1
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Barth S, Porrati F, Knez D, Jungwirth F, Jochmann NP, Huth M, Winkler R, Plank H, Gracia I, Cané C. Nanoscale, surface-confined phase separation by electron beam induced oxidation. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38922329 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Electron-assisted oxidation of Co-Si-based focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) materials is shown to form a 2-4 nm metal oxide surface layer on top of an electrically insulating silicon oxide layer less than 10 nm thick. Differences between thermal and electron-induced oxidation on the resulting microstructure are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas P Jochmann
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Gracia
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Cané
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Miles-Hobbs AM, Pringle PG, Woollins JD, Good D. Monofluorophos-Metal Complexes: Ripe for Future Discoveries in Homogeneous Catalysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2368. [PMID: 38792229 PMCID: PMC11123747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery that cyclic (ArO)2PF can support Rh-catalysts for hydroformylation with significant advantages in tuning regioselectivity transformed the study of metal complexes of monofluorophos ligands from one of primarily academic interest to one with potentially important applications in catalysis. In this review, the syntheses of monofluorophosphites, (RO)2PF, and monofluorophosphines, R2PF, are discussed and the factors that control the kinetic stability of these ligands to hydrolysis and disproportionation are set out. A survey of the coordination chemistry of these two classes of monofluorophos ligands with d-block metals is presented, emphasising the bonding of the fluorophos to d-block metals, predominantly in low oxidation states. The application of monofluorophos ligands in homogeneous catalysis (especially hydroformylation and hydrocyanation) is discussed, and it is argued that there is great potential for monofluorophos complexes in future catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G. Pringle
- The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- Department of Chemistry Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Daniel Good
- The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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3
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Boeckers H, Chaudhary A, Martinović P, Walker AV, McElwee-White L, Swiderek P. Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO) 4MA and Fe(CO) 5 - effect of MA ligand and process conditions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:500-516. [PMID: 38745584 PMCID: PMC11092064 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The electron-induced decomposition of Fe(CO)4MA (MA = methyl acrylate), which is a potential new precursor for focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID), was investigated by surface science experiments under UHV conditions. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to monitor deposit formation. The comparison between Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 revealed the effect of the modified ligand architecture on the deposit formation in electron irradiation experiments that mimic FEBID and cryo-FEBID processes. Electron-stimulated desorption and post-irradiation thermal desorption spectrometry were used to obtain insight into the fate of the ligands upon electron irradiation. As a key finding, the deposits obtained from Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 were surprisingly similar, and the relative amount of carbon in deposits prepared from Fe(CO)4MA was considerably less than the amount of carbon in the MA ligand. This demonstrates that electron irradiation efficiently cleaves the neutral MA ligand from the precursor. In addition to deposit formation by electron irradiation, the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 on an Fe seed layer prepared by EBID was compared. While Fe(CO)5 sustains autocatalytic growth of the deposit, the MA ligand hinders the thermal decomposition in the case of Fe(CO)4MA. The heteroleptic precursor Fe(CO)4MA, thus, offers the possibility to suppress contributions of thermal reactions, which can compromise control over the deposit shape and size in FEBID processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Boeckers
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Atul Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Petra Martinović
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering RL10, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Lisa McElwee-White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Petra Swiderek
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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4
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Tsarapkin A, Maćkosz K, Jureddy CS, Utke I, Höflich K. Area-Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gold by Electron Beam Seeding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313571. [PMID: 38546415 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an established method for producing high-purity thin films, but it typically necessitates the pre- and post-processing using a mask to produce structures. This study presents a novel maskless patterning technique that enables area-selective CVD of gold. A focused electron beam is used to decompose the metal-organic precursor Au(acac)Me2 locally, thereby creating an autocatalytically active seed layer for subsequent CVD with the same precursor. The procedure can be included in the same CVD process without the need for clean room lithographic processing. Moreover, it operates at low temperatures of 80 °C, over 200 K lower than standard CVD temperatures for this precursor, reducing thermal load on the specimen. Given that electron beam seeding operates on any even moderately conductive surface, the process does not constrain device design. This is demonstrated by the example of vertical nanostructures with high aspect ratios of ≈40:1 and more. Written using a focused electron beam and the same precursor, these nanopillars exhibit catalytically active nuclei on their surface. Furthermore, by using the onset of the autocatalytic CVD growth, for the first time the local temperature increase caused by the writing of nanostructures with an electron beam can be precisely determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Tsarapkin
