1
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Macedo DS, Rodopoulos T, Vepsäläinen M, Bajaj S, Hogan CF. More Accurate Measurement of Return Peak Current in Cyclic Voltammetry Using Diffusional Baseline Fitting. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1530-1537. [PMID: 38226588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The difficulty associated with accurately measuring the height of the back peak (Ipb) in cyclic voltammetry (CV) has long plagued electrochemists. Most commonly, Ipb is measured by extrapolating a linear fit from a selected region of a voltammogram after the switching potential (Eλ), but without substantial separation between the peak potential (Ep) and Eλ, this approach always overestimates the background current and so underestimates Ipb. Moreover, experimental conditions can present challenges for this method as an appropriate region for linear fitting is often lacking due to neighboring peaks or solvent electrolysis current. Here, we present a new method for finding the baseline current for the back peak in CV experiments. By examining the CV data as a function of time rather than potential, it is possible to fit a generalized Cottrell or Shoup-Szabo equation to the current decay of the forward peak and extrapolate this function as a baseline for the return peak. This approach was tested by using simulated and experimental data in a variety of conditions, including data demonstrating linear and radial diffusional control. We found that the method allows for more accurate determination of back peak currents, especially when linear fits are complicated by narrow electrochemical windows or radial diffusion. A user-friendly Python program was written to automatically find an appropriate fitting range for this analysis and measure peak currents. We have made this program available to the electrochemical community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Macedo
- Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Theo Rodopoulos
- Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Samridhi Bajaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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2
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Yu C, Gu B, Bao M, Chen J, Shi W, Ye J, Zhang W. In Situ Electrochemical Construction of CuN 3@CuCl Hybrids for Controllable Energy Release and Self-Passivation Ability. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1642-1651. [PMID: 38198689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced energetic materials (EMs) play a crucial role in the advancement of microenergetic systems as actuation parts, igniters, propulsion units, and power. The sustainable electrosynthesis of EMs has gained momentum and achieved substantial improvements in the past decade. This study presents the facile synthesis of a new type of high-performance CuN3@CuCl hybrids via a co-electrodeposition methodology utilizing porous Cu as the sacrificial template. The composition, morphology, and energetic characteristics of the CuN3@CuCl hybrids can be easily tuned by adjusting the deposition times. The resulting hybrids demonstrate remarkable energy output (1120 J·g-1) and good laser-induced initiating ability. As compared with porous CuN3, the uniform doping of inert CuCl enhances the electrostatic safety of the hybridized material without compromising its overall energetic characteristics. Notably, the special oxidizing behavior of CuCl gradually lowers the susceptibility of the hybrid material to laser and electrostatic stimulation. This has significant implications for the passivation or self-destruction of highly sensitive EMs. Overall, this study pioneers a new path for the development of MEMS-compatible EMs, facilitating further microenergetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Minghao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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3
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Rubel CZ, Cao Y, El-Hayek Ewing T, Laudadio G, Beutner GL, Wisniewski SR, Wu X, Baran PS, Vantourout JC, Engle KM. Electroreductive Synthesis of Nickel(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311557. [PMID: 37984444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifty years, the use of nickel catalysts for facilitating organic transformations has skyrocketed. Nickel(0) sources act as useful precatalysts because they can enter a catalytic cycle through ligand exchange, without needing to undergo additional elementary steps. However, most Ni(0) precatalysts are synthesized with stoichiometric aluminum-hydride reductants, pyrophoric reagents that are not atom-economical and must be used at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that Ni(II) salts can be reduced on preparative scale using electrolysis to yield a variety of Ni(0) and Ni(II) complexes that are widely used as precatalysts in organic synthesis, including bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(COD)2 ]. This method overcomes the reproducibility issues of previously reported methods by standardizing the procedure, such that it can be performed anywhere in a robust manner. It can be transitioned to large scale through an electrochemical recirculating flow process and extended to an in situ reduction protocol to generate catalytic amounts of Ni(0) for organic transformations. We anticipate that this work will accelerate adoption of preparative electrochemistry for the synthesis of low-valent organometallic complexes in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICMBS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory L Beutner
