1
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Yang S, Guo Z, Sun J, Wei J, Ma Q, Gao X. Recent advances in microbial synthesis of free heme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:68. [PMID: 38194135 PMCID: PMC10776470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin compound widely used in the fields of healthcare, food, and medicine. Compared to animal blood extraction, it is more advantageous to develop a microbial cell factory to produce heme. However, heme biosynthesis in microorganisms is tightly regulated, and its accumulation is highly cytotoxic. The current review describes the biosynthetic pathway of free heme, its fermentation production using different engineered bacteria constructed by metabolic engineering, and strategies for further improving heme synthesis. Heme synthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis was modified utilizing genome-editing technology, resulting in significantly improved heme synthesis and secretion abilities. This technique avoided the use of multiple antibiotics and enhanced the genetic stability of strain. Hence, engineered B. subtilis could be an attractive cell factory for heme production. Further studies should be performed to enhance the expression of heme synthetic module and optimize the expression of heme exporter and fermentation processes, such as iron supply. KEY POINTS: • Strengthening the heme biosynthetic pathway can significantly increase heme production. • Heme exporter overexpression helps to promote heme secretion, thereby further promoting excessive heme synthesis. • Engineered B. subtilis is an attractive alternative for heme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Zihao Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jiuyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jingxuan Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Qinyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China.
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2
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Aftab H, Donegan RK. Regulation of heme biosynthesis via the coproporphyrin dependent pathway in bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345389. [PMID: 38577681 PMCID: PMC10991733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heme biosynthesis in the Gram-positive bacteria occurs mostly via a pathway that is distinct from that of eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria in the three terminal heme synthesis steps. In many of these bacteria heme is a necessary cofactor that fulfills roles in respiration, gas sensing, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. These varying roles for heme, the requirement of iron and glutamate, as glutamyl tRNA, for synthesis, and the sharing of intermediates with the synthesis of other porphyrin derivatives necessitates the need for many points of regulation in response to nutrient availability and metabolic state. In this review we examine the regulation of heme biosynthesis in these bacteria via heme, iron, and oxygen species. We also discuss our perspective on emerging roles of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications in regulating heme biosynthesis.
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3
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Duport C, Armengaud J, Schmitt C, Morin D, Lacapère JJ. Elucidating the pivotal role of TSPO in porphyrin-related cellular processes, in Bacillus cereus. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00046-4. [PMID: 38423451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A structural homolog of the mammalian TSPO has been identified in the human pathogen Bacillus cereus. BcTSPO, in its recombinant form, has previously been shown to bind and degrade porphyrins. In this study, we generated a ΔtspO mutant strain in B. cereus ATCC 14579 and assessed the impact of the absence of BcTSPO on cellular proteomics and physiological characteristics. The proteomic analysis revealed correlations between the lack of BcTSPO and the observed growth defects, increased oxygen consumption, ATP deficiency, heightened tryptophan catabolism, reduced motility, and impaired biofilm formation in the ΔtspO mutant strain. Our results also suggested that BcTSPO plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular levels of metabolites from the coproporphyrin-dependent branch of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This regulation potentially underlies alterations in the metabolic landscape, emphasizing the pivotal role of BcTSPO in B. cereus aerobic metabolism. Notably, our study unveils, for the first time, the involvement of TSPO in tryptophan metabolism. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of TSPO, not only in metabolic pathways but also potentially in the microorganism's virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 30200, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700, Colombes, France; INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM, U955, équipe 3, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, 94010, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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4
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Gabler T, Dali A, Sebastiani F, Furtmüller PG, Becucci M, Hofbauer S, Smulevich G. Iron insertion into coproporphyrin III-ferrochelatase complex: Evidence for an intermediate distorted catalytic species. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4788. [PMID: 37743577 PMCID: PMC10578119 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanism of enzymes at the molecular level is generally a difficult task, since many parameters affect the turnover. Often, due to high reactivity and formation of transient species or intermediates, detailed information on enzymatic catalysis is obtained by means of model substrates. Whenever possible, it is essential to confirm a reaction mechanism based on substrate analogues or model systems by using the physiological substrates. Here we disclose the ferrous iron incorporation mechanism, in solution, and in crystallo, by the coproporphyrin III-coproporphyrin ferrochelatase complex from the firmicute, pathogen, and antibiotic resistant, Listeria monocytogenes. Coproporphyrin ferrochelatase plays an important physiological role as the metalation represents the penultimate reaction step in the prokaryotic coproporphyrin-dependent heme biosynthetic pathway, yielding coproheme (ferric coproporphyrin III). By following the metal titration with resonance Raman spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography, we prove that upon metalation the saddling distortion becomes predominant both in the crystal and in solution. This is a consequence of the readjustment of hydrogen bond interactions of the propionates with the protein scaffold during the enzymatic catalysis. Once the propionates have established the interactions typical of the coproheme complex, the distortion slowly decreases, to reach the almost planar final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabler
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Andrea Dali
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”—DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”—DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Paul Georg Furtmüller
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Maurizio Becucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”—DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”—DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
- INSTM Research Unit of FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
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5
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Pu W, Cai N, Che B, Yang J, Wang M, Zhong S, Zuo X, Wang D, Wang Y, Zheng P, Sun J. Development of a growth-coupled selection platform for directed evolution of heme biosynthetic enzymes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1236118. [PMID: 37654705 PMCID: PMC10465345 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1236118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is an important tetrapyrrole compound, and has been widely applied in food and medicine industries. Although microbial production of heme has been developed with metabolic engineering strategies during the past 20 years, the production levels are relatively low due to the multistep enzymatic processes and complicated regulatory mechanisms of microbes. Previous studies mainly adopted the strategies of strengthening precursor supply and product transportation to engineer microbes for improving heme biosynthesis. Few studies focused on the engineering and screening of efficient enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis. Herein, a growth-coupled, high-throughput selection platform based on the detoxification of Zinc-protoporphyrin IX (an analogue of heme) was developed and applied to directed evolution of coproporphyrin ferrochelatase, catalyzing the insertion of metal ions into porphyrin ring to generate heme or other tetrapyrrole compounds. A mutant with 3.03-fold increase in k cat/K M was selected. Finally, growth-coupled directed evolution of another three key enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis was tested by using this selection platform. The growth-coupled selection platform developed here can be a simple and effective strategy for directed evolution of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of heme or other tetrapyrrole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Zhou
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningyun Cai
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Che
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shasha Zhong
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingtao Zuo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Depei Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
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6
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Falb N, Patil G, Furtmüller PG, Gabler T, Hofbauer S. Structural aspects of enzymes involved in prokaryotic Gram-positive heme biosynthesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3933-3945. [PMID: 37593721 PMCID: PMC10427985 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coproporphyrin dependent heme biosynthesis pathway is almost exclusively utilized by Gram-positive bacteria. This fact makes it a worthwhile topic for basic research, since a fundamental understanding of a metabolic pathway is necessary to translate the focus towards medical biotechnology, which is very relevant in this specific case, considering the need for new antibiotic targets to counteract the pathogenicity of Gram-positive superbugs. Over the years a lot of structural data on the set of enzymes acting in Gram-positive heme biosynthesis has accumulated in the Protein Database (www.pdb.org). One major challenge is to filter and analyze all available structural information in sufficient detail in order to be helpful and to draw conclusions. Here we pursued to give a holistic overview of structural information on enzymes involved in the coproporphyrin dependent heme biosynthesis pathway. There are many aspects to be extracted from experimentally determined structures regarding the reaction mechanisms, where the smallest variation of the position of an amino acid residue might be important, but also on a larger level regarding protein-protein interactions, where the focus has to be on surface characteristics and subunit (secondary) structural elements and oligomerization. This review delivers a status quo, highlights still missing information, and formulates future research endeavors in order to better understand prokaryotic heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Falb
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaurav Patil
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gabler
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Zamarreño Beas J, Videira MAM, Karavaeva V, Lourenço FM, Almeida MR, Sousa F, Saraiva LM. In Campylobacter jejuni, a new type of chaperone receives heme from ferrochelatase. Front Genet 2023; 14:1199357. [PMID: 37415606 PMCID: PMC10320005 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1199357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular heme formation and trafficking are fundamental processes in living organisms. Bacteria and archaea utilize three biogenesis pathways to produce iron protoporphyrin IX (heme b) that diverge after the formation of the common intermediate uroporphyrinogen III (uro'gen III). In this study, we identify and provide a detailed characterization of the enzymes involved in the transformation of uro'gen III into heme in Campylobacter jejuni, demonstrating that this bacterium utilizes the protoporphyrin-dependent (PPD) pathway. In general, limited knowledge exists regarding the mechanisms by which heme b reaches its target proteins after this final step. Specifically, the chaperones necessary for trafficking heme to prevent the cytotoxic effects associated with free heme remain largely unidentified. In C. jejuni, we identified a protein named CgdH2 that binds heme with a dissociation constant of 4.9 ± 1.0 µM, and this binding is impaired upon mutation of residues histidine 45 and 133. We demonstrate that C. jejuni CgdH2 establishes protein-protein interactions with ferrochelatase, suggesting its role in facilitating heme transfer from ferrochelatase to CgdH2. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis reveals that C. jejuni CgdH2 is evolutionarily distinct from the currently known chaperones. Therefore, CgdH2 is the first protein identified as an acceptor of intracellularly formed heme, expanding our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying heme trafficking within bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Zamarreño Beas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco A. M. Videira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Val Karavaeva
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Frederico M. Lourenço
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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8
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Dali A, Gabler T, Sebastiani F, Destinger A, Furtmüller PG, Pfanzagl V, Becucci M, Smulevich G, Hofbauer S. Active site architecture of coproporphyrin ferrochelatase with its physiological substrate coproporphyrin III: Propionate interactions and porphyrin core deformation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4534. [PMID: 36479958 PMCID: PMC9794026 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coproporphyrin ferrochelatases (CpfCs) are enzymes catalyzing the penultimate step in the coproporphyrin-dependent (CPD) heme biosynthesis pathway, which is mainly utilized by monoderm bacteria. Ferrochelatases insert ferrous iron into a porphyrin macrocycle and have been studied for many decades, nevertheless many mechanistic questions remain unanswered to date. Especially CpfCs, which are found in the CPD pathway, are currently in the spotlight of research. This pathway was identified in 2015 and revealed that the correct substrate for these ferrochelatases is coproporphyrin III (cpIII) instead of protoporphyrin IX, as believed prior the discovery of the CPD pathway. The chemistry of cpIII, which has four propionates, differs significantly from protoporphyrin IX, which features two propionate and two vinyl groups. These findings let us to thoroughly describe the physiological cpIII-ferrochelatase complex in solution and in the crystal phase. Here, we present the first crystallographic structure of the CpfC from the representative monoderm pathogen Listeria monocytogenes bound to its physiological substrate, cpIII, together with the in-solution data obtained by resonance Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy, for wild-type ferrochelatase and variants, analyzing propionate interactions. The results allow us to evaluate the porphyrin distortion and provide an in-depth characterization of the catalytically-relevant binding mode of cpIII prior to iron insertion. Our findings are discussed in the light of the observed structural restraints and necessities for this porphyrin-enzyme complex to catalyze the iron insertion process. Knowledge about this initial situation is essential for understanding the preconditions for iron insertion in CpfCs and builds the basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dali
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” – DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Thomas Gabler
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” – DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Alina Destinger
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Paul Georg Furtmüller
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Maurizio Becucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” – DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” – DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy,INSTM Research Unit of FirenzeSesto Fiorentino (Fi)Italy
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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9
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Efficient De Novo Biosynthesis of Heme by Membrane Engineering in Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415524. [PMID: 36555164 PMCID: PMC9779679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is of great significance in food nutrition and food coloring, and the successful launch of artificial meat has greatly improved the application of heme in meat products. The precursor of heme, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), has a wide range of applications in the agricultural and medical fields, including in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, E. coli recombinants capable of heme production were developed by metabolic engineering and membrane engineering. Firstly, by optimizing the key genes of the heme synthesis pathway and the screening of hosts and plasmids, the recombinant strain EJM-pCD-AL produced 4.34 ± 0.02 mg/L heme. Then, the transport genes of heme precursors CysG, hemX and CyoE were knocked out, and the extracellular transport pathways of heme Dpp and Ccm were strengthened, obtaining the strain EJM-ΔCyoE-pCD-AL that produced 9.43 ± 0.03 mg/L heme. Finally, fed-batch fermentation was performed in a 3-L fermenter and reached 28.20 ± 0.77 mg/L heme and 303 ± 1.21 mg/L ALA. This study indicates that E. coli recombinant strains show a promising future in the field of heme and ALA production.
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10
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Sebastiani F, Niccoli C, Michlits H, Risorti R, Becucci M, Hofbauer S, Smulevich G. Spectroscopic evidence of the effect of hydrogen peroxide excess on the coproheme decarboxylase from actinobacterial Corynebacterium diphtheriae. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2022; 53:890-901. [PMID: 35910417 PMCID: PMC9310987 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The actinobacterial coproheme decarboxylase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae catalyzes the final reaction to generate heme b via the "coproporphyrin-dependent" heme biosynthesis pathway in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme has a high reactivity toward H2O2 used for the catalytic reaction and in the presence of an excess of H2O2 new species are generated. Resonance Raman data, together with electronic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, indicate that an excess of hydrogen peroxide for both the substrate (coproheme) and product (heme b) complexes of this enzyme causes a porphyrin hydroxylation of ring C or D, which is compatible with the formation of an iron chlorin-type heme d species. A similar effect has been previously observed for other heme-containing proteins, but this is the first time that a similar mechanism is reported for a coproheme enzyme. The hydroxylation determines a symmetry lowering of the porphyrin macrocycle, which causes the activation of A2g modes upon Soret excitation with a significant change in their polarization ratios, the enhancement and splitting into two components of many Eu bands, and an intensity decrease of the non-totally symmetric modes B1g, which become polarized. This latter effect is clearly observed for the isolated ν10 mode upon either Soret or Q-band excitations. The distal His118 is shown to be an absolute requirement for the conversion to heme d. This residue also plays an important role in the oxidative decarboxylation, because it acts as a base for deprotonation and subsequent heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sebastiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Chiara Niccoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Hanna Michlits
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Riccardo Risorti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Maurizio Becucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” DICUSUniversità di FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
- INSTM Research Unit of FirenzeSesto FiorentinoItaly
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