1
|
Hartmann J, Mayor R. Self-organized collective cell behaviors as design principles for synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:63-73. [PMID: 35450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, molecular cell biology has graduated from a mostly analytic science to one with substantial synthetic capability. This success is built on a deep understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules and molecular mechanisms. For synthetic biology to achieve similar success at the scale of tissues and organs, an equally deep understanding of the principles of development is required. Here, we review some of the central concepts and recent progress in tissue patterning, morphogenesis and collective cell migration and discuss their value for synthetic developmental biology, emphasizing in particular the power of (guided) self-organization and the role of theoretical advances in making developmental insights applicable in synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moe A, Holmes W, Golding AE, Zola J, Swider ZT, Edelstein-Keshet L, Bement W. Cross-talk-dependent cortical patterning of Rho GTPases during cell repair. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1417-1432. [PMID: 34133216 PMCID: PMC8351735 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-07-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases such as Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 are important regulators of the cortical cytoskeleton in processes including cell division, locomotion, and repair. In these processes, Rho GTPases assume characteristic patterns wherein the active GTPases occupy mutually exclusive "zones" in the cell cortex. During cell wound repair, for example, a Rho zone encircles the wound edge and is in turn encircled by a Cdc42 zone. Here we evaluated the contributions of cross-talk between Rho and Cdc42 to the patterning of their respective zones in wounded Xenopus oocytes using experimental manipulations in combination with mathematical modeling. The results show that the position of the Cdc42 zone relative to the Rho zone and relative to the wound edge is controlled by the level of Rho activity. In contrast, the outer boundary of the Rho zone is limited by the level of Cdc42 activity. Models based on positive feedback within zones and negative feedback from Rho to the GEF-GAP Abr to Cdc42 capture some, but not all, of the observed behaviors. We conclude that GTPase zone positioning is controlled at the level of Rho activity and we speculate that the Cdc42 zone or something associated with it limits the spread of Rho activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Moe
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - William Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Adriana E Golding
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jessica Zola
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zachary T Swider
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Leah Edelstein-Keshet
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - William Bement
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nakamura M, Verboon JM, Prentiss CL, Parkhurst SM. The kinesin-like protein Pavarotti functions noncanonically to regulate actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151940. [PMID: 32673395 PMCID: PMC7480107 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pavarotti, the Drosophila MKLP1 orthologue, is a kinesin-like protein that works with Tumbleweed (MgcRacGAP) as the centralspindlin complex. This complex is essential for cytokinesis, where it helps to organize the contractile actomyosin ring at the equator of dividing cells by activating the RhoGEF Pebble. Actomyosin rings also function as the driving force during cell wound repair. We previously showed that Tumbleweed and Pebble are required for the cell wound repair process. Here, we show that Pavarotti also functions during wound repair and confirm that while Pavarotti, Tumbleweed, and Pebble are all used during this cellular repair, each has a unique localization pattern and knockdown phenotype, demonstrating centralspindlin-independent functions. Surprisingly, we find that the classically microtubule-associated Pavarotti binds directly to actin in vitro and in vivo and has a noncanonical role directly regulating actin dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate that this actin regulation by Pavarotti is not specific to cellular wound repair but is also used in normal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeffrey M Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Clara L Prentiss
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Voitenkov VB, Ekusheva EV, Skripchenko NV, Damulin IV. [Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the diagnostic and treatment of pain syndromes in children and adults]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:93-99. [PMID: 31156229 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911904193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors review the literature and own data concerning therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in children and adult patients with pain syndromes of different origins. TMS may act as a tool to excite or inhibit neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which depends of the therapeutic regime used. TMS induces neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, rhythmic TMS may cause long-lasting after-effects, including pain inhibitory effect. A decrease in the threshold and an increase in the amplitude of motor evoked potentials in TMS are the most frequent changes in pain syndromes in the diagnostic modality. The efficacy of different regimes in the treatment of pain syndromes remains understudied. Despite vast knowledge on clinical use of TMS in pain syndromes in adults, in pediatrics its use is limited to migraine treatment. TMS is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool that should be more often implemented in neurorehabilitation and treatment of neurological diseases in adults and children with pain syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V B Voitenkov
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St.-Petersburg, Russia; Advanced Training Institute of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Ekusheva
- Advanced Training Institute of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Skripchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Damulin