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Maćkosz
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Chinmai Sai Jureddy
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Katja Höflich
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Mészáros D, Matejčík Š, Papp P. Formation of negative ions from cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl Co(CO) 3NO clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7522-7533. [PMID: 38357994 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Electron attachment and corresponding dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl (Co(CO)3NO) clusters have been studied by co-expansion with Ar gas into a high vacuum. A monochromatic electron beam was utilized to generate negative ions and the resulting reaction products were identified using mass spectrometry. The ion fragments corresponding to Co(CO)3NO monomers closely resemble results from earlier gas phase experiments and studies conducted on Co(CO)3NO in He nanodroplets. However, contrary to the gas phase or He nanodroplet ion yields, a resonance structure comprising several peaks at energies above ∼4 eV was observed both in the case of molecular clusters [Co(CO)3NO]n- (with n = 1, 2, 3) and clusters comprising DEA fragments. Additionally, the ion yields of numerous other clusters such as ions without nitrosyl ([Co(CO)4]-, [Co2(CO)5]-), clusters consisting of two fragments such as ([Co2(CO)NO]-, [Co2(CO)(NO)2]-, [Co2(CO)2NO]-, [Co2(CO)2(NO)2]-, [Co3(CO)(NO)3]-, [Co3(CO)8(NO)3]-, [Co3(CO)(NO)2]-, [Co3(CO)3(NO)2]-, and [Co3(CO)5(NO)2]-) were recorded. Moreover, NO bond dissociation was confirmed with the [Co(CO)2N]-ion and with N- or O-retaining cluster ions, such as [Co2(CO)(NO)N]-, [Co2(CO)2(NO)N]-, [Co3(CO)2(NO)N]-, [Co3(CO)3(NO)N]- and [Co3(CO)(NO)2N]-, or [Co2(CO)2O]-, [Co2(CO)3O]-, [Co3(CO)3O]-, [Co3(CO)4O]-and [Co3(CO)2(NO)O]- respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mészáros
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Papp
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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Jungwirth F, Salvador-Porroche A, Porrati F, Jochmann NP, Knez D, Huth M, Gracia I, Cané C, Cea P, De Teresa JM, Barth S. Gas-Phase Synthesis of Iron Silicide Nanostructures Using a Single-Source Precursor: Comparing Direct-Write Processing and Thermal Conversion. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:2967-2977. [PMID: 38444783 PMCID: PMC10910579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c08250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of precursor classes for the fabrication of nanostructures is of specific interest for maskless fabrication and direct nanoprinting. In this study, the differences in material composition depending on the employed process are illustrated for focused-ion-beam- and focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FIBID/FEBID) and compared to the thermal decomposition in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This article reports on specific differences in the deposit composition and microstructure when the (H3Si)2Fe(CO)4 precursor is converted into an inorganic material. Maximum metal/metalloid contents of up to 90 at. % are obtained in FIBID deposits and higher than 90 at. % in CVD films, while FEBID with the same precursor provides material containing less than 45 at. % total metal/metalloid content. Moreover, the Fe:Si ratio is retained well in FEBID and CVD processes, but FIBID using Ga+ ions liberates more than 50% of the initial Si provided by the precursor. This suggests that precursors for FIBID processes targeting binary materials should include multiple bonding such as bridging positions for nonmetals. In addition, an in situ method for investigations of supporting thermal effects of precursor fragmentation during the direct-writing processes is presented, and the applicability of the precursor for nanoscale 3D FEBID writing is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jungwirth
- Institute
of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Alba Salvador-Porroche
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC−Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute
of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Nicolas P. Jochmann
- Institute
of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute
of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Isabel Gracia
- Institut
de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de
Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Carles Cané
- Institut
de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de
Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC−Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Edificio de
I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC−Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute
of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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7
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Invernizzi C, Tabacchi G, Seraglia R, Benedet M, Roverso M, Maccato C, Bogialli S, Barreca D, Fois E. On the Fragmentation of Ni(II) β-Diketonate-Diamine Complexes as Molecular Precursors for NiO Films: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation. Molecules 2024; 29:642. [PMID: 38338386 PMCID: PMC10856068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