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICMBS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Liu G, Chen Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Zhang M, Shen G, Qi P, Li J, Ma D, Yu F, Huang X. Indirect Electrocatalysis S─N/S─S Bond Construction by Robust Polyoxometalate Based Foams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304716. [PMID: 37392073 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Indirect electrocatalytic conversion of cheap organic raw materials via the activation of S─H and N─H bonds into the value-added S─N/S─S bonds chemicals for industrial rubber production is a promising strategy to realize the atomic economic reaction, during which the kinetic inhibition that is associated with the electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface in traditional direct electrocatalysis can be eliminated to achieve higher performance. In this work, a series of di-copper-substituted phosphotungstatebased foams (PW10 Cu2 @CMC) are fabricated with tunable loadings (17 to 44 wt%), which can be successfully applied in indirect electrocatalytic syntheses of sulfenamides and disulfides. Specifically, the optimal PW10 Cu2 @CMC (44 wt%) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the construction of S─N/S─S bonds (yields up to 99%) coupling with the efficient production of H2 (≈50 µmol g-1 h-1 ). Remarkably, it enables the scale-up production (≈14.4 g in a batch experiment) and the obtained products can serve as rubber vulcanization accelerators with superior properties to traditional industrial rubber additives in real industrial processes. This powerful catalysis system that can simultaneously produce rubber vulcanization accelerator and H2 may inaugurate a new electrocatalytic avenue to explore polyoxometalate-based foam catalysts in electrocatalysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yifa Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jikun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271021, P. R. China
| | - Delong Ma
- National Rubber Additive Engineering Technology Center, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
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5
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Gafurov ZN, Sakhapov IF, Kagilev AA, Kantyukov AO, Mikhailov IK, Ganeev GR, Faizullin RR, Khayarov KR, Gerasimov AV, Yakhvarov DG. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF THE ORGANONICKEL σ-COMPLEX [NiBr(Pmp)(bpy)], WHERE Pmp IS 2,3,4,5,6- PENTAMETHYLPHENYL, bpy IS 2,2′-BIPYRIDINE. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476623010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Kagilev AA, Gafurov ZN, Sakhapov IF, Islamov DR, Kantyukov AO, Mikhailov IK, Yakhvarov DG. Crystal Structure of the Organonickel Sigma Complex [NiBr(Tcpp)(bpy)]. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222120155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Sakhapov IF, Gafurov ZN, Kantyukov AO, Kagilev AA, Mikhailov IK, Zueva EM, Buzyurova DN, Babaev VM, Shteingolts SA, Faizullin RR, Bekmukhamedov GE, Yakhvarov DG. Specific Behavior of the Electrochemically Generated Organonickel Sigma-Complex [NiBr(Tcpp)(bpy)], where Tcpp is 2,4,6-Tricyclopentylphenyl, bpy is 2,2'-Bipyridine. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Zhang J, Das B, Verho O, Bäckvall J. Electrochemical Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation‐Cyclization of Enallenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212131. [PMID: 36222322 PMCID: PMC10098644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidative palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-carbocyclization of enallenols to afford γ-lactones and spirolactones, which proceeds with excellent chemoselectivity. Interestingly, electrocatalysis was found to have an accelerating effect on the rate of the tandem process, leading to a more efficient reaction than that under chemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Biswanath Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala Biomedical Center, BMC Uppsala University 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Electrochemical behaviour of 2,2′-bibenzimidazoles: voltammetric, in situ UV-Vis- and EPR-spectroelectrochemical and computational studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Fokin I, Kuessner KT, Siewert I. Electroreduction of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by a Manganese Complex. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Fokin
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Thorben Kuessner
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Universität Göttingen, International Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Arepally S, Nandhakumar P, González-Montiel GA, Dzhaparova A, Kim G, Ma A, Nam KM, Yang H, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Park JK. Unified Electrochemical Synthetic Strategy for [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerizations: Construction of 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-Trisubstituted Benzenes from Ni(I)-Mediated Reduction of Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Arepally
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | - Alina Dzhaparova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ahyeon Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ki Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, United States
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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12
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Yang QL, Liu Y, Liang L, Li ZH, Qu GR, Guo HM. Facilitating Rh-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation of (Hetero)arenes and 6-Arylpurine Nucleosides (Nucleotides) with Electrochemistry. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6161-6178. [PMID: 35438486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach to promote the ortho-C-H alkylation of (hetero)arenes via rhodium catalysis under mild conditions is described. This approach features mild conditions with high levels of regio- and monoselectivity that tolerate a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic groups and offers a widely applicable method for late-stage diversification of complex molecular architectures including tryptophan, estrone, diazepam, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Alkyl boronic acids and esters and alkyl trifluoroborates are demonstrated as suitable coupling partners. The isolation of key rhodium intermediates and mechanistic studies provided strong support for a rhodium(III/IV or V) regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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13
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu D, Jiao KJ, Gao PS, Qiu H, Mei TS. Transition metal-catalyzed organic reactions in undivided electrochemical cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12866-12873. [PMID: 34745519 PMCID: PMC8514006 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed organic electrochemistry is a rapidly growing research area owing in part to the ability of metal catalysts to alter the selectivity of a given transformation. This conversion mainly focuses on transition metal-catalyzed anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction and great progress has been achieved in both areas. Typically, only one of the half-cell reactions is involved in the organic reaction while a sacrificial reaction occurs at the counter electrode, which is inherently wasteful since one electrode is not being used productively. Recently, transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis that makes use of both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction has attracted much attention. This perspective highlights the recent progress of each type of electrochemical reaction and relatively focuses on the transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis, showcasing that electrochemical reactions involving transition metal catalysis have advantages over conventional reactions in terms of controlling the reaction activity and selectivity and figuring out that transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis is an important direction of organic electrochemistry in the future and offers numerous opportunities for new and improved organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ke-Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pei-Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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Gafurov ZN, Zueva EM, Bekmukhamedov GE, Kagilev AA, Kantyukov AO, Mikhailov IK, Khayarov KR, Petrova MM, Dovzhenko AP, Rossin A, Giambastiani G, Yakhvarov DG. Benzothiazole- vs. pyrazole-based unsymmetrical (PCN) pincer complexes of nickel(II) as homogeneous catalysts in ethylene oligomerization. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gafurov ZN, Kantyukov AO, Kagilev AA, Kagileva AA, Sakhapov IF, Mikhailov IK, Yakhvarov DG. Recent Advances in Chemistry of Unsymmetrical Phosphorus-Based Pincer Nickel Complexes: From Design to Catalytic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:4063. [PMID: 34279402 PMCID: PMC8271868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pincer complexes play an important role in organometallic chemistry; in particular, their use as homogeneous catalysts for organic transformations has increased dramatically in recent years. The high catalytic activity of such bis-cyclometallic complexes is associated with the easy tunability of their properties. Moreover, the phosphorus-based unsymmetrical pincers showed higher catalytic activity than the corresponding symmetrical analogues in several catalytic reactions. However, in modern literature, an increasing interest in the development of catalysts based on non-precious metals is observed. For example, nickel, which is an affordable and sustainable analogue of platinum and palladium, known for its low toxicity, has attracted increasing attention in the catalytic chemistry of transition metals in recent years. Thus, this mini-review is devoted to the recent advances in the chemistry of unsymmetrical phosphorus-based pincer nickel complexes, including the ligand design, the synthesis of nickel complexes and their catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufar N Gafurov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Artyom O Kantyukov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kagilev
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alina A Kagileva
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Il'yas F Sakhapov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya K Mikhailov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Yakhvarov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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Goreshnik E. Influence of the synthetic conditions on a formation of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D copper–chloride coordination polymers. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the electrochemical synthesis and varying the solvents used, the amounts and ratios of starting reagents and the crystallization temperature, single crystals of new 1-D, 2-D and 3-D copper(i)-chloride salts of diprotonated dabco were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Goreshnik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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