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Takács R, Kovács P, Ebeid RA, Almássy J, Fodor J, Ducza L, Barrett-Jolley R, Lewis R, Matta C. Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels in Progenitor Cells of Musculoskeletal Tissues: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076796. [PMID: 37047767 PMCID: PMC10095002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders represent one of the main causes of disability worldwide, and their prevalence is predicted to increase in the coming decades. Stem cell therapy may be a promising option for the treatment of some of the musculoskeletal diseases. Although significant progress has been made in musculoskeletal stem cell research, osteoarthritis, the most-common musculoskeletal disorder, still lacks curative treatment. To fine-tune stem-cell-based therapy, it is necessary to focus on the underlying biological mechanisms. Ion channels and the bioelectric signals they generate control the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of musculoskeletal progenitor cells. Calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (KCa) channels are key players in cell physiology in cells of the musculoskeletal system. This review article focused on the big conductance (BK) KCa channels. The regulatory function of BK channels requires interactions with diverse sets of proteins that have different functions in tissue-resident stem cells. In this narrative review article, we discuss the main ion channels of musculoskeletal stem cells, with a focus on calcium-dependent potassium channels, especially on the large conductance BK channel. We review their expression and function in progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration and highlight gaps in current knowledge on their involvement in musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rana Abdelsattar Ebeid
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Almássy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Otarola GA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. ION MODULATORY TREATMENTS TOWARD FUNCTIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLED NEOCARTILAGE. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:85-96. [PMID: 36113725 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Signals that recapitulate in vitro the conditions found in vivo, such as hypoxia or mechanical forces, contribute to the generation of tissue-engineered hyaline-like tissues. The cell regulatory processes behind hypoxic and mechanical stimuli rely on ion concentration; iron is required to degrade the hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1α) under normoxia, whereas the initiation of mechanotransduction requires the cytoplasmic increase of calcium concentration. In this work, we propose that ion modulation can be used to improve the biomechanical properties of self-assembled neocartilage constructs derived from rejuvenated expanded minipig rib chondrocytes. The objectives of this work were 1) to determine the effects of iron sequestration on self-assembled neocartilage constructs using two doses of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), and 2) to evaluate the performance of the combined treatment of DFO and ionomycin, a calcium ionophore that triggers cytoplasmic calcium accumulation. This study employed a two-phase approach. In Phase I, constructs treated with a high dose of DFO (100 µM) exhibited an 87% increase in pyridinoline crosslinks, a 57% increase in the Young's modulus, and a 112% increase in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the neotissue. In Phase II, the combined use of both ion modulators resulted in 150% and 176% significant increases in the Young's modulus and UTS of neocartilage constructs, respectively; for the first time, neocartilage constructs achieved a Young's modulus of 11.76±3.29 MPa and UTS of 4.20±1.24 MPa. The results of this work provide evidence that ion modulation can be employed to improve the biomechanical properties in engineered neotissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : The translation of tissue-engineered products requires the development of strategies capable of producing biomimetic neotissues in a replicable, controllable, and cost-effective manner. Among other functions, Fe2+ and Ca2+ are involved in the control of the hypoxic response and mechanotransduction, respectively. Both stimuli, hypoxia and mechanical forces, are known to favor chondrogenesis. This study utilized ion modulators to improve the mechanical properties self-assembled neocartilage constructs derived from expanded and rejuvenated costal chondrocytes via Fe2+ sequestration and Ca2+ influx, alone or in combination. The results indicate that ion modulation induced tissue maturation and a significant improvement of the mechanical properties, and holds potential as a tool to mitigate the need for bioreactors and engineer hyaline-like tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston A Otarola
- 3131 Engineering Hall, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- 3131 Engineering Hall, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- 3131 Engineering Hall, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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Retrograde Analysis of Calcium Signaling by CaMPARI2 Shows Cytosolic Calcium in Chondrocytes Is Unaffected by Parabolic Flights. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010138. [PMID: 35052817 PMCID: PMC8773224 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) elevation is an essential secondary messenger in many cellular processes, including disease progression and adaptation to external stimuli, e.g., gravitational load. Therefore, mapping and quantifying Ca2+ signaling with a high spatiotemporal resolution is a key challenge. However, particularly on microgravity platforms, experiment time is limited, allowing only a small number of replicates. Furthermore, experiment hardware is exposed to changes in gravity levels, causing experimental artifacts unless appropriately controlled. We introduce a new experimental setup based on the fluorescent Ca2+ reporter CaMPARI2, onboard LED arrays, and subsequent microscopic analysis on the ground. This setup allows for higher throughput and accuracy due to its retrograde nature. The excellent performance of CaMPARI2 was demonstrated with human chondrocytes during the 75th ESA parabolic flight campaign. CaMPARI2 revealed a strong Ca2+ response triggered by histamine but was not affected by the alternating gravitational load of a parabolic flight.