NiO-based nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest for different applications, which have stimulated the implementation of various synthetic approaches aimed at modulating their chemico-physical properties. In this regard, their bottom-up preparation starting from suitable precursors plays an important role, although a molecular-level insight into their reactivity remains an open issue to be properly tackled. In the present study, we focused on the fragmentation of Ni(II) diketonate-diamine adducts, of interest as vapor-phase precursors for Ni(II) oxide systems, by combining electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with multiple collisional experiments (ESI-MSn) and theoretical calculations. The outcomes of this investigation revealed common features in the fragmentation pattern of the target compounds: (i) in the first fragmentation, the three complexes yield analogous base-peak cations by losing a negatively charged diketonate moiety; in these cations, Ni-O and Ni-N interactions are stronger and the Ni positive charge is lower than in the parent neutral complexes; (ii) the tendency of ligand electronic charge to migrate towards Ni further increases in the subsequent fragmentation, leading to the formation of a tetracoordinated Ni environment featuring an interesting cation-π intramolecular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Invernizzi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University and INSTM, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University and INSTM, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Roberta Seraglia
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Benedet
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Maccato
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ettore Fois
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University and INSTM, 22100 Como, Italy
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8
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Jurczyk J, Höflich K, Madajska K, Berger L, Brockhuis L, Edwards TEJ, Kapusta C, Szymańska IB, Utke I. Ligand Size and Carbon-Chain Length Study of Silver Carboxylates in Focused Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091516. [PMID: 37177061 PMCID: PMC10180361 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas-assisted focused electron-beam-induced deposition is a versatile tool for the direct writing of complex-shaped nanostructures with unprecedented shape fidelity and resolution. While the technique is well-established for various materials, the direct electron beam writing of silver is still in its infancy. Here, we examine and compare five different silver carboxylates, three perfluorinated: [Ag2(µ-O2CCF3)2], [Ag2(µ-O2CC2F5)2], and [Ag2(µ-O2CC3F7)2], and two containing branched substituents: [Ag2(µ-O2CCMe2Et)2] and [Ag2(µ-O2CtBu)2], as potential precursors for focused electron-beam-induced deposition. All of the compounds show high sensitivity to electron dissociation and efficient dissociation of Ag-O bonds. The as-deposited materials have silver contents from 42 at.% to above 70 at.% and are composed of silver nano-crystals with impurities of carbon and fluorine between them. Precursors with the shortest carbon-fluorine chain ligands yield the highest silver contents. In addition, the deposited silver content depends on the balance of electron-induced ligand co-deposition and ligand desorption. For all of the tested compounds, low electron flux was related to high silver content. Our findings demonstrate that silver carboxylates constitute a promising group of precursors for gas-assisted focused electron beam writing of high silver content materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jurczyk
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katja Höflich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien und Energie, Nanoscale Structures and Microscopic Analysis, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Ferdinand-Braun Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Madajska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Luisa Berger
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Leo Brockhuis
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Thomas Edward James Edwards
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Czesław Kapusta
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona B Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
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9
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Lasseter J, Rack PD, Randolph SJ. Selected Area Deposition of High Purity Gold for Functional 3D Architectures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:757. [PMID: 36839126 PMCID: PMC9965196 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selected area deposition of high purity gold films onto nanoscale 3D architectures is highly desirable as gold is conductive, inert, plasmonically active, and can be functionalized with thiol chemistries, which are useful in many biological applications. Here, we show that high-purity gold coatings can be selectively grown with the Me2Au (acac) precursor onto nanoscale 3D architectures via a pulsed laser pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition process. The selected area of deposition is achieved due to the high thermal resistance of the nanoscale geometries. Focused electron beam induced deposits (FEBID) and carbon nanofibers are functionalized with gold coatings, and we demonstrate the effects that laser irradiance, pulse width, and precursor pressure have on the growth rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate selected area deposition with a feature-targeting resolutions of ~100 and 5 µm, using diode lasers coupled to a multimode (915 nm) and single mode (785 nm) fiber optic, respectively. The experimental results are rationalized via finite element thermal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lasseter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven J. Randolph
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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10