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Horn A, Jaiswal JK. Cellular mechanisms and signals that coordinate plasma membrane repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3751-3770. [PMID: 30051163 PMCID: PMC6541445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment. Cells constantly and selectively transport molecules across their plasma membrane without disrupting it. Any disruption in the plasma membrane compromises its selective permeability and is lethal, if not rapidly repaired. There is a growing understanding of the organelles, proteins, lipids, and small molecules that help cells signal and efficiently coordinate plasma membrane repair. This review aims to summarize how these subcellular responses are coordinated and how cellular signals generated due to plasma membrane injury interact with each other to spatially and temporally coordinate repair. With the involvement of calcium and redox signaling in single cell and tissue repair, we will discuss how these and other related signals extend from single cell repair to tissue level repair. These signals link repair processes that are activated immediately after plasma membrane injury with longer term processes regulating repair and regeneration of the damaged tissue. We propose that investigating cell and tissue repair as part of a continuum of wound repair mechanisms would be of value in treating degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sartorel E, Ünlü C, Jose M, Massoni-Laporte A, Meca J, Sibarita JB, McCusker D. Phosphatidylserine and GTPase activation control Cdc42 nanoclustering to counter dissipative diffusion. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1299-1310. [PMID: 29668348 PMCID: PMC5994902 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anisotropic organization of plasma membrane constituents is indicative of mechanisms that drive the membrane away from equilibrium. However, defining these mechanisms is challenging due to the short spatiotemporal scales at which diffusion operates. Here, we use high-density single protein tracking combined with photoactivation localization microscopy (sptPALM) to monitor Cdc42 in budding yeast, a system in which Cdc42 exhibits anisotropic organization. Cdc42 exhibited reduced mobility at the cell pole, where it was organized in nanoclusters. The Cdc42 nanoclusters were larger at the cell pole than those observed elsewhere in the cell. These features were exacerbated in cells expressing Cdc42-GTP, and were dependent on the scaffold Bem1, which contributed to the range of mobility and nanocluster size exhibited by Cdc42. The lipid environment, in particular phosphatidylserine levels, also played a role in regulating Cdc42 nanoclustering. These studies reveal how the mobility of a Rho GTPase is controlled to counter the depletive effects of diffusion, thus stabilizing Cdc42 on the plasma membrane and sustaining cell polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sartorel
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Caner Ünlü
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Mini Jose
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Aurélie Massoni-Laporte
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Julien Meca
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Université Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, Bordeaux 33077, France.,CNRS UMR 5297, Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Derek McCusker
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5095, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Pessac 33607, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Surovtsev IV, Campos M, Jacobs-Wagner C. DNA-relay mechanism is sufficient to explain ParA-dependent intracellular transport and patterning of single and multiple cargos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7268-E7276. [PMID: 27799522 PMCID: PMC5135302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616118113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial ordering of macromolecular components inside cells is important for cellular physiology and replication. In bacteria, ParA/B systems are known to generate various intracellular patterns that underlie the transport and partitioning of low-copy-number cargos such as plasmids. ParA/B systems consist of ParA, an ATPase that dimerizes and binds DNA upon ATP binding, and ParB, a protein that binds the cargo and stimulates ParA ATPase activity. Inside cells, ParA is asymmetrically distributed, forming a propagating wave that is followed by the ParB-rich cargo. These correlated dynamics lead to cargo oscillation or equidistant spacing over the nucleoid depending on whether the cargo is in single or multiple copies. Currently, there is no model that explains how these different spatial patterns arise and relate to each other. Here, we test a simple DNA-relay model that has no imposed asymmetry and that only considers the ParA/ParB biochemistry and the known fluctuating and elastic dynamics of chromosomal loci. Stochastic simulations with experimentally derived parameters demonstrate that this model is sufficient to reproduce the signature patterns of ParA/B systems: the propagating ParA gradient correlated with the cargo dynamics, the single-cargo oscillatory motion, and the multicargo equidistant patterning. Stochasticity of ATP hydrolysis breaks the initial symmetry in ParA distribution, resulting in imbalance of elastic force acting on the cargo. Our results may apply beyond ParA/B systems as they reveal how a minimal system of two players, one binding to DNA and the other modulating this binding, can transform directionally random DNA fluctuations into directed motion and intracellular patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Surovtsev
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06517
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
| | - Manuel Campos
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06517
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
| | - Christine Jacobs-Wagner
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06517;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06516