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Alagha MA, Vágó J, Katona É, Takács R, van der Veen D, Zákány R, Matta C. A Synchronized Circadian Clock Enhances Early Chondrogenesis. Cartilage 2021; 13:53S-67S. [PMID: 32059614 PMCID: PMC8804825 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520903425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circadian rhythms in cartilage homeostasis are hypothesized to temporally segregate and synchronize the activities of chondrocytes to different times of the day, and thus may provide an efficient mechanism by which articular cartilage can recover following physical activity. While the circadian clock is clearly involved in chondrocyte homeostasis in health and disease, it is unclear as to what roles it may play during early chondrogenesis. DESIGN The purpose of this study was to determine whether the rhythmic expression of the core circadian clock was detectable at the earliest stages of chondrocyte differentiation, and if so, whether a synchronized expression pattern of chondrogenic transcription factors and developing cartilage matrix constituents was present during cartilage formation. RESULTS Following serum shock, embryonic limb bud-derived chondrifying micromass cultures exhibited synchronized temporal expression patterns of core clock genes involved in the molecular circadian clock. We also observed that chondrogenic marker genes followed a circadian oscillatory pattern. Clock synchronization significantly enhanced cartilage matrix production and elevated SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 gene expression. The observed chondrogenesis-promoting effect of the serum shock was likely attributable to its synchronizing effect on the molecular clockwork, as co-application of small molecule modulators (longdaysin and KL001) abolished the stimulating effects on extracellular matrix production and chondrogenic marker gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that a functional molecular clockwork plays a positive role in tissue homeostasis and histogenesis during early chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdulhadi Alagha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary,MSK Lab, Department of Surgery and
Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Daan van der Veen
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar,
Hungary,Csaba Matta, Department of Anatomy,
Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei
krt 98, Debrecen, Hajdu-Bihar, H-4032, Hungary.