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Bahri M, Gebre SH, Elaguech MA, Dajan FT, Sendeku MG, Tlili C, Wang D. Recent advances in chemical vapour deposition techniques for graphene-based nanoarchitectures: From synthesis to contemporary applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Boeckers H, Swiderek P, Rohdenburg M. Towards Improved Humidity Sensing Nanomaterials via Combined Electron and NH 3 Treatment of Carbon-Rich FEBID Deposits. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4455. [PMID: 36558308 PMCID: PMC9785463 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) is a unique tool to produce nanoscale materials. The resulting deposits can be used, for instance, as humidity or strain sensors. The humidity sensing concept relies on the fact that FEBID using organometallic precursors often yields deposits which consist of metal nanoparticles embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. The electrical conductivity of such materials is altered in the presence of polar molecules such as water. Herein, we provide evidence that the interaction with water can be enhanced by incorporating nitrogen in the deposit through post-deposition electron irradiation in presence of ammonia (NH3). This opens the perspective to improve and tune the properties of humidity sensors fabricated by FEBID. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we have prepared carbonaceous deposits by electron irradiation of adsorbed layers of three different precursors, namely, the aliphatic hydrocarbon n-pentane, a simple alkene (2-methyl-2-butene), and the potential Ru FEBID precursor bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II). In a subsequent processing step, we incorporated C-N bonds in the deposit by electron irradiation of adsorbed NH3. To test the resulting material with respect to its potential humidity sensing capabilities, we condensed sub-monolayer quantities of water (H2O) on the deposit and evaluated their thermal desorption behavior. The results confirm that the desorption temperature of H2O decisively depends on the degree of N incorporation into the carbonaceous residue which, in turn, depends on the chemical nature of the precursor used for deposition of the carbonaceous layer. We thus anticipate that the sensitivity of a FEBID-based humidity sensor can be tuned by a precisely timed post-deposition electron and NH3 processing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Boeckers
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Petra Swiderek
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Madajska K, Dobrzańska L, Muzioł T, Szymańska IB. Silver ionic compounds as a source of metal carriers in the gas phase. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Kamali A, Bilgilisoy E, Wolfram A, Gentner TX, Ballmann G, Harder S, Marbach H, Ingólfsson O. On the Electron-Induced Reactions of (CH 3)AuP(CH 3) 3: A Combined UHV Surface Science and Gas-Phase Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2727. [PMID: 35957158 PMCID: PMC9370483 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a powerful nanopatterning technique where electrons trigger the local dissociation of precursor molecules, leaving a deposit of non-volatile dissociation products. The fabrication of high-purity gold deposits via FEBID has significant potential to expand the scope of this method. For this, gold precursors that are stable under ambient conditions but fragment selectively under electron exposure are essential. Here, we investigated the potential gold precursor (CH3)AuP(CH3)3 using FEBID under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and spectroscopic characterization of the corresponding metal-containing deposits. For a detailed insight into electron-induced fragmentation, the deposit's composition was compared with the fragmentation pathways of this compound through dissociative ionization (DI) under single-collision conditions using quantum chemical calculations to aid the interpretation of these data. Further comparison was made with a previous high-vacuum (HV) FEBID study of this precursor. The average loss of about 2 carbon and 0.8 phosphor per incident was found in DI, which agreed well with the carbon content of the UHV FEBID deposits. However, the UHV deposits were found to be as good as free of phosphor, indicating that the trimethyl phosphate is a good leaving group. Differently, the HV FEBID experiments showed significant phosphor content in the deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kamali
- Department of Chemistry and Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elif Bilgilisoy
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolfram
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Xaver Gentner
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Ballmann
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, 64380 Roßdorf, Germany
| | - Oddur Ingólfsson
- Department of Chemistry and Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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14
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Jurczyk J, Pillatsch L, Berger L, Priebe A, Madajska K, Kapusta C, Szymańska IB, Michler J, Utke I. In Situ Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Ionic Fragments Induced by Focused Electron Beam Irradiation: Investigation of Electron Driven Surface Chemistry inside an SEM under High Vacuum. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2710. [PMID: 35957140 PMCID: PMC9370286 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanoprinting using focused electron beams have created a need to develop analysis methods for the products of electron-induced fragmentation of different metalorganic compounds. The original approach used here is termed focused-electron-beam-induced mass spectrometry (FEBiMS). FEBiMS enables the investigation of the fragmentation of electron-sensitive materials during irradiation within the typical primary electron beam energy range of a scanning electron microscope (0.5 to 30 keV) and high vacuum range. The method combines a typical scanning electron microscope with an ion-extractor-coupled mass spectrometer setup collecting the charged fragments generated by the focused electron beam when impinging on the substrate material. The FEBiMS of fragments obtained during 10 keV electron irradiation of grains of silver and copper carboxylates and shows that the carboxylate ligand dissociates into many smaller volatile fragments. Furthermore, in situ FEBiMS was performed on carbonyls of ruthenium (solid) and during electron-beam-induced deposition, using tungsten carbonyl (inserted via a gas injection system). Loss of carbonyl ligands was identified as the main channel of dissociation for electron irradiation of these carbonyl compounds. The presented results clearly indicate that FEBiMS analysis can be expanded to organic, inorganic, and metal organic materials used in resist lithography, ice (cryo-)lithography, and focused-electron-beam-induced deposition and becomes, thus, a valuable versatile analysis tool to study both fundamental and process parameters in these nanotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jurczyk
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lex Pillatsch
- TOFWERK AG, Schorenstrasse 39, CH-3645 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Berger
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Madajska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Czesław Kapusta
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona B. Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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15
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Martinović P, Rohdenburg M, Butrymowicz A, Sarigül S, Huth P, Denecke R, Szymańska IB, Swiderek P. Electron-Induced Decomposition of Different Silver(I) Complexes: Implications for the Design of Precursors for Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1687. [PMID: 35630909 PMCID: PMC9147827 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a versatile tool to produce nanostructures through electron-induced decomposition of metal-containing precursor molecules. However, the metal content of the resulting materials is often low. Using different Ag(I) complexes, this study shows that the precursor performance depends critically on the molecular structure. This includes Ag(I) 2,2-dimethylbutanoate, which yields high Ag contents in FEBID, as well as similar aliphatic Ag(I) carboxylates, aromatic Ag(I) benzoate, and the acetylide Ag(I) 3,3-dimethylbutynyl. The compounds were sublimated on inert surfaces and their electron-induced decomposition was monitored by electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) experiments in ultrahigh vacuum and by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The results reveal that Ag(I) carboxylates with aliphatic side chains are particularly favourable for FEBID. Following electron impact ionization, they fragment by loss of volatile CO2. The remaining alkyl radical converts to a stable and equally volatile alkene. The lower decomposition efficiency of Ag(I) benzoate and Ag(I) 3,3-dimethylbutynyl is explained by calculated average local ionization energies (ALIE) which reveal that ionization from the unsaturated carbon units competes with ionization from the coordinate bond to Ag. This can stabilise the ionized complex with respect to fragmentation. This insight provides guidance with respect to the design of novel FEBID precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Martinović
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany; (P.M.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany; (P.M.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (WOI), Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.H.); (R.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Butrymowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.B.); (I.B.S.)
| | - Selma Sarigül
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany; (P.M.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Paula Huth
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (WOI), Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.H.); (R.D.)
| | - Reinhard Denecke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (WOI), Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.H.); (R.D.)
| | - Iwona B. Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.B.); (I.B.S.)
| | - Petra Swiderek
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany; (P.M.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
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16
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Vanadium and Manganese Carbonyls as Precursors in Electron-Induced and Thermal Deposition Processes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071110. [PMID: 35407228 PMCID: PMC9000455 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The material composition and electrical properties of nanostructures obtained from focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) using manganese and vanadium carbonyl precursors have been investigated. The composition of the FEBID deposits has been compared with thin films derived by the thermal decomposition of the same precursors in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). FEBID of V(CO)6 gives access to a material with a V/C ratio of 0.63–0.86, while in CVD a lower carbon content with V/C ratios of 1.1–1.3 is obtained. Microstructural characterization reveals for V-based materials derived from both deposition techniques crystallites of a cubic phase that can be associated with VC1−xOx. In addition, the electrical transport measurements of direct-write VC1−xOx show moderate resistivity values of 0.8–1.2 × 103 µΩ·cm, a negligible influence of contact resistances and signatures of a granular metal in the temperature-dependent conductivity. Mn-based deposits obtained from Mn2(CO)10 contain ~40 at% Mn for FEBID and a slightly higher metal percentage for CVD. Exclusively insulating material has been observed in FEBID deposits as deduced from electrical conductivity measurements. In addition, strong tendencies for postgrowth oxidation have to be considered.
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