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holmes WR, Golding AE, Bement WM, Edelstein-Keshet L. A mathematical model of GTPase pattern formation during single-cell wound repair. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160032. [PMID: 27708759 PMCID: PMC4992738 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulatory proteins whose patterns on the surface of a cell affect cell polarization, cell motility and repair of single-cell wounds. The stereotypical patterns formed by two such proteins, Rho and Cdc42, around laser-injured frog oocytes permit experimental analysis of GTPase activation, inactivation, segregation and crosstalk. Here, we review the development and analysis of a spatial model of GTPase dynamics that describe the formation of concentric zones of Rho and Cdc42 activity around wounds, and describe how this model has provided insights into the roles of the GTPase effector molecules protein kinase C (PKCβ and PKCη) and guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) in the wound response. We further demonstrate how the use of a 'sharp switch' model approximation in combination with bifurcation analysis can aid mapping the model behaviour in parameter space (approximate results confirmed with numerical simulation methods). Using these methods in combination with experimental manipulation of PKC activity (PKC overexpression (OE) and dominant negative conditions), we have shown that: (i) PKCβ most probably acts by enhancing existing positive feedbacks (from Rho to itself via the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor domain of Abr, and from Cdc42 to itself), (ii) PKCη most probably increases basal rates of inactivation (or possibly decreases basal rates of activation) of Rho and Cdc42, and (iii) the graded distribution of PKCη and its effect on initial Rho activity accounts for inversion of zones in a fraction (20%) of PKCη OE cells. Finally, we speculate that GDIs (which sequester GTPases) may have a critical role in defining the spatial domain, where the wound response may occur. This paper provides a more thorough exposition of the methods of analysis used in the investigation, whereas previous work on this topic was addressed to biologists and abbreviated such discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adriana E. Golding
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William M. Bement
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schwayer C, Sikora M, Slováková J, Kardos R, Heisenberg CP. Actin Rings of Power. Dev Cell 2016; 37:493-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Fusco L, Lefort R, Smith K, Benmansour F, Gonzalez G, Barillari C, Rinn B, Fleuret F, Fua P, Pertz O. Computer vision profiling of neurite outgrowth dynamics reveals spatiotemporal modularity of Rho GTPase signaling. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:91-111. [PMID: 26728857 PMCID: PMC4700477 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NeuriteTracker is a computer vision approach used to analyze neuronal morphodynamics and to examine spatiotemporal Rho GTPase signaling networks regulating neurite outgrowth. Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) control the cytoskeletal dynamics that power neurite outgrowth. This process consists of dynamic neurite initiation, elongation, retraction, and branching cycles that are likely to be regulated by specific spatiotemporal signaling networks, which cannot be resolved with static, steady-state assays. We present NeuriteTracker, a computer-vision approach to automatically segment and track neuronal morphodynamics in time-lapse datasets. Feature extraction then quantifies dynamic neurite outgrowth phenotypes. We identify a set of stereotypic neurite outgrowth morphodynamic behaviors in a cultured neuronal cell system. Systematic RNA interference perturbation of a Rho GTPase interactome consisting of 219 proteins reveals a limited set of morphodynamic phenotypes. As proof of concept, we show that loss of function of two distinct RhoA-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) leads to opposite neurite outgrowth phenotypes. Imaging of RhoA activation dynamics indicates that both GAPs regulate different spatiotemporal Rho GTPase pools, with distinct functions. Our results provide a starting point to dissect spatiotemporal Rho GTPase signaling networks that regulate neurite outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Fusco
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riwal Lefort
- Institut Dalla Molle d'Intelligence Artificielle Perceptive (IDIAP Research Institute), 1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Smith
- Computer Vision Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fethallah Benmansour
- Computer Vision Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - German Gonzalez
- Computer Vision Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Barillari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Rinn
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Fleuret
- Institut Dalla Molle d'Intelligence Artificielle Perceptive (IDIAP Research Institute), 1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Fua
- Computer Vision Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vandin G, Marenduzzo D, Goryachev AB, Orlandini E. Curvature-driven positioning of Turing patterns in phase-separating curved membranes. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3888-3896. [PMID: 27010222 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new finite difference scheme to study the dynamics of Turing patterns of a two-species activator-inhibitor system embedded on a phase-separating curved membrane, modelling for instance a lipid bilayer. We show that the underlying binary fluid can strongly affect both the dynamical and the steady state properties of the ensuing Turing patterns. Furthermore, geometry plays a key role, as a large enough local membrane curvature can both arrest the coarsening of the lipid domains and position the patterns selectively at areas of high or small local curvature. The physical phenomena we observe are due to a minimal coupling, between the diffusivity of the Turing components and the local membrane composition. While our study is theoretical in nature, it can provide a framework within which to address intracellular pattern formation in systems of interacting membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vandin
- INFN, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, Padova, 35131 PD, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Rho GTPases are crucial signaling molecules that regulate a plethora of biological functions. Traditional biochemical, cell biological, and genetic approaches have founded the basis of Rho GTPase biology. The development of biosensors then allowed measuring Rho GTPase activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. This revealed that Rho GTPase activity fluctuates on time and length scales of tens of seconds and micrometers, respectively. In this review, we describe Rho GTPase activity patterns observed in different cell systems. We then discuss the growing body of evidence that upstream regulators such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins shape these patterns by precisely controlling the spatio-temporal flux of Rho GTPase activity. Finally, we comment on additional mechanisms that might feed into the regulation of these signaling patterns and on novel technologies required to dissect this spatio-temporal complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goryachev AB, Leda M, Miller AL, von Dassow G, Bement WM. How to make a static cytokinetic furrow out of traveling excitable waves. Small GTPases 2016; 7:65-70. [PMID: 27070950 PMCID: PMC4905281 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1168505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of the cytokinetic Rho zone that orchestrates formation and ingression of the cleavage furrow had been explained previously via microtubule-dependent cortical concentration of Ect2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho. The results of a recent publication now demonstrate that, en route from resting cortex to fully established furrow, there lies a regime of cortical excitability in which Rho activity and F-actin play the roles of the prototypical activator and inhibitor, respectively. This cortical excitability is manifest as dramatic traveling waves on the cortex of oocytes and embryos of frogs and starfish. These waves are initiated by autocatalytic activation of Rho at the wave front and extinguished by F-actin-dependent inhibition at their back. It is still unclear how propagating excitable Rho-actin waves give rise to the stable co-existence of Rho activity and F-actin density in the static cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. It is possible that some central spindle-associated signaling molecule simply turns off the inhibition of Rho activity by F-actin. However, mathematical modeling suggests a distinct scenario in which local “re-wiring” of the Rho-actin coupling in the furrow is no longer necessary. Instead, the model predicts that the continuously rising level of Ect2 produces in the furrow a qualitatively new stable steady state that replaces excitability and brings about the stable co-existence of high Rho activity and dense F-actin despite the continuing inhibition of Rho by F-actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Goryachev
- a Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Cell Biology Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Marcin Leda
- a Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Cell Biology Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Ann L Miller
- b Department of Molecular , Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann-Arbor , MI , USA
| | - George von Dassow
- c Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon , Charleston , OR , USA
| | - William M Bement
- d Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei B, Hercyk BS, Mattson N, Mohammadi A, Rich J, DeBruyne E, Clark MM, Das M. Unique spatiotemporal activation pattern of Cdc42 by Gef1 and Scd1 promotes different events during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1235-45. [PMID: 26941334 PMCID: PMC4831878 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 regulates cell polarity and localizes to the cell division site. Cdc42 is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). We report that Cdc42 promotes cytokinesis via a unique spatiotemporal activation pattern due to the distinct action of its GEFs, Gef1 and Scd1, in fission yeast. Before cytokinetic ring constriction, Cdc42 activation, is Gef1 dependent, and after ring constriction, it is Scd1 dependent. Gef1 localizes to the actomyosin ring immediately after ring assembly and promotes timely onset of ring constriction. Gef1 is required for proper actin organization during cytokinesis, distribution of type V myosin Myo52 to the division site, and timely recruitment of septum protein Bgs1. In contrast, Scd1 localizes to the broader region of ingressing membrane during cytokinetic furrowing. Scd1 promotes normal septum formation, andscd1Δcells display aberrant septa with reduced Bgs1 localization. Thus we define unique roles of the GEFs Gef1 and Scd1 in the regulation of distinct events during cytokinesis. Gef1 localizes first to the cytokinetic ring and promotes timely constriction, whereas Scd1 localizes later to the ingressing membrane and promotes septum formation. Our findings are consistent with reports that complexity in GTPase signaling patterns enables exquisite precision over the control of cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Brian S Hercyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Nicholas Mattson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ahmad Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Julie Rich
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Erica DeBruyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Mikayla M Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Maitreyi Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martin K, Reimann A, Fritz RD, Ryu H, Jeon NL, Pertz O. Spatio-temporal co-ordination of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activation during prototypical edge protrusion and retraction dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21901. [PMID: 26912264 PMCID: PMC4766498 DOI: 10.1038/srep21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The three canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 co-ordinate cytoskeletal dynamics. Recent studies indicate that all three Rho GTPases are activated at the leading edge of motile fibroblasts, where their activity fluctuates at subminute time and micrometer length scales. Here, we use a microfluidic chip to acutely manipulate fibroblast edge dynamics by applying pulses of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (which lowers contractility). This induces acute and robust membrane protrusion and retraction events, that exhibit stereotyped cytoskeletal dynamics, allowing us to fairly compare specific morphodynamic states across experiments. Using a novel Cdc42, as well as previously described, second generation RhoA and Rac1 biosensors, we observe distinct spatio-temporal signaling programs that involve all three Rho GTPases, during protrusion/retraction edge dynamics. Our results suggest that Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA regulate different cytoskeletal and adhesion processes to fine tune the highly plastic edge protrusion/retraction dynamics that power cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Martin
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael D Fritz
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyunryul Ryu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fritz RD, Menshykau D, Martin K, Reimann A, Pontelli V, Pertz O. SrGAP2-Dependent Integration of Membrane Geometry and Slit-Robo-Repulsive Cues Regulates Fibroblast Contact Inhibition of Locomotion. Dev Cell 2015; 35:78-92. [PMID: 26439400 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Migrating fibroblasts undergo contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a process that was discovered five decades ago and still is not fully understood at the molecular level. We identify the Slit2-Robo4-srGAP2 signaling network as a key regulator of CIL in fibroblasts. CIL involves highly dynamic contact protrusions with a specialized actin cytoskeleton that stochastically explore cell-cell overlaps between colliding fibroblasts. A membrane curvature-sensing F-BAR domain pre-localizes srGAP2 to protruding edges and terminates their extension phase in response to cell collision. A FRET-based biosensor reveals that Rac1 activity is focused in a band at the tip of contact protrusions, in contrast to the broad activation gradient in contact-free protrusions. SrGAP2 specifically controls the duration of Rac1 activity in contact protrusions, but not in contact-free protrusions. We propose that srGAP2 integrates cell edge curvature and Slit-Robo-mediated repulsive cues to fine-tune Rac1 activation dynamics in contact protrusions to spatiotemporally coordinate CIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dominik Fritz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pontelli
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ishihara K, Nguyen PA, Wühr M, Groen AC, Field CM, Mitchison TJ. Organization of early frog embryos by chemical waves emanating from centrosomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0454. [PMID: 25047608 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The large cells in early vertebrate development face an extreme physical challenge in organizing their cytoplasm. For example, amphibian embryos have to divide cytoplasm that spans hundreds of micrometres every 30 min according to a precise geometry, a remarkable accomplishment given the extreme difference between molecular and cellular scales in this system. How do the biochemical reactions occurring at the molecular scale lead to this emergent behaviour of the cell as a whole? Based on recent findings, we propose that the centrosome plays a crucial role by initiating two autocatalytic reactions that travel across the large cytoplasm as chemical waves. Waves of mitotic entry and exit propagate out from centrosomes using the Cdk1 oscillator to coordinate the timing of cell division. Waves of microtubule-stimulated microtubule nucleation propagate out to assemble large asters that position spindles for the following mitosis and establish cleavage plane geometry. By initiating these chemical waves, the centrosome rapidly organizes the large cytoplasm during the short embryonic cell cycle, which would be impossible using more conventional mechanisms such as diffusion or nucleation by structural templating. Large embryo cells provide valuable insights to how cells control chemical waves, which may be a general principle for cytoplasmic organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishihara
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Phuong A Nguyen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Aaron C Groen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Christine M Field
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vaughan EM, You JS, Elsie Yu HY, Lasek A, Vitale N, Hornberger TA, Bement WM. Lipid domain-dependent regulation of single-cell wound repair. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1867-76. [PMID: 24790096 PMCID: PMC4055266 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell repair is a conserved and medically important process. Cell damage triggers the rapid accumulation of several different lipids around wounds, and the lipids sort into distinct domains around them. One of these lipids—diacylglycerol—is required for activation of Rho and Cdc42 and healing. After damage, cells reseal their plasma membrane and repair the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. Although many different proteins have been implicated in cell repair, the potential role of specific lipids has not been explored. Here we report that cell damage elicits rapid formation of spatially organized lipid domains around the damage site, with different lipids concentrated in different domains as a result of both de novo synthesis and transport. One of these lipids—diacylglycerol (DAG)—rapidly accumulates in a broad domain that overlaps the zones of active Rho and Cdc42, GTPases that regulate repair of the cortical cytoskeleton. Formation of the DAG domain is required for Cdc42 and Rho activation and healing. Two DAG targets, protein kinase C (PKC) β and η, are recruited to cell wounds and play mutually antagonistic roles in the healing process: PKCβ participates in Rho and Cdc42 activation, whereas PKCη inhibits Rho and Cdc42 activation. The results reveal an unexpected diversity in subcellular lipid domains and the importance of such domains for a basic cellular process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Vaughan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jae-Sung You
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hoi-Ying Elsie Yu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Amber Lasek
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 3212, and Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - William M Bement
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|