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Maumus M, Fonteneau G, Ruiz M, Assou S, Boukhaddaoui H, Pastoureau P, De Ceuninck F, Jorgensen C, Noel D. Neuromedin B promotes chondrocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells via calcineurin and calcium signaling. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:183. [PMID: 34663442 PMCID: PMC8525028 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage is a complex tissue with poor healing capacities. Current approaches for cartilage repair based on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are often disappointing because of the lack of relevant differentiation factors that could drive MSC differentiation towards a stable mature chondrocyte phenotype. Results We used a large-scale transcriptomic approach to identify genes that are modulated at early stages of chondrogenic differentiation using the reference cartilage micropellet model. We identified several modulated genes and selected neuromedin B (NMB) as one of the early and transiently modulated genes. We found that the timely regulated increase of NMB was specific for chondrogenesis and not observed during osteogenesis or adipogenesis. Furthermore, NMB expression levels correlated with the differentiation capacity of MSCs and its inhibition resulted in impaired chondrogenic differentiation indicating that NMB is required for chondrogenesis. We further showed that NMB activated the calcineurin activity through a Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway. Conclusion NMB is a newly described chondroinductive bioactive factor that upregulates the key chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9 through the modulation of Ca2+ signaling pathway and calcineurin activity. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00695-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maumus
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Maxime Ruiz
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhaddaoui
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Immuno-Inflammatory Disease, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Immuno-Inflammatory Disease, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Danièle Noel
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France. .,Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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6
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Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns of Epigenetic Enzymes Dnmt3a, Tet1 and Ogt in Murine Chondrogenic Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102678. [PMID: 34685658 PMCID: PMC8534543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression pattern of selected enzymes involved in DNA methylation and the effects of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine during in vitro and in vivo cartilage formation. Based on the data of a PCR array performed on chondrifying BMP2-overexpressing C3H10T1/2 cells, the relative expressions of Tet1 (tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), Dnmt3a (DNA methyltransferase 3), and Ogt (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase) were further examined with RT-qPCR in murine cell line-based and primary chondrifying micromass cultures. We found very strong but gradually decreasing expression of Tet1 throughout the entire course of in vitro cartilage differentiation along with strong signals in the cartilaginous embryonic skeleton using specific RNA probes for in situ hybridization on frozen sections of 15-day-old mouse embryos. Dnmt3a and Ogt expressions did not show significant changes with RT-qPCR and gave weak in situ hybridization signals. The DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine reduced cartilage-specific gene expression and cartilage formation when applied during the early stages of chondrogenesis. In contrast, it had a stimulatory effect when added to differentiated chondrocytes, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR proved that the DNA methylation pattern of key chondrogenic marker genes was altered by the treatment. Our results indicate that the DNA demethylation inducing Tet1 plays a significant role during chondrogenesis, and inhibition of DNA methylation exerts distinct effects in different phases of in vitro cartilage formation.
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K + and Ca 2+ Channels Regulate Ca 2+ Signaling in Chondrocytes: An Illustrated Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071577. [PMID: 32610485 PMCID: PMC7408816 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of fundamental physiological principles and progressive pathophysiological processes in human articular joints (e.g., shoulders, knees, elbows) requires detailed investigations of two principal cell types: synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Our studies, done in the past 8–10 years, have used electrophysiological, Ca2+ imaging, single molecule monitoring, immunocytochemical, and molecular methods to investigate regulation of the resting membrane potential (ER) and intracellular Ca2+ levels in human chondrocytes maintained in 2-D culture. Insights from these published papers are as follows: (1) Chondrocyte preparations express a number of different ion channels that can regulate their ER. (2) Understanding the basis for ER requires knowledge of (a) the presence or absence of ligand (ATP/histamine) stimulation and (b) the extraordinary ionic composition and ionic strength of synovial fluid. (3) In our chondrocyte preparations, at least two types of Ca2+-activated K+ channels are expressed and can significantly hyperpolarize ER. (4) Accounting for changes in ER can provide insights into the functional roles of the ligand-dependent Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ channels. Some of the findings are illustrated in this review. Our summary diagram suggests that, in chondrocytes, the K+ and Ca2+ channels are linked in a positive feedback loop that can augment Ca2+ influx and therefore regulate lubricant and cytokine secretion and gene transcription.
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Matta C, Juhász T, Fodor J, Hajdú T, Katona É, Szűcs-Somogyi C, Takács R, Vágó J, Oláh T, Bartók Á, Varga Z, Panyi G, Csernoch L, Zákány R. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression and function is required for early chondrogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:166. [PMID: 31842918 PMCID: PMC6915923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro chondrogenesis depends on the concerted action of numerous signalling pathways, many of which are sensitive to the changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor is a cation channel with high permeability for Ca2+. Whilst there is now accumulating evidence for the expression and function of NMDA receptors in non-neural tissues including mature cartilage and bone, the contribution of glutamate signalling to the regulation of chondrogenesis is yet to be elucidated. Methods We studied the role of glutamatergic signalling during the course of in vitro chondrogenesis in high density chondrifying cell cultures using single cell fluorescent calcium imaging, patch clamp, transient gene silencing, and western blotting. Results Here we show that key components of the glutamatergic signalling pathways are functional during in vitro chondrogenesis in a primary chicken chondrogenic model system. We also present the full glutamate receptor subunit mRNA and protein expression profile of these cultures. This is the first study to report that NMDA-mediated signalling may act as a key factor in embryonic limb bud-derived chondrogenic cultures as it evokes intracellular Ca2+ transients, which are abolished by the GluN2B subunit-specific inhibitor ifenprodil. The function of NMDARs is essential for chondrogenesis as their functional knock-down using either ifenprodil or GRIN1 siRNA temporarily blocks the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells. Cartilage formation was fully restored with the re-expression of the GluN1 protein. Conclusions We propose a key role for NMDARs during the transition of chondroprogenitor cells to cartilage matrix-producing chondroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szűcs-Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Bartók
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Szegeczki V, Bauer B, Jüngling A, Fülöp BD, Vágó J, Perényi H, Tarantini S, Tamás A, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Age-related alterations of articular cartilage in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene-deficient mice. GeroScience 2019; 41:775-793. [PMID: 31655957 PMCID: PMC6925077 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an evolutionarly conserved neuropeptide which is produced by various neuronal and non-neuronal cells, including cartilage and bone cells. PACAP has trophic functions in tissue development, and it also plays a role in cellular and tissue aging. PACAP takes part in the regulation of chondrogenesis, which prevents insufficient cartilage formation caused by oxidative and mechanical stress. PACAP knockout (KO) mice have been shown to display early aging signs affecting several organs. In the present work, we investigated articular cartilage of knee joints in young and aged wild-type (WT) and PACAP KO mice. A significant increase in the thickness of articular cartilage was detected in aged PACAP gene-deficient mice. Amongst PACAP receptors, dominantly PAC1 receptor was expressed in WT knee joints and a remarkable decrease was found in aged PACAP KO mice. Expression of PKA-regulated transcription factors, Sox5, Sox9 and CREB, decreased both in young and aged gene deficient mice, while Sox6, collagen type II and aggrecan expressions were elevated in young but were reduced in aged PACAP KO animals. Increased expression of hyaluronan (HA) synthases and HA-binding proteins was detected parallel with an elevated presence of HA in aged PACAP KO mice. Expression of bone related collagens (I and X) was augmented in young and aged animals. These results suggest that loss of PACAP signaling results in dysregulation of cartilage matrix composition and may transform articular cartilage in a way that it becomes more prone to degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bauer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adél Jüngling
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Balázs Daniel Fülöp
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Helga Perényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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10
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Szentléleky E, Szegeczki V, Karanyicz E, Hajdú T, Tamás A, Tóth G, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Reduces Oxidative and Mechanical Stress-Evoked Matrix Degradation in Chondrifying Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010168. [PMID: 30621194 PMCID: PMC6337298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous neuropeptide also secreted by non-neural cells, including chondrocytes. PACAP signaling is involved in the regulation of chondrogenesis, but little is known about its connection to matrix turnover during cartilage formation and under cellular stress in developing cartilage. We found that the expression and activity of hyaluronidases (Hyals), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and aggrecanase were permanent during the course of chondrogenesis in primary chicken micromass cell cultures, although protein levels changed daily, along with moderate and relatively constant enzymatic activity. Next, we investigated whether PACAP influences matrix destructing enzyme activity during oxidative and mechanical stress in chondrogenic cells. Exogenous PACAP lowered Hyals and aggrecanase expression and activity during cellular stress. Expression and activation of the majority of cartilage matrix specific MMPs such as MMP1, MMP7, MMP8, and MMP13, were also decreased by PACAP addition upon oxidative and mechanical stress, while the activity of MMP9 seemed not to be influenced by the neuropeptide. These results suggest that application of PACAP can help to preserve the integrity of the newly synthetized cartilage matrix via signaling mechanisms, which ultimately inhibit the activity of matrix destroying enzymes under cellular stress. It implies the prospect that application of PACAP can ameliorate articular cartilage destruction in joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szentléleky
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Edina Karanyicz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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11
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Zhou J, Yue D, Bai Y, Kong F, Pan J. Map and correlate intracellular calcium response and matrix deposition in cartilage under physiological oxygen tensions. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4949-4960. [PMID: 29215706 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Face to the limited repair capability of cartilage, we intended to find out signaling responsible for its matrix synthesis. Since spontaneous calcium response likes a label of cell status, here it was mapped in fresh and 24 hr cultured in situ chondrocytes under oxygen tensions of 20%, 5%, and 1% as well as mimic hypoxia conditions. The calcium source was traced using ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and thapsigargin (TG) to treat cartilage. Their relative matrix of type II collagen (COLL-II) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were quantified after cultured for 3 and 7 days. We disclosed the specific fingerprint of calcium response and matrix deposition along the histological zones under various oxygen tensions, from which the effects of hyperoxia, normoxia, and hypoxia conditions on as well as the optimal oxygen tensions for maintenance of various zones of cartilage or chondrocytes were derived and obtained. Our results revealed that cytoplasm calcium was conducive to synthesize COLL-II but detrimental to synthesize GAG. These results provide correlation in addition to details of intracellular calcium response and matrix deposition in in situ cartilage along its histological zones under physiological oxygen tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Yue
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuying Bai
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Kong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Parate D, Franco-Obregón A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Abbas AA, Kamarul T, Hui JHP, Yang Z. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9421. [PMID: 28842627 PMCID: PMC5572790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to recruit calcium-signaling cascades common to chondrogenesis. Here we document the effects of specified PEMF parameters over mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) chondrogenic differentiation. MSCs undergoing chondrogenesis are preferentially responsive to an electromagnetic efficacy window defined by field amplitude, duration and frequency of exposure. Contrary to conventional practice of administering prolonged and repetitive exposures to PEMFs, optimal chondrogenic outcome is achieved in response to brief (10 minutes), low intensity (2 mT) exposure to 6 ms bursts of magnetic pulses, at 15 Hz, administered only once at the onset of chondrogenic induction. By contrast, repeated exposures diminished chondrogenic outcome and could be attributed to calcium entry after the initial induction. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels appear to mediate these aspects of PEMF stimulation, serving as a conduit for extracellular calcium. Preventing calcium entry during the repeated PEMF exposure with the co-administration of EGTA or TRP channel antagonists precluded the inhibition of differentiation. This study highlights the intricacies of calcium homeostasis during early chondrogenesis and the constraints that are placed on PEMF-based therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting MSC chondrogenesis. The demonstrated efficacy of our optimized PEMF regimens has clear clinical implications for future regenerative strategies for cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Parate
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Jürg Fröhlich
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beyer
- Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Azlina A Abbas
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - James H P Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
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13
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Song T, Ma J, Guo L, Yang P, Zhou X, Ye T. Regulation of chondrocyte functions by transient receptor potential cation channel V6 in osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3170-3181. [PMID: 28063212 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Shanghai Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Shanghai Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases; Shanghai Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Shanghai Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Shanghai Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Shanghai Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Tianwen Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Shanghai Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
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14
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Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Novel Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine-Oxidase Inhibitor SzV-1287 in Chronic Arthritis Models of the Mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39863. [PMID: 28067251 PMCID: PMC5220351 DOI: 10.1038/srep39863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyses oxidative deamination of primary amines. Since there is no data about its function in pain and arthritis mechanisms, we investigated the effects of our novel SSAO inhibitor SzV-1287 in chronic mouse models of joint inflammation. Effects of SzV-1287 (20 mg/kg i.p./day) were investigated in the K/BxN serum-transfer and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-evoked active immunization models compared to the reference SSAO inhibitor LJP-1207. Mechanonociception was assessed by aesthesiometry, oedema by plethysmometry, clinical severity by scoring, joint function by grid test, myeloperoxidase activity by luminescence, vascular leakage by fluorescence in vivo imaging, histopathological changes by semiquantitative evaluation, and cytokines by Luminex assay. SzV-1287 significantly inhibited hyperalgesia and oedema in both models. Plasma leakage and keratinocyte chemoattractant production in the tibiotarsal joint, but not myeloperoxidase activity was significantly reduced by SzV-1287 in K/BxN-arthritis. SzV-1287 did not influence vascular and cellular mechanisms in CFA-arthritis, but significantly decreased histopathological alterations. There was no difference in the anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of SzV-1287 and LJP-1207, but only SzV-1287 decreased CFA-induced tissue damage. Unlike SzV-1287, LJP-1207 induced cartilage destruction, which was confirmed in vitro. SzV-1287 exerts potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions in chronic arthritis models of distinct mechanisms, without inducing cartilage damage.
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15
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Matta C, Fodor J, Csernoch L, Zákány R. Purinergic signalling-evoked intracellular Ca(2+) concentration changes in the regulation of chondrogenesis and skeletal muscle formation. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:108-16. [PMID: 26925979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that changes of the intracellular calcium concentration have deep impact on the differentiation of various non-excitable cells including the elements of the vertebrate skeleton. It has become evident that purinergic signalling is one of the most ancient cellular mechanisms that can cause such alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+)-homeostasis, which are precisely set either spatially or temporally. Purinergic signalling is believed to regulate intracellular Ca(2+)-concentration of developing cartilage and skeletal muscle cells and suggested to play roles in the modulation of various cellular functions. This idea is supported by the fact that pluripotent mesenchymal cells, chondroprogenitors or muscle precursors, as well as mature chondrocytes all are capable of releasing ectonucleotides, and express various types of purinoreceptors and ectonucleotidases. The presence of the basic components of purinergic signalling proves that cells of the chondrogenic lineage can utilise this mechanism for modulating their intracellular Ca(2+) concentration independently from the surrounding skeletal muscle and bone tissues, which are well known to release ectopurines during development and mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize accumulating experimental evidence supporting the importance of purinergic signalling in the regulation of chondrogenesis and during skeletal muscle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary; Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
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16
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Abstract
Chondrocytes, the single cell type in adult articular cartilage, have conventionally been considered to be non-excitable cells. However, recent evidence suggests that their resting membrane potential (RMP) is less negative than that of excitable cells, and they are fully equipped with channels that control ion, water and osmolyte movement across the chondrocyte membrane. Amongst calcium-specific ion channels, members of the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) family are expressed in chondrocytes where they are functionally active. L-type VDCC inhibitors such as nifedipine and verapamil have contributed to our understanding of the roles of these ion channels in chondrogenesis, chondrocyte signalling and mechanotransduction. In this narrative review, we discuss published data indicating that VDCC function is vital for chondrocyte health, especially in regulating proliferation and maturation. We also highlight the fact that activation of VDCC function appears to accompany various inflammatory aspects of osteoarthritis (OA) and, based on in vitro data, the application of nifedipine and/or verapamil may be a promising approach for ameliorating OA severity. However, very few studies on clinical outcomes are available regarding the influence of calcium antagonists, which are used primarily for treating cardiovascular conditions in OA patients. This review is intended to stimulate further research on the chondrocyte 'channelome', contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and facilitate the retargeting and repositioning of existing pharmacological agents currently used for other comorbidities for the treatment of OA.
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17
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Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) Ion Channels in Chondrogenic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18412-38. [PMID: 26262612 PMCID: PMC4581253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature and developing chondrocytes exist in a microenvironment where mechanical load, changes of temperature, osmolarity and acidic pH may influence cellular metabolism. Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) receptors are environmental sensors mediating responses through activation of linked intracellular signalling pathways. In chondrogenic high density cultures established from limb buds of chicken and mouse embryos, we identified TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4 and TRPV6 mRNA expression with RT-PCR. In both cultures, a switch in the expression pattern of TRPVs was observed during cartilage formation. The inhibition of TRPVs with the non-selective calcium channel blocker ruthenium red diminished chondrogenesis and caused significant inhibition of proliferation. Incubating cell cultures at 41 °C elevated the expression of TRPV1, and increased cartilage matrix production. When chondrogenic cells were exposed to mechanical load at the time of their differentiation into matrix producing chondrocytes, we detected increased mRNA levels of TRPV3. Our results demonstrate that developing chondrocytes express a full palette of TRPV channels and the switch in the expression pattern suggests differentiation stage-dependent roles of TRPVs during cartilage formation. As TRPV1 and TRPV3 expression was altered by thermal and mechanical stimuli, respectively, these are candidate channels that contribute to the transduction of environmental stimuli in chondrogenic cells.
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18
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Hurd L, Kirwin SM, Boggs M, Mackenzie WG, Bober MB, Funanage VL, Duncan RL. A mutation in TRPV4 results in altered chondrocyte calcium signaling in severe metatropic dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2286-93. [PMID: 26249260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4) is a polymodal modulated non-selective cation channel required for normal development and maintenance of bone and cartilage. Heterozygous mutations of this channel cause a variety of channelopathies, including metatropic dysplasia (MD). We analyzed the effect of a novel TRPV4 mutation c.2398G>A, p.Gly800Asp on intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+) ]i ) regulation in chondrocytes and compared this response to chondrocytes with a frequently observed mutation, c.2396C>T, p.Pro799Leu. We observed temperature-dependent [Ca(2+) ]i oscillations in both intact and MD chondrocytes however, MD mutations exhibited increased peak magnitudes of [Ca(2+) ]i during oscillations. We also found increased baseline [Ca(2+) ]i in MD primary cells, as well as increased [Ca(2+) ]i response to either hypotonic swelling or the TRVP4-specific agonist, GSK1016790A. Oscillations and stimulation responses were blocked with the TRPV4-specific antagonist, GSK205. Analysis of [Ca(2+) ]i response kinetics showed that MD chondrocytes had increased frequency of temperature-sensitive oscillations, and the magnitude and duration of [Ca(2+) ]i responses to given stimuli. Duration of the response of the p.Gly800Asp mutation to stimulation was greater than for the p.Pro799Leu mutation. These experiments show that this region of the channel is essential for proper [Ca(2+) ]i regulation. These studies of primary cells from patients show how both mutant and WT TRPV4 channels regulate cartilage and bone development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hurd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Susan M Kirwin
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Mary Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - William G Mackenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Michael B Bober
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware.,Division of Genetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Vicky L Funanage
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Randall L Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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19
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Juhász T, Szentléleky E, Somogyi CS, Takács R, Dobrosi N, Engler M, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Pathway Is Induced by Mechanical Load and Reduces the Activity of Hedgehog Signaling in Chondrogenic Micromass Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17344-67. [PMID: 26230691 PMCID: PMC4581197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurohormone exerting protective function during various stress conditions either in mature or developing tissues. Previously we proved the presence of PACAP signaling elements in chicken limb bud-derived chondrogenic cells in micromass cell cultures. Since no data can be found if PACAP signaling is playing any role during mechanical stress in any tissues, we aimed to investigate its contribution in mechanotransduction during chondrogenesis. Expressions of the mRNAs of PACAP and its major receptor, PAC1 increased, while that of other receptors, VPAC1, VPAC2 decreased upon mechanical stimulus. Mechanical load enhanced the expression of collagen type X, a marker of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and PACAP addition attenuated this elevation. Moreover, exogenous PACAP also prevented the mechanical load evoked activation of hedgehog signaling: protein levels of Sonic and Indian Hedgehogs and Gli1 transcription factor were lowered while expressions of Gli2 and Gli3 were elevated by PACAP application during mechanical load. Our results suggest that mechanical load activates PACAP signaling and exogenous PACAP acts against the hypertrophy inducing effect of mechanical load.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Szentléleky
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szűcs Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Dobrosi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Máté Engler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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20
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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21
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Abstract
Articular cartilage is a unique load-bearing connective tissue with a low intrinsic capacity for repair and regeneration. Its avascularity makes it relatively hypoxic and its unique extracellular matrix is enriched with cations, which increases the interstitial fluid osmolarity. Several physicochemical and biomechanical stimuli are reported to influence chondrocyte metabolism and may be utilized for regenerative medical approaches. In this review article, we summarize the most relevant stimuli and describe how ion channels may contribute to cartilage homeostasis, with special emphasis on intracellular signaling pathways. We specifically focus on the role of calcium signaling as an essential mechanotransduction component and highlight the role of phosphatase signaling in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jahr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
| | - Csaba Matta
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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22
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Inayama M, Suzuki Y, Yamada S, Kurita T, Yamamura H, Ohya S, Giles WR, Imaizumi Y. Orai1-Orai2 complex is involved in store-operated calcium entry in chondrocyte cell lines. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:337-47. [PMID: 25769459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) influx via store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) plays critical roles in many essential cellular functions. The Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel complex, consisting of Orai and STIM, is one of the major components of store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) channels. Our previous study demonstrated that histamine can cause sustained Ca(2+) entry through SOC channels in OUMS-27 cells derived from human chondrosarcoma. This SOCE was increased by low- and decreased by high-concentrations of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analyses revealed abundant expressions of Orai1, Orai2 and STIM1. Introduction of dominant negative mutant of Orai1, or siOrai1 knockdown significantly attenuated SOCE. Following histamine application, single molecule imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy demonstrated punctate Orai1-STIM1 complex formation in plasma membrane. In contrast, knockdown or over-expression of Orai2 resulted in an increase or a decrease in SOCE, respectively. Finally, TIRF imaging revealed direct coupling between Orai1 and Orai2, and suggested that Orai2 reduces Orai1 function by formation of a hetero-tetramer. These results provide substantial evidence that Orai1, Orai2 and STIM1 form functional CRAC channels in OUMS-27 cells and that these complexes are responsible for sustained Ca(2+) entry in response to agonist stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Inayama
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurita
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yuji Imaizumi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Signalling Enhances Osteogenesis in UMR-106 Cell Line. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:555-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Zhang L, Liu L, Thompson R, Chan C. CREB modulates calcium signaling in cAMP-induced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Cell Calcium 2014; 56:257-68. [PMID: 25154887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling has a versatile role in many important cellular functions. Despite its importance, regulation of calcium signaling in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) has not been explored extensively. Our previous study revealed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enabled BMSCs to generate calcium signal upon stimulation by dopamine, KCl and glutamate. Concurrently, cAMP transiently activated the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in BMSCs. Activity of CREB can be modulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling pathway, however, whether the calcium signaling observed in cAMP-induced BMSCs requires CREB has not been investigated. In an effort to uncover the role of CREB in the generation of calcium signaling in response to modulators such as dopamine and KCl, we knocked down CREB activity in BMSCs. Our study indicated that BMSCs, but not its close relative fibroblasts, are responsive to dopamine and KCl after cAMP treatment. Calcium signal elicited by dopamine depends, in part, on calcium influx whereas that elicited by KCl depends completely on calcium influx. Knock-down of CREB activity significantly reduced or abolished the cAMP-induced calcium response, and reintroducing a constitutively active CREB partially restored the calcium response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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25
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Matta C, Mobasheri A, Gergely P, Zákány R. Ser/Thr-phosphoprotein phosphatases in chondrogenesis: neglected components of a two-player game. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2175-85. [PMID: 25007994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a determining role in the regulation of chondrogenesis in vitro. While signalling pathways governed by protein kinases including PKA, PKC, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been mapped in great details, published data relating to the specific role of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPs) in differentiating chondroprogenitor cells or in mature chondrocytes is relatively sparse. This review discusses the known functions of Ser/Thr-specific PPs in the molecular signalling pathways of chondrogenesