells, the mechanism of cell death could be changed from apoptosis to necrosis. This is the first detailed biological study of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl Tröger's bases and clearly suggests caveolae-dependent endocytosis is responsible for cell uptake - this may also explain the lack of nuclear uptake for these compounds and similar results observed for other Ru(ii)-polypyridyl complexes. These conjugates are potential candidates for further development as PDT agents and may also be useful in mechanistic studies on cell uptake and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - MariaLuisa Erby
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging CMMI Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland +353 1708 4615
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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Domínguez-Jurado E, Ripoll C, Lara-Sánchez A, Ocaña A, Vitórica-Yrezábal IJ, Bravo I, Alonso-Moreno C. Evaluation of heteroscorpionate ligands as scaffolds for the generation of Ruthenium(II) metallodrugs in breast cancer therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 253:112486. [PMID: 38266323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of the heteroscorpionate core is explored as a tool for the rapid development of ruthenium-based therapeutic agents. Starting with a series of structurally diverse alcohol-NN ligands, a family of heteroscorpionate-based ruthenium derivatives was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as an alternative to platinum therapy for breast cancer therapy. In vitro, the antitumoral activity of the novel derivatives was assessed in a series of breast cancer cell lines using UNICAM-1 and cisplatin as metallodrug control. Through this approach, a bimetallic heteroscorpionate-based metallodrug (RUSCO-2) was identified as the lead compound of the series with an IC50 value range as low as 3-5 μM. Notably, RUSCO-2 was found to be highly cytotoxic in TNBC cell lines, suggesting a mode of action independent of the receptor status of the cells. As a proof of concept and taking advantage of the luminescent properties of one of the complexes obtained, uptake was monitored in human breast cancer MCF7 cell lines by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to reveal that the compound is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and that the incorporation of the heteroscorpionate ligand protects it from aqueous processes, conversion in another entity, or the loss of the chloride group. Finally, ROS studies were conducted, lipophilicity was estimated, the chloride/water exchange was studied, and stability studies in simulated biological media were carried out to propose structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Jurado
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad nanoDrug, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Consuelo Ripoll
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad nanoDrug, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital clínico San Carlos, IdISSC and CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo J Vitórica-Yrezábal
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda de Fuentenueva. s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad nanoDrug, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad nanoDrug, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
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9
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Ruan F, Fang H, Chen F, Xie X, He M, Wang R, Lu J, Wu Z, Liu J, Guo F, Sun W, Shao D. Leveraging Radiation-triggered Metal Prodrug Activation Through Nanosurface Energy Transfer for Directed Radio-chemo-immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317943. [PMID: 38078895 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based drugs currently dominate the field of chemotherapeutic agents; however, achieving the controlled activation of metal prodrugs remains a substantial challenge. Here, we propose a universal strategy for the radiation-triggered activation of metal prodrugs via nanosurface energy transfer (NSET). The core-shell nanoplatform (Ru-GNC) is composed of gold nanoclusters (GNC) and ruthenium (Ru)-containing organic-inorganic hybrid coatings. Upon X-ray irradiation, chemotherapeutic Ru (II) complexes were released in a controlled manner through a unique NSET process involving the transfer of photoelectron energy from the radiation-excited Ru-GNCs to the Ru-containing hybrid layer. In contrast to the traditional radiation-triggered activation of prodrugs, such an NSET-based system ensures that the reactive species in the tumor microenvironment are present in sufficient quantity and are not easily quenched. Additionally, ultrasmall Ru-GNCs preferably target mitochondria and profoundly disrupt the respiratory chain upon irradiation, leading to radiosensitization by generating abundant reactive oxygen species. Consequently, Ru-GNC-directed radiochemotherapy induces immunogenic cell death, resulting in significant therapeutic outcomes when combined with the programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade. This NSET strategy represents a breakthrough in designing radiation-triggered nanoplatforms for metal-prodrug-mediated cancer treatment in an efficient and controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixia Ruan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
| | - Fangman Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Junna Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
| | - Ziping Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
| | - Feng Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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10
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Međedović M, Mijatović A, Baošić R, Lazić D, Milanović Ž, Marković Z, Milovanović J, Arsenijević D, Stojanović B, Arsenijević M, Milovanović M, Petrović B, Simović AR. Synthesis, characterization, biomolecular interactions, molecular docking, and in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of novel ruthenium(III) Schiff base complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 248:112363. [PMID: 37689038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to discover new anticancer drugs, novel ruthenium(III) complexes [Ru(L)Cl(H2O)], where L is tetradentate Schiff base bis(acetylacetone)ethylendiimine (acacen, 1), bis(benzoylacetone)ethylendiimine (bzacen, 2), (acetylacetone)(benzoylaceton)ethylendiimine (acacbzacen, 3), bis(acetylacetone)propylendiimine (acacpn, 4), bis(benzoylacetone)propylendiimine (bzacpn, 5) or (acetylacetone)(benzoylaceton)propylendiimine (acacbzacpn, 6), were synthesized. The complexes 1 - 6 were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductometry, and by various spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-Vis, IR, EPR, and ESI-MS. Based on in vitro DNA/BSA experiments, complexes 2 (bzacen) and 5 (bzacpn) with two aromatic rings showed the highest DNA/BSA-activity, suggesting that the presence of the aromatic ring on the tetradentate Schiff base ligand contributes to increased activity. Moreover, these two compounds showed the highest cytotoxic effects toward human, A549 and murine LLC1 lung cancer cells. These complexes altered the ratio of anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules and induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Further, complexes 2 and 5 reduced the percentage of Mcl1 and Bcl2 expressing LLC1 cells, induced their apoptotic death and exerted an antiproliferative effect against LLC1. Finally, complex 5 reduced the volume of mouse primary heterotopic Lewis lung cancer, while complex 2 reduced the incidence and mean number of metastases per lung. Additionally, molecular docking with DNA revealed that the reduced number of aromatic rings or their absence causes lower intercalative properties of the complexes in order: 2 > 5 > 6 > 3 > 4 > 1. It was observed that conventional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions contribute to the stabilization of the structures of complex-DNA. A molecular docking study with BSA revealed a predominance of 1 - 6 in binding affinity to the active site III, a third D-shaped hydrophobic pocket within subdomain IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Međedović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mijatović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Baošić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Lazić
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kraujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Žiko Milanović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanović
- Departement of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijević
- Departement of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Stojanović
- Departement of Patophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miloš Arsenijević
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kraujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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11
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Orts-Arroyo M, Monfort J, Moliner N, Martínez-Lillo J. Enantiomeric Complexes Based on Ruthenium(III) and 2,2'-Biimidazole: X-ray Structure and Magnetic Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7213. [PMID: 37894692 PMCID: PMC10609436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have prepared and characterized two Ru(III) compounds based on the 2,2'-biimidazole (H2biim) ligand, namely, a single complex of formula cis-[RuCl2(H2biim)2]Cl·4H2O (1) and a racemic mixture of formula {cis-[RuCl2(H2biim)2]Cl}2·4H2O (2), which contains 50% of Ru(III) complex 1. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic system with space groups C2 and P21 for 1 and 2, respectively. These complexes exhibit the metal ion bonded to four nitrogen atoms from two H2biim molecules and two chloride ions, which balance part of the positive charges in a distorted octahedral geometry. Significant differences are observed in their crystal packing, which leads to the observation of differences in their respective magnetic behaviors. Despite having imidazole rings in both compounds, π-π stacking interactions occur only in the crystal structure of 2, and the shortest intermolecular Ru···Ru separation in 2 is consequently shorter than that in 1. Variable-temperature dc magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on polycrystalline samples of 1 and 2 reveal different magnetic behaviors at low temperatures: while 1 behaves pretty much as a magnetically isolated mononuclear Ru(III) complex with S = 1/2, 2 exhibits the behavior of an antiferromagnetically coupled system with S = 0 and a maximum in the magnetic susceptibility curve at approximately 3.0 K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Martínez-Lillo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain; (M.O.-A.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
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12
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Maeda A, Tokumoto JY, Kojima S, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T, Hirahara M. Binding of Stimuli-Responsive Ruthenium Aqua Complexes with 9-Ethylguanine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37391-37401. [PMID: 37841177 PMCID: PMC10569010 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive ruthenium complexes proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu) OH2]2+ (proximal-1 and distal-1; C10tpy = 4'-decyloxy-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and C10pyqu = 2-[2'-(6'-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline) were experimentally studied for adduct formation with a model DNA base. At 303 K, proximal-1 exhibited 1:1 adduct formation with 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) to yield proximal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)(9-EtG)]2+ (proximal-RuEtG). Rotation of the guanine ligand on the ruthenium center was sterically hindered by the presence of an adjacent quinoline moiety at 303 K. Results from 1H NMR measurements indicated that photoirradiation of a proximal-RuEtG solution caused photoisomerization to distal-RuEtG, whereas heating of proximal-RuEtG caused ligand substitution to proximal-1. The distal isomer of the aqua complex, distal-1, was observed to slowly revert to proximal-1 at 303 K. In the presence of 9-EtG, distal-1 underwent thermal back-isomerization to proximal-1 and adduct formation to distal-RuEtG. Kinetic analysis of 1H NMR measurements showed that adduct formation between proximal-1 and 9-EtG was 8-fold faster than that between distal-1 and 9-EtG. This difference may be attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and steric repulsion between the aqua ligand and the pendant moiety of the bidentate ligand..
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-ya Tokumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Takayo Moriuchi-Kawakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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13
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Wang J, Song Y, Huang Z, Lin W, Yu G, Xiong Y, Jiang G, Tan Y, Wang J, Liao X. Coupling a Virulence-Targeting Moiety with Ru-Based AMP Mimics Efficiently Improved Its Anti-Infective Potency and Therapeutic Index. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13304-13318. [PMID: 37704628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The surge of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus calls for novel drugs that attack new targets. Developing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or antivirulence agents (AvAs) is a promising strategy to tackle this challenge. However, AMPs, which kill bacteria by disrupting cell membranes, suffer from low stability and high synthesis cost, while AvAs, which inhibit toxin secretion, have relatively poor bactericidal activity. Here, to address their respective shortcomings, we combined these two different antibacterial activities on the same molecular scaffold and developed a Ru-based metalloantibiotic, termed Ru1. Notably, Ru1 exerted remarkable bactericidal activity (MICS = 460 nM) and attenuated bacterial virulence as well. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Ru1 had two independent targets: CcpA and bacterial membrane integrity. Based on its dual mechanism of action, Ru1 effectively overcame S. aureus resistance and showed high efficacy in a mouse infection model against S. aureus. This study provides a promising approach to confronting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yun Song
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ziying Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Wenjing Lin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guangying Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yanshi Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guijuan Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yanhui Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiangwen Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
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14
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Elshami FI, Shereef HA, El-Mehasseb IM, Shaban SY, van Eldik R. Hydroxychloroquine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Induce Anticancer Activity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells: Design, BSA Binding, Molecular Docking, Mechanistic, and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14103. [PMID: 37762406 PMCID: PMC10531786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study describes the encapsulation of hydroxychloroquine, widely used in traditional medicine due to its diverse pharmacological and medicinal uses, in chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). This work aims to combine the HCQ drug with CS NPs to generate a novel nanocomposite with improved characteristics and bioavailability. HCQ@CS NPs are roughly shaped like roadways and have a smooth surface with an average size of 159.3 ± 7.1 nm, a PDI of 0.224 ± 0.101, and a zeta potential of +46.6 ± 0.8 mV. To aid in the development of pharmaceutical systems for use in cancer therapy, the binding mechanism and affinity of the interaction between HCQ and HCQ@CS NPs and BSA were examined using stopped-flow and other spectroscopic approaches, supplemented by molecular docking analysis. HCQ and HCQ@CS NPs binding with BSA is driven by a ground-state complex formation that may be accompanied by a non-radiative energy transfer process, and binding constants indicate that HCQ@CS NPs-BSA was more stable than HCQ-BSA. The stopped-flow analysis demonstrated that, in addition to increasing BSA affinity, the nanoformulation HCQ@CS NPS changes the binding process and may open new routes for interaction. Docking experiments verified the development of the HCQ-BSA complex, with HCQ binding to site I on the BSA structure, primarily with the amino acids, Thr 578, Gln 579, Gln 525, Tyr 400, and Asn 404. Furthermore, the nanoformulation HCQ@CS NPS not only increased cytotoxicity against the A549 lung cancer cell line (IC50 = 28.57 ± 1.72 μg/mL) compared to HCQ (102.21 ± 0.67 μg/mL), but also exhibited higher antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to HCQ and chloramphenicol, which is in agreement with the binding constants. The nanoformulation developed in this study may offer a viable therapy option for A549 lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia I. Elshami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (F.I.E.); (I.M.E.-M.)
| | - Hadeer A. Shereef
- Clinical Pathology Department, University Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Mehasseb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (F.I.E.); (I.M.E.-M.)
| | - Shaban Y. Shaban
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (F.I.E.); (I.M.E.-M.)
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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15
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Łomzik M, Błauż A, Głodek M, Makal A, Tchoń D, Ayine-Tora DM, Hartinger C, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. Organometallic Ru, Os, Rh and Ir half-sandwich conjugates of ispinesib - impact of the organometallic group on the antimitotic activity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11859-11874. [PMID: 37464882 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimitotic agents are among the most important drugs used in anticancer therapy. Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) was proposed as a promising target for new antimitotic drugs. Herein, we report the synthesis of Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir half-sandwich complexes with the KSP inhibitor ispinesib and its (S)-enantiomer. Conjugation of the organometallic moiety with ispinesib and its (S)-enantiomer resulted in a significantly increased cytotoxicity of up to 5.6-fold compared to the parent compounds, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The most active derivatives were the ispinesib Ru and Rh conjugates which were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may at least partially explain their high cytotoxicity. At the same time, the Os and Ir derivatives acted as KSP inhibitors with no effects on ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łomzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Głodek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Makal
- Laboratory for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Daniel Tchoń
- Laboratory for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Christian Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
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16
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Allison M, Caramés-Méndez P, Hofmann BJ, Pask CM, Phillips RM, Lord RM, McGowan PC. Cytotoxicity of Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes Containing Functionalized Ferrocenyl β-Diketonate Ligands. Organometallics 2023; 42:1869-1881. [PMID: 37592952 PMCID: PMC10428205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of 24 ruthenium(II) arene complexes of the type [(p-cym)RuCl(Fc-acac)] (where p-cym = p-cymene and Fc-acac = functionalized ferrocenyl β-diketonate ligands) are reported, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction for 21 new complexes. Chemosensitivity studies have been conducted against human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2), human colorectal adenocarcinoma p53-wildtype (HCT116 p53+/+) and normal human retinal epithelial cell lines (APRE-19). The most active complex, which contains a 2-furan-substituted ligand (4), is 5x more cytotoxic than the analogs 3-furan complex (5) against MIA PaCa-2. Several complexes were screened under hypoxic conditions and at shorter-time incubations, and their ability to damage DNA was determined by the comet assay. Compounds were also screened for their potential to inhibit the growth of both bacterial and fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Allison
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Pablo Caramés-Méndez
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - Benjamin J. Hofmann
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Christopher M. Pask
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - Rianne M. Lord
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Patrick C. McGowan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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17
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Bauer N, Yuan Z, Yang X, Wang B. Plight of CORMs: The unreliability of four commercially available CO-releasing molecules, CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401, in studying CO biology. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115642. [PMID: 37321416 PMCID: PMC10529722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with demonstrated pharmacological effects. In studying CO biology, three delivery forms have been used: CO gas, CO in solution, and CO donors of various types. Among the CO donors, four carbonyl complexes with either a transition metal ion or borane (BH3) (termed CO-releasing molecules or CORMs) have played the most prominent roles appearing in over 650 publications. These are CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401. Intriguingly, there have been unique biology findings that were only observed with these CORMs, but not CO gas; yet these properties were often attributed to CO, raising puzzling questions as to why CO source would make such a fundamental difference in terms of CO biology. Recent years have seen a large number of reports of chemical reactivity (e.g., catalase-like activity, reaction with thiol, and reduction of NAD(P)+) and demonstrated CO-independent biological activity for these four CORMs. Further, CORM-A1 releases CO in an idiosyncratic fashion; CO release from CORM-401 is strongly influenced or even dependent on reaction with an oxidant and/or a nucleophile; CORM-2 mostly releases CO2, not CO, after a water-gas shift reaction except in the presence of a strong nucleophile; and CORM-3 does not release CO except in the presence of a strong nucleophile. All these beg the question as to what constitutes an appropriate CO donor for studying CO biology. This review critically summarizes literature findings related to these aspects, with the aim of helping result interpretation when using these CORMs and development of essential criteria for an appropriate donor for studying CO biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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18
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Swaminathan S, Karvembu R. Dichloro Ru(II)- p-cymene-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (RAPTA-C): A Case Study. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:982-996. [PMID: 37470017 PMCID: PMC10353064 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of organometallic compounds to treat various phenotypes of cancer has attracted increased interest in recent decades. Organometallic compounds, which are transitional between conventional inorganic and organic materials, have outstanding and one-of-a-kind features that offer fresh insight into the development of inorganic medicinal chemistry. The therapeutic potential of ruthenium(II)-arene RAPTA-type compounds is being thoroughly investigated, specifically owing to the excellent antimetastatic property of the initial candidate RAPTA-C. This review gives a thorough analysis of this complex and its evolution as a potential anticancer drug candidate. The numerous mechanistic investigations of RAPTA-C are discussed, and they are connected to the macroscopic biological characteristics that have been found. The "multitargeted" complex described here target enzymes, peptides, and intracellular proteins in addition to DNA that allow it to specifically target cancer cells. Understanding these may allow researchers to find specific targets and tune a new-generation organometallic complex accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Swaminathan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
- Center
for Computational Modeling, Chennai Institute
of Technology (CIT), Chennai 600069, India
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Bai H, Gong W, Pang Y, Shi C, Zhang Z, Guo L, Li Y, Guo L, Wang W, Wang H. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and biomacromolecule binding: Three isomers of nitrosylruthenium complexes with bidentate bioactive molecules as co-ligands. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125009. [PMID: 37245757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three isomeric nitrosylruthenium complexes [RuNO(Qn)(PZA)Cl] (P1, P2, and P3) with bioactive small molecules 8-hydroxyquinoline (Qn) and pyrazinamide (PZA) as co-ligands were synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The cellular toxicity of the isomeric complexes was compared to understand the effects of the geometries on the biological activity of the complexes. Both the complexes and the human serum albumin (HSA) complex adducts affected the extent of proliferation of HeLa cells (IC50: 0.77-1.45 μM). P2 showed prominent activity-induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycles at the G1 phase. The binding constants (Kb) of the complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and HSA were quantitatively evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy in the range of 0.17-1.56 × 104 M-1 and 0.88-3.21 × 105 M-1, respectively. The average binding site (n) number was close to 1. Moreover, the structure of HSA and the P2 complex adduct solved at the resolution of 2.48 Å revealed that one PZA-coordinated nitrosylruthenium complex bound at the subdomain I of HSA via a noncoordinative bond. HSA could serve as a potential nano-delivery system. This study provides a framework for the rational design of metal-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yating Pang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaoyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lili Guo
- The Fifth Hospital (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- The Fifth Hospital (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Lili Guo
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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20
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Cacita N, Batista Silva A, Portela dos Santos NA, Barbosa Ramos LC, Freire de Moraes Del Lama MP, Zumstein Georgetto Naal RM, Nikolaou S. Interactions with HSA, anticancer and antiallergic activity of binuclear μ‐oxo bridged ruthenium acetate compounds. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Cacita
- Departamento de Química Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação (LABiQSC2) Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Amanda Batista Silva
- Departamento de Química Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação (LABiQSC2) Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Nicolle Azevedo Portela dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação (LABiQSC2) Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Loyanne Carla Barbosa Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Maria Perpétua Freire de Moraes Del Lama
- Laboratório de Biossensores e Sistemas Nanoestruturados Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Rose Mary Zumstein Georgetto Naal
- Laboratório de Biossensores e Sistemas Nanoestruturados Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Sofia Nikolaou
- Departamento de Química Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação (LABiQSC2) Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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21
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Ma XR, Lu JJ, Huang B, Lu XY, Li RT, Ye RR. Heteronuclear Ru(II)-Re(I) complexes as potential photodynamic anticancer agents with anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112090. [PMID: 36543061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, three heterometallic Ru(II)-Re(I) complexes, [Ru(NN)2(tpphz)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)2 (N-N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in RuRe1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in RuRe2), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in RuRe3), tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2″',3″'-j]phenazine), using tpphz as a bridging ligand to connect Ru(II) polypyridyl moiety and Re(I) tricarbonyl moiety were designed and synthesized. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that RuRe1-3 exhibited high phototoxicities against several cancer cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 6.8 μM. Notably, RuRe2 exhibited the most significant increase in cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer (PC3) cells under light (450 nm) irradiation, with phototoxicity index (PI) value increasing by >112.3-fold. Further mechanistic studies of RuRe2 revealed that RuRe2-mediated PDT could induce tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, RuRe2-mediated PDT could inhibit PC3 cell scratch healing and reduce the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR2. Finally, angiogenic activity assays performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed that RuRe2 exerted an anti-angiogenesis effect. Our study demonstrated that RuRe1-3 were promising PDT antitumor agents with potential anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Xing-Yun Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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22
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Recent Trends in the Development of Novel Metal-Based Antineoplastic Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041959. [PMID: 36838947 PMCID: PMC9965607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the accidental discovery of the anticancer properties of cisplatin more than half a century ago, significant efforts by the broad scientific community have been and are currently being invested into the search for metal complexes with antitumor activity. Coordination compounds of transition metals such as platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru) and gold (Au) have proven their effectiveness as diagnostic and/or antiproliferative agents. In recent years, experimental work on the potential applications of elements including lanthanum (La) and the post-transition metal gallium (Ga) in the field of oncology has been gaining traction. The authors of the present review article aim to help the reader "catch up" with some of the latest developments in the vast subject of coordination compounds in oncology. Herewith is offered a review of the published scientific literature on anticancer coordination compounds of Pt, Ru, Au, Ga and La that has been released over the past three years with the hope readers find the following article informative and helpful.
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23
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Međedović M, Rilak Simović A, Ćoćić D, Senft L, Matić S, Todorović D, Popović S, Baskić D, Petrović B. New ruthenium(II) complexes with quinone diimine and substituted bipyridine as inert ligands: synthesis, characterization, mechanism of action, DNA/HSA binding affinity and cytotoxic activity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1323-1344. [PMID: 36629870 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of a series of new ruthenium(II) complexes 1-7, with the general formula mer-[RuL3(N-N)Cl]Cl, where L is 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Cl-Ph-tpy) and N-N is o-benzoquinonediimine (o-bqdi), 2,3-naphthoquinonediimine (nqdi), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy) or 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (dcbpy). The kinetic results showed that the ligand substitution reactions of new Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes with biomolecules were affected by different substituents and the aromaticity of meridional tridentate and bidentate spectator ligands as well as by the nature of the entering nucleophile. The reactivity of the complexes increases in the order: dmbpy < dcbipy < nqdi < o-bqdi. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were performed to support the interpretation and discussion of the experimental data. Furthermore, combining ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33258 (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[5-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)benzimidazo-2-yl]-benzimidazole) fluorescence assay results implied that 1-7 might interact with calf thymus DNA through partial intercalation and/or minor groove binding. The human serum albumin (HAS)-fluorescence binding studies involving the site markers, eosin Y, as a marker for site I of subdomain IIA, and ibuprofen, as a marker for site II of subdomain IIIA, showed that Ru(II) compounds bind to both sites with moderately strong affinity (Kb = 104-106 M-1). Moreover, these DNA/HSA experimental results were confirmed by molecular docking. Complexes 2, 5 and 6 exerted good to strong and highly selective cytotoxic activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB 231), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Depending on their structure and cell line, the complexes acted differently in terms of their influence on autophagy, the cell cycle and the engaged apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Međedović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Laura Senft
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sanja Matić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Todorović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Popović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Baskić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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24
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Raza A, Archer SA, Thomas JA, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. Selectively inhibiting malignant melanoma migration and invasion in an engineered skin model using actin-targeting dinuclear Ru II-complexes. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:65-73. [PMID: 36755639 PMCID: PMC9890726 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the poor prognosis of metastatic cancers, there is a clinical need for agents with anti-metastatic activity. Here we report on the anti-metastatic effect of a previously reported Ru(ii) complex [{(phen)2Ru}2(tpphz)]4+, 14+, that has recently been shown to disrupt actin fiber assembly. In this study, we investigated the anti-migratory effect of +14+ and a close structural analogue+, 24+, on two highly invasive, metastatic human melanoma cell lines. Laser scanning confocal imaging was used to investigate the structure of actin filament and adhesion molecule vinculin and results show disassembly of central actin filaments and focal adhesions. The effect of both compounds on actin filaments was also found to be reversible. As these results revealed that the complexes were cytostatic and produced a significant inhibitory effect on the migration of both melanoma cell lines but not human dermal fibroblasts their effect on 3D-spheroids and a tissue-engineered living skin model were also investigated. These experiments demonstrated that the compounds inhibited the growth and invasiveness of the melanoma-based spheroidal tumor model and both complexes were found to penetrate the epidermis of the skin tissue model and inhibit the invasion of melanoma cells. Taken together, the cytostatic and antimigratory effects of the complexes results in an antimetastatic effect that totally prevent invasion of malignant melanoma into skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield Mappin St Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Stuart A. Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK+44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK+44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield Mappin St Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - John W. Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of SheffieldMappin StSheffield S1 3JDUK
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25
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Hou Z, Vanecek AS, Tepe JJ, Odom AL. Synthesis, structure, properties, and cytotoxicity of a (quinoline)RuCp + complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:721-730. [PMID: 36562335 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03484k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A rare example of a structurally characterized metal quinoline complex was prepared using a non-covalent quinoline-based proteasome inhibitor (Quin1), and a related complex bearing an inactive quinoline ligand (Quin2) was also synthesized. The quinolines are prepared by a one-pot procedure involving titanium-catalyzed alkyne iminoamination and are bound to ruthenium by reaction with CpRu(NCMe)3+ PF6- in CH2Cl2. The arene of the quinoline is η6-bonded to the ruthenium metal center. The kinetics of quinoline displacement were investigated, and reactivity with deuterated solvents follows the order acetonitrile > DMSO > water. Quinolines with more methyl groups on the arene are more kinetically stable, and RuCp(Quin1)+ PF6- (1), which has two methyl groups on the arene, is stable for days in DMSO. In contrast, a very similar complex (2) made with Quin2 having no methyl groups on the arene was readily displaced by DMSO. Both 1 and 2 are stable in 9 : 1 water/DMSO for days with no measurable displacement of the quinoline. The cytotoxicity of the quinolines, their CpRu+-complexes, and CpRu(DMSO)3+ PF6- was investigated towards two multiple myeloma cell lines: MC/CAR and RPMI 8226. To determine whether the activity of the complexes was related to the nature of the quinoline ligands, two structurally similar quinoline ligands with vastly different biological properties were investigated. Quin1 is a cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor, whereas Quin2 is not a proteasome inhibitor and showed no discernable cytotoxicity. The ruthenium complexes showed poor cellular proteasome inhibition. However, both 1 and 2 showed good cytotoxicity towards RPMI 8226 and MC/CAR, with 1 being slightly more cytotoxic. For example, 1 has a CC50 = 2 μM in RPMI 8226, and 2 has a CC50 = 5 μM for the same cell line. In contrast, CpRu(DMSO)3+ PF6- was quite active towards MC/CAR with CC50 = 2.8 μM but showed no discernible cytotoxicity toward RPMI 8226. The mechanism of action responsible for the observed cytotoxicity is not known, but the new Ru(Cp)(Quin)+ PF6- complexes do not cross-link DNA as found for platinum-based drugs. It is concluded that the Ru(Cp)(Quin)+ PF6- complexes remain intact in the cellular assays and constitute a new class of cytotoxic metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Hou
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Allison S Vanecek
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jetze J Tepe
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Aaron L Odom
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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26
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Sahu G, Patra SA, Lima S, Das S, Görls H, Plass W, Dinda R. Ruthenium(II)-Dithiocarbazates as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Solution Behavior, and Mitochondria-Targeted Apoptotic Cell Death. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202694. [PMID: 36598160 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the Ru(PPh3 )3 Cl2 with HL1-3 -OH (-OH stands for the oxime hydroxyl group; HL1 -OH=diacetylmonoxime-S-benzyldithiocarbazonate; HL2 -OH=diacetylmonoxime-S-(4-methyl)benzyldithiocarbazonate; and HL3 -OH=diacetylmonoxime-S-(4-chloro)benzyl-dithiocarbazonate) gives three new ruthenium complexes [RuII (L1-3 -H)(PPh3 )2 Cl] (1-3) (-H stands for imine hydrogen) coordinated with dithiocarbazate imine as the final products. All ruthenium(II) complexes (1-3) have been characterized by elemental (CHNS) analyses, IR, UV-vis, NMR (1 H, 13 C, and 31 P) spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS spectrometry and also, the structure of 1-2 was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The solution/aqueous stability, hydrophobicity, DNA interactions, and cell viability studies of 1-3 against HeLa, HT-29, and NIH-3T3 cell lines were performed. Cell viability results suggested 3 being the most cytotoxic of the series with IC50 6.9±0.2 μM against HeLa cells. Further, an apoptotic mechanism of cell death was confirmed by cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining techniques. In this regard, the live cell confocal microscopy results revealed that compounds primarily target the mitochondria against HeLa, and HT-29 cell lines. Moreover, these ruthenium complexes elevate the ROS level by inducing mitochondria targeting apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurunath Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sushree Aradhana Patra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhir Lima
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.,Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sanchita Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rupam Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
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27
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Cao K, Zhu Y, Hou Z, Liu M, Yang Y, Hu H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Yuan S, Huang G, Mei J, Sadler PJ, Liu Y. α-Synuclein as a Target for Metallo-Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215360. [PMID: 36345707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique thermodynamic and kinetic coordination chemistry of ruthenium allows it to modulate key adverse aggregation and membrane interactions of α-synuclein (α-syn) associated with Parkinson's disease. We show that the low-toxic RuIII complex trans-[ImH][RuCl4 (Me2 SO)(Im)] (NAMI-A) has dual inhibitory effects on both aggregation and membrane interactions of α-syn with submicromolar affinity, and disassembles pre-formed fibrils. NAMI-A abolishes the cytotoxicity of α-syn towards neuronal cells and mitigates neurodegeneration and motor impairments in a rat model of Parkinson's. Multinuclear NMR and MS analyses show that NAMI-A binds to residues involved in protein aggregation and membrane binding. NMR studies reveal the key steps in pro-drug activation and the effect of activated NAMI-A species on protein folding. Our findings provide a new basis for designing ruthenium complexes which could mitigate α-syn-induced Parkinson's pathology differently from organic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhuanghao Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Manman Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongze Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Siming Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiaming Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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28
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Nongpiur CGL, Verma AK, Singh RK, Ghate MM, Poluri KM, Kaminsky W, Kollipara MR. Half-sandwich ruthenium(II), rhodium(III) and iridium(III) fluorescent metal complexes containing pyrazoline based ligands: DNA binding, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112059. [PMID: 36345069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of nine new complexes of ruthenium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(III) incorporated with pyrazoline-based ligands were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, ESI-MS spectrometry and X-ray crystallographic studies. All the synthesized compounds were assessed for their antibacterial abilities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The compounds showed better antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus Thuringiensis), with activities superior to standard kanamycin. Antioxidant studies revealed the mild radical scavenging proficiency of the compounds. DNA binding studies using fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the compounds could bind to Salmon Milt DNA electrostatically via external contact and groove surface binding with moderate affinity. The synthesized complexes were tested for anticancer activity using cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays in Dalton's lymphoma (DL) cell lines. The findings were compared to cisplatin (the standard drug) under identical experimental conditions. The cell viability results showed that complex 7 induced higher cytotoxicity in the DL cell line than the other tested compounds. The results of the molecular docking analysis further suggest that selective complexes have complete contact with the active amino acids sites of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rohit Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Mayur Mohan Ghate
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mohan Rao Kollipara
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India.
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Eichhorn T, Kolbe F, Mišić S, Dimić D, Morgan I, Saoud M, Milenković D, Marković Z, Rüffer T, Dimitrić Marković J, Kaluđerović GN. Synthesis, Crystallographic Structure, Theoretical Analysis, Molecular Docking Studies, and Biological Activity Evaluation of Binuclear Ru(II)-1-Naphthylhydrazine Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010689. [PMID: 36614131 PMCID: PMC9821167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-arene complexes have gained significant research interest due to their possible application in cancer therapy. In this contribution two new complexes are described, namely [{RuCl(η6-p-cymene)}2(μ-Cl)(μ-1-N,N'-naphthyl)]X (X = Cl, 1; PF6, 2), which were fully characterized by IR, NMR, and elemental microanalysis. Furthermore, the structure of 2 in the solid state was determined by a single crystal X-ray crystallographic study, confirming the composition of the crystals as 2·2MeOH. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed for the investigation of interactions that govern the crystal structure of 2·2MeOH. The structural data for 2 out of 2·2MeOH was used for the theoretical analysis of the cationic part [{RuCl(η6-p-cymene)}2(μ-Cl)(μ-1-N,N'-naphthyl)]+ (2a) which is common to both 1 and 2. The density functional theory, at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) basis set for H, C, N, and Cl atoms and LanL2DZ for Ru ions, was used for the optimization of the 2a structure. The natural bond orbital and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analyses were employed to quantify the intramolecular interactions. The reproduction of experimental IR and NMR spectra proved the applicability of the chosen level of theory. The binding of 1 to bovine serum albumin was examined by spectrofluorimetry and molecular docking, with complementary results obtained. Compound 1 acted as a radical scavenger towards DPPH• and HO• radicals, along with high activity towards cancer prostate and colon cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eichhorn
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Franz Kolbe
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mišić
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Dimić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mohamad Saoud
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dejan Milenković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jasmina Dimitrić Marković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (J.D.M.); (G.N.K.)
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.D.M.); (G.N.K.)
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Photo-tuneable protein nitration by sensitiser tris(bipyridine)-Ruthenium(II) chloride complex. Nitric Oxide 2022; 129:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lu Y, Zhu D, Le Q, Wang Y, Wang W. Ruthenium-based antitumor drugs and delivery systems from monotherapy to combination therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16339-16375. [PMID: 36341705 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complex is an important compound group for antitumor drug research and development. NAMI-A, KP1019, TLD1433 and other ruthenium complexes have entered clinical research. In recent years, the research on ruthenium antitumor drugs has not been limited to single chemotherapy drugs; other applications of ruthenium complexes have emerged such as in combination therapy. During the development of ruthenium complexes, drug delivery forms of ruthenium antitumor drugs have also evolved from single-molecule drugs to nanodrug delivery systems. The review summarizes the following aspects: (1) ruthenium complexes from monotherapy to combination therapy, including the development of single-molecule compounds, carrier nanomedicine, and self-assembly of carrier-free nanomedicine; (2) ruthenium complexes in the process of ADME in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; (3) the applications of ruthenium complexes in combination therapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), immunotherapy, and their combined application; (4) the future prospects of ruthenium-based antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Quynh Le
- Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Highly Charged Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizer Agents in Photodynamic Therapy of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113302. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer recurrence is frequent and associated with chemoresistance, leading to extremely poor prognosis. Herein, we explored the potential anti-cancer effect of a series of highly charged Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which were able to efficiently sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen upon irradiation (Ru12+ and Ru22+) and to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their corresponding dinuclear metal complexes with the Fenton active Cu(II) ion/s ([CuRu1]4+ and [Cu2Ru2]6+). Their cytotoxic and anti-tumor effects were evaluated on human ovarian cancer A2780 cells both in the absence or presence of photoirradiation, respectively. All the compounds tested were well tolerated under dark conditions, whereas they switched to exert anti-tumor activity following photoirradiation. The specific effect was mediated by the onset of programed cell death, but only in the case of Ru12+ and Ru22+ was preceded by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential soon after photoactivation and ROS production, thus supporting the occurrence of apoptosis via type II photochemical reactions. Thus, Ru(II)-polypyridyl-based photosensitizers represent challenging tools to be further investigated in the identification of new therapeutic approaches to overcome the innate chemoresistance to platinum derivatives of some ovarian epithelial cancers and to find innovative drugs for recurrent ovarian cancer.
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Maikoo S, Xulu B, Mambanda A, Mkhwanazi N, Davison C, de la Mare J, Booysen IN. Biomolecular Interactions of Cytotoxic Ruthenium Compounds with Thiosemicarbazone or Benzothiazole Schiff Base Chelates. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200444. [PMID: 36041073 PMCID: PMC9826503 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein we illustrate the formation and characterization of new paramagnetic ruthenium compounds, trans-P-[RuCl(PPh3 )2 (pmt)]Cl (1) (Hpmt=1-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazide), trans-P-[RuCl(PPh3 )2 (tmc)]Cl (2) (Htmc=1-((thiophen-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazide) and a diamagnetic ruthenium complex, cis-Cl, trans-P-[RuCl2 (PPh3 )2 (btm)] (3) (btm=2-((5-hydroxypentylimino)methyl)benzothiazole). Agarose gel electrophoresis experiments of the metal compounds illustrated dose-dependent binding to gDNA by 1-3, while methylene blue competition assays suggested that 1 and 2 are also DNA intercalators. Assessment of the effects of the compounds on topoisomerase function indicated that 1-3 are capable of inhibiting topoisomerase I activity in terms of the ability to nick supercoiled plasmid DNA. The cytotoxic activities of the metal complexes were determined against a range of cancer cell lines versus a non-tumorigenic control cell line, and the complexes were, in general, more cytotoxic towards the cancer cells, displaying IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Time-dependent stability studies showed that in the presence of strong nucleophilic species (such as DMSO), the chloride co-ligands of 1-3 are rapidly substituted by the former as proven by the suppression of the substitution reactions in the presence of an excess amount of chloride ions. The metal complexes are significantly stable in both DCM and an aqueous phosphate buffer containing 2 % DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Maikoo
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | - Bheki Xulu
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | - Allen Mambanda
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | - Ntando Mkhwanazi
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal ResearchDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of ScienceRhodes UniversityPO Box 94Grahamstown6140South Africa
| | - Candace Davison
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal ResearchDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of ScienceRhodes UniversityPO Box 94Grahamstown6140South Africa
| | - Jo‐Anne de la Mare
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal ResearchDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of ScienceRhodes UniversityPO Box 94Grahamstown6140South Africa
| | - Irvin Noel Booysen
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
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Levina A, Chetcuti ARM, Lay PA. Controversial Role of Transferrin in the Transport of Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091319. [PMID: 36139158 PMCID: PMC9496346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are at the forefront of developments in metal-based anticancer drugs, but many questions remain open regarding their reactivity in biological media, including the role of transferrin (Tf) in their transport and cellular uptake. A well-known anticancer drug, KP1019 ((IndH)[RuIIICl4(Ind)2], where Ind = indazole) and a reference complex, [RuIII(nta)2]3- (nta = nitrilotriacetato(3-)) interacted differently with human apoTf, monoFeTf, or Fe2Tf. These reactions were studied by biolayer interferometry (BLI) measurements of Ru-Fe-Tf binding to recombinant human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in conjunction with UV-vis spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Cellular Ru uptake in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was measured under the conditions of the BLI assays. The mode of Tf binding and cellular Ru uptake were critically dependent on the nature of Ru complex, availability of Fe(III) binding sites of Tf, and the presence of proteins that competed for metal binding, particularly serum albumin. Cellular uptake of KP1019 was not Tf-mediated and occurred mostly by passive diffusion, which may also be suitable for treatments of inoperable cancers by intratumoral injections. High cellular Ru uptake from a combination of [RuIII(nta)2]3- and Fe2Tf in the absence of significant Ru-Tf binding was likely to be due to trapping of Ru(III) species into the endosome during TfR1-mediated endocytosis of Fe2Tf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
| | | | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
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Novel ferrocene-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids: A facile environment-friendly regioselective synthesis, structure elucidation, and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Ma X, Lu J, Yang P, Zhang Z, Huang B, Li R, Ye R. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-modified ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes for JMJD inhibition and photodynamic antitumor therapy. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13902-13909. [PMID: 36040403 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01765b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an ideal scaffold for metal ion chelation, 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) can chelate different metal ions, such as Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, etc. Here, by integrating 8HQ with a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl moiety, two Ru(II)-8HQ complexes (Ru1 and Ru2), [Ru(N-N)2L](PF6)2 (L = 2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)quinolin-8-ol; N-N: 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in Ru1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in Ru2)) were designed and synthesized. In both complexes, ligand L is an 8HQ derivative designed to chelate the cofactor Fe2+ of jumonji C domain-containing demethylase (JMJD). As expected, Ru1 and Ru2 could inhibit the activity of JMJD by chelating the key cofactor Fe2+ of JMJD, resulting in the upregulation of histone-methylation levels in human lung cancer (A549) cells, and the upregulation was more pronounced under light conditions. In addition, MTT data showed that Ru1 and Ru2 exhibited lower dark toxicity, and light irradiation could significantly enhance their antitumor activity. The marked photodynamic activities of Ru1 and Ru2 could induce the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and activation of caspases. These mechanistic studies indicated that Ru1 and Ru2 could induce apoptosis through the combination of JMJD inhibitory and PDT activities, thereby achieving dual antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Junjian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Peixin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rongtao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Ruirong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
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Chlorido-(η6-p-cymene)-(bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane-κ2N,N′)Osmium(II) Tetrafluoroborate, C17H22BClF4N4Os. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The powder of the arene osmium(II) complex, [Os(II)(dpzm)(η6-p-cym)Cl]BF4 (dpzm = di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methane; η6-p-cym = para-cymene), with a formula of C17H22BClF4N4Os (referred to herein as 1) was isolated from the reaction of [(η6-p-cym)Os(μ-Cl)(Cl)]2 with dpzm dissolved in acetonitrile and under a flow of nitrogen gas. It was characterized by spectroscopic techniques (viz., FTIR, 1H NMR, UV-Visible absorption). Yellow crystal blocks of 1 were grown by the slow evaporation from the methanolic solution of its powder. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 1 was solved by diffraction analysis on a Bruker APEX Duo CCD area detector diffractometer using the Cu(Kα), λ = 1.54178 Å as the radiation source, and 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and the C2/c (no. 15) space group.
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Nie Y, Dai Z, Fozia, Zhao G, Jiang J, Xu X, Ying M, Wang Y, Hu Z, Xu H. Comparative Studies on DNA-Binding Mechanisms between Enantiomers of a Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complex. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4787-4798. [PMID: 35731588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pair of ruthenium(II) complex enantiomers, Δ- and Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, MBIP = 2-(3-bromophenyl)imidazo[5,6-f]phenanthroline), were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Comparative studies between the enantiomers on their binding behaviors to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were conducted using UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, viscosity measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry, a photocleavage experiment, and molecular simulation. The experimental results indicated that both the enantiomers spontaneously bound to CT-DNA through intercalation stabilized by the van der Waals force or the hydrogen bond and driven by enthalpy and that Δ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ intercalated into DNA more deeply than Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ did and exhibited a better DNA photocleavage ability. Molecular simulation further indicated that Δ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ more preferentially intercalated between the base pairs of CT-DNA to the major groove, and Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ more favorably intercalated to the minor groove. These research findings should be very helpful to the understanding of the stereoselectivity mechanism of DNA-bindings of metal complexes, and be useful for the design of novel metal-complex-based antitumor drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Nie
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Dai
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Fozia
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,China Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Jiang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ying
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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Infanta S AKT, Durairaju N, Raja S, Murugesan T, Dhanapal AR, Natarajan K, Balakrishnan A, Vedagiri H, Muthusamy P, Jayaraman A. Pharmacological assessment of Ru(II) complex with GidA protein- A novel topoisomerase II inhibitor towards cancer therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:4143-4153. [PMID: 35514135 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2064332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of ruthenium(II) complex with Glucose inhibited division protein A (GidA protein) was studied through various spectroscopic techniques with the ultimate goal of preparing adducts with good selectivity for cancer cells. In all the cases, formation of a tight metal-protein conjugate was observed. The influence of pH, reducing agents and chelators on the formation of adduct was analysed by UV- visible spectroscopy. While there was no effect on the addition of sodium ascorbate, some alterations on some selected bands were seen on the UV-visible spectra on the addition of EDTA. The adduct was stable in the pH range of 5-8. Addition of ruthenium(II) complex effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of GidA and it occurred through static quenching. The effect of ruthenium(II) complex on the conformation of GidA has been examined by analyzing CD spectrum. Though, there was some conformational changes observed in the presence of ruthenium(II) complex, α- helix in the secondary structure of GidA retained its identity. Molecular docking of ruthenium(II) complex with GidA also indicated that GidA docks through hydrophobic interaction. The stable semisynthetic complex (ruthenium(II) complex with GidA) was checked for topoisomerase II inhibition. Relaxation and decatenation assay proved topoisomerase II inhibition of semisynthetic complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony K Teresa Infanta S
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, New Prince Shri Bhavani Arts and Science College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nisshanthini Durairaju
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Raja
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thandeeswaran Murugesan
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Raj Dhanapal
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ajithkumar Balakrishnan
- Molecular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemamalini Vedagiri
- Molecular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniswamy Muthusamy
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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40
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Swaminathan S, Haribabu J, Balakrishnan N, Vasanthakumar P, Karvembu R. Piano stool Ru(II)-arene complexes having three monodentate legs: A comprehensive review on their development as anticancer therapeutics over the past decade. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Misso G, Santamaria R, Irace C. Bioactivity and Development of Small Non-Platinum Metal-Based Chemotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050954. [PMID: 35631543 PMCID: PMC9147010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Countless expectations converge in the multidisciplinary endeavour for the search and development of effective and safe drugs in fighting cancer. Although they still embody a minority of the pharmacological agents currently in clinical use, metal-based complexes have great yet unexplored potential, which probably hides forthcoming anticancer drugs. Following the historical success of cisplatin and congeners, but also taking advantage of conventional chemotherapy limitations that emerged with applications in the clinic, the design and development of non-platinum metal-based chemotherapeutics, either as drugs or prodrugs, represents a rapidly evolving field wherein candidate compounds can be fine-tuned to access interactions with druggable biological targets. Moving in this direction, over the last few decades platinum family metals, e.g., ruthenium and palladium, have been largely proposed. Indeed, transition metals and molecular platforms where they originate are endowed with unique chemical and biological features based on, but not limited to, redox activity and coordination geometries, as well as ligand selection (including their inherent reactivity and bioactivity). Herein, current applications and progress in metal-based chemoth are reviewed. Converging on the recent literature, new attractive chemotherapeutics based on transition metals other than platinum—and their bioactivity and mechanisms of action—are examined and discussed. A special focus is committed to anticancer agents based on ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, and iridium, but also to gold derivatives, for which more experimental data are nowadays available. Next to platinum-based agents, ruthenium-based candidate drugs were the first to reach the stage of clinical evaluation in humans, opening new scenarios for the development of alternative chemotherapeutic options to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ferraro
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
| | - Rita Santamaria
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
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42
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Jana A, Aher A, Brandao P, Bera P, Sharda S, Phadikar U, Manna SK, Mahapatra AK, Bera P. Evaluation of the anticancer activities with various ligand substituents in Co(II/III)-picolyl phenolate derivatives: synthesis, characterization, DFT, DNA cleavage, and molecular docking studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2346-2363. [PMID: 35043134 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between 2-(pyridine-2-ylmethoxy)-benzaldehyde (L) and various primary amines furnish tridentate (L1 to L3) and tetradentate (L4) chelating ligands. The choice of different primary amines in the condensation reaction incorporates the chiral carbon atom in L2 and L3. A series of mononuclear cobalt(II) complexes, [CoII(L1)(Cl)2] (1), [CoII(L2)(Cl)2]·CH3CN (2), [CoII(L3)(Cl)2] (3), and [CoIII(L4)(N3)2] (4) are synthesized in the pure crystalline state from the resulting solution of cobalt(II) chloride and/or azide and respective ligand. The new ligands and cobalt complexes are characterized using spectral (UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, IR, and HRMS), cyclovoltammetric, and DFT studies. The structure of L1, L2, and all four cobalt complexes are determined by single X-ray crystallography. Cytotoxic activity of the compounds is evaluated using three different tissues of origin e.g., U-937 (histiocytic lymphoma), HEK293T (embryonic kidney), and A549 (lung carcinoma). The cobalt complexes are more active than the corresponding ligands against U-937 and HEK293T. The MTT assay demonstrates that the cobalt compounds are more effective anticancer agents against U-937 cancer cells than HEK293T and A549. The toxicity order, 1 (7.2 ± 0.3 μM) > 3 (11.4 ± 0.6 μM) > 2 (12 ± 0.1 μM) > 4 (29 ± 1 μM) is observed against U-937 cancer cells. All the compounds induce cell death through an apoptosis mechanism and all are ineffective against PBMCs. The mechanism of activity against U937 cancer cells involves caspase-3 activation and two different mitogen-activated protein kinases attesting the programmed cell death. Among the compounds, complexes 1, 2, and 3 show DNA cleavage activity both in oxidizing (H2O2) and reducing (GSH) environments. The mechanistic study reveals that singlet oxygen (1O2) is the major species involved in DNA cleavage. The absolute chemical hardness values of the ligands and 4 are relatively higher than 1, 2, and 3, which tacitly support the DNA cleavage experiment. The docking result indicates that the compounds under investigation strongly interact with DNA base pairs through a variety of interactions which attests successfully to the experimental results. A structure-activity relationship has been drawn to correlate the variation of antitumor activity with ligand conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Jana
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous) (Vidyasagar University), Panskura R. S, Midnapore (East), West Bengal, 721152, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Abhishek Aher
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500 039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
| | - Paula Brandao
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pradip Bera
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous) (Vidyasagar University), Panskura R. S, Midnapore (East), West Bengal, 721152, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Kandi Raj College, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742137, India
| | - Saphy Sharda
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500 039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
| | - Ujjwal Phadikar
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous) (Vidyasagar University), Panskura R. S, Midnapore (East), West Bengal, 721152, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Manna
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500 039, Telangana, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Pulakesh Bera
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous) (Vidyasagar University), Panskura R. S, Midnapore (East), West Bengal, 721152, India.
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Sangeetha S, Murali M. Cytotoxic Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing a Dangling Pyridine: Selectivity for Diseased Cells Mediated by pH-Dependent DNA Binding. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2864-2882. [PMID: 35099196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2(L1/L2/L3)]PF6 [where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, H(L1) = N-(pyrid-2-yl)salicylaldimine (1), H(L2) = N-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)salicylaldimine (2), and H(L3) = N-(4,6-dimethylpyrid-2-yl)salicylaldimine (3)] have been isolated. The X-ray structures of 1-3 reveal distorted octahedral coordination geometry with a planar ruthenium phenolate moiety. They exhibit interpair dimeric association in their solid state such as (a) π-π-stacking interactions (1-3) and (b) C-H···π interactions (2). The 1H NMR spectral data shed light on the characteristics of metal-ligand bonding and chelate ring conformations. The complexes exhibit strong metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions in the visible region. The complexes also undergo two successive metal-based oxidative processes corresponding to the RuII/RuIII and RuIII/RuIV couples. Resonance Raman studies strongly suggest that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of 1-3 is localized at the bpy ligand. Absorption, emission, and circular dichroic spectral measurements for 1-3 with calf-thymus DNA reveal a groove binding mode of interaction. Interestingly, all of the complexes exhibit pH-dependent DNA damage, and the pH at which the damage is highest corresponds to the pH conditions of the cancer cells. The DNA damage is in the order of 3 > 2 > 1, in which a hydrolytic mechanism dominates. The protein binding properties of the complexes examined by the tryptophan quenching measurements suggest a static mechanism. The positive ΔH and ΔS values indicate that the force acting between the complexes and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is mainly a hydrophobic interaction, and thus BSA may act as a targeted drug-delivery vehicle for ruthenium(II) complexes (K ∼ 105). It is noteworthy that 3 exhibits selectivity with high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (EVSA-T and MCF-7), and its potency is comparable to that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Sangeetha
- Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariappan Murali
- Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Saha R, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya S. Development of a ruthenium–aquo complex for utilization in synthesis and catalysis for selective hydration of nitriles and alkynes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ruthenium(ii)–aquo complex serves as a precursor for the synthesis of new ternary complexes and also as an efficient catalyst for selective hydration of aryl nitriles to aryl amides and aryl alkynes to aryl aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumpa Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India
| | - Aparajita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India
| | - Samaresh Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India
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45
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Mensah S, Rosenthal JD, Dagar M, Brown T, Mills JJ, Hamaker CG, Ferrence GM, Webb MI. A Ru( ii)-arene-ferrocene complex with promising antibacterial activity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:17609-17619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of high virulence bacterial strains has necessitated the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mensah
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | - Mamta Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Tyson Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | | | - Michael I. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY, 14454, USA
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46
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Nolan VC, Rafols L, Harrison J, Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Crosatti M, Garton NJ, Wegrzyn M, Timms DL, Seaton CC, Sendron H, Azmanova M, Barry NP, Pitto-Barry A, Cox JA. Indole-containing arene-ruthenium complexes with broad spectrum activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100099. [PMID: 35059676 PMCID: PMC8760505 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of indole-containing arene ruthenium organometallic compounds are active against several bacterial species and drug resistant strains Bactericidal activity observed against various Gram negative, Gram positive and acid-fast bacteria, demonstrating broad-spectrum inhibitory activity Compound series exhibits low toxicity against human cells Shows considerable promise as next generation antibiotics
Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. The development of new classes of antibiotics able to kill or inhibit the growth of such AMR bacteria through novel mechanisms of action is therefore urgently needed. Here, a new family of indole-containing arene ruthenium organometallic compounds are screened against several bacterial species and drug resistant strains. The most active complex [(p-cym)Ru(O-cyclohexyl-1H-indole-2-carbothioate)Cl] (3) shows growth inhibition and bactericidal activity against different organisms (Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Escherichia coli), demonstrating broad-spectrum inhibitory activity. Importantly, this compound series exhibits low toxicity against human cells. Owing to the novelty of the antibiotic family, their moderate cytotoxicity, and their inhibitory activity against Gram positive, Gram negative and acid-fast, antibiotic resistant microorganisms, this series shows significant promise for further development.
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47
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In Vitro Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Selected Metal Compounds and Potential Molecular Basis for Their Actions Based on Computational Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121858. [PMID: 34944502 PMCID: PMC8699537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-based drugs represent a rich source of chemical substances of potential interest for the treatment of COVID-19. To this end, we have developed a small but representative panel of nine metal compounds, including both synthesized and commercially available complexes, suitable for medical application and tested them in vitro against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The screening revealed that three compounds from the panel, i.e., the organogold(III) compound Aubipyc, the ruthenium(III) complex KP1019, and antimony trichloride (SbCl3), are endowed with notable antiviral properties and an acceptable cytotoxicity profile. These initial findings prompted us to perform a computational study to unveil the likely molecular basis of their antiviral actions. Calculations evidenced that the metalation of nucleophile sites in SARS-CoV-2 proteins or nucleobase strands, induced by Aubipyc, SbCl3, and KP1019, is likely to occur. Remarkably, we found that only the deprotonated forms of Cys and Sec residues can react favorably with these metallodrugs. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.
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48
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Kordestani N, Abas E, Grasa L, Alguacil A, Scalambra F, Romerosa A. The Significant Influence of a Second Metal on the Antiproliferative Properties of the Complex [Ru(η 6 -C 10 H 14 )(Cl 2 )(dmoPTA)]. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103048. [PMID: 34806242 PMCID: PMC9299940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)(HdmoPTA)](OSO2CF3) (1), [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)(dmoPTA)] (2) and [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)‐μ‐dmoPTA‐1κP:2κ2N,N’‐MCl2] (M=Zn (3), Co (4), Ni (5), dmoPTA=3,7‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐triaza‐5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of 1, 3 and 5 were obtained by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes was evaluated against colon cancer cell line Caco‐2/TC7 by using the MTT protocol. The monometallic ruthenium complexes 1 and 2 were found to be inactive, but the bimetallic complexes 3, 4 and 5 display an increased activity (IC503: 9.07±0.27, 4: 5.40±0.19, 5: 7.15±0.30 μM) compared to cisplatin (IC50=45.6±8.08 μM). Importantly, no reduction in normal cell viability was observed in the presence of the complexes. Experiments targeted to obtain information on the possible action mechanism of the complexes, such as cell cycle, ROS and gene expression studies, were performed. The results showed that the complexes display different properties and action mechanism depending on the nature of metal, M, bonded to the CH3NdmoPTA atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Kordestani
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Elisa Abas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de ZaragozaMiguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de ZaragozaMiguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón)San Juan Bosco, 1350009ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA)Miguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
| | - Andres Alguacil
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
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49
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Al‐Wahaib D, El‐Dissouky A, Abrar NM, Khalil TE. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity investigations of ruthenium (II)–bipyridine complexes of ciprofloxacin derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha Al‐Wahaib
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department Kuwait University Safat Kuwait
| | - Ali El‐Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Nada M. Abrar
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department Kuwait University Safat Kuwait
| | - Tarek E. Khalil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
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50
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de Almeida PSVB, de Arruda HJ, Sousa GLS, Ribeiro FV, de Azevedo-França JA, Ferreira LA, Guedes GP, Silva H, Kummerle AE, Neves AP. Cytotoxicity evaluation and DNA interaction of Ru II-bipy complexes containing coumarin-based ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14908-14919. [PMID: 34609400 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01567b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there are various treatment options for cancer, this disease still has caused an increasing number of deaths, demanding more efficient, selective and less harmful drugs. Several classes of ruthenium compounds have been investigated as metallodrugs for cancer, mainly after the entry of imidazolH [trans-RuCl4-(DMSO-S)(imidazole)] (NAMI-A) and indazolH [trans-RuCl4-(Indazol)2] (KP1019) in clinical trials. In this sense, RuII complexes with general formula [Ru(L1-3)(bipy)2]PF6 (1-3) (L1 = ethyl 3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate, L2 = ethyl 3-(7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate, L3 = ethyl 3-(8-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate and bipy = bipyridine) have been synthesized. The crystal structure of 2 revealed that the RuII atom lies on a distorted octahedral geometry with the deprotonated ligand (L2-) coordinated through β-ketoester group oxygen atoms. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the compounds was evaluated against 4T1 (murine mammary carcinoma) and B16-F10 (murine metastatic melanoma) tumor cells, and the non-tumor cell line BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney). Coordination with RuII resulted in expressive enhancement of cytotoxic activity. The precursors were inactive below 100 μM and the final RuII complexes (1-3) showed IC50 ranging from 2.0 to 12.8 μM; 2 being the most potent compound. DNA interaction studies revealed a greater capacity of the complexes to interact with DNA than the ligands, where, 2 exhibited the highest Kb constant of 2.2 × 104 M-1. Fluorescence investigation demonstrated that 1-3 are capable of quenching the fluorescence emission of the EtdBr-DNA complex up to 40%. Molecular docking showed that the interaction of 1-3 between the DNA base pairs from the coumarin portion was with scores of 67.28, 68.62 and 64.88, respectively, and 75.45 for ellipticine, suggesting an intercalative mode of binding. Our findings show that the RuII complexes are eligible for continuing to be investigated as potential antitumor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S V B de Almeida
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Jefferson de Arruda
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gleyton Leonel S Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Vitório Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Larissa A Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme P Guedes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heveline Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur E Kummerle
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Amanda P Neves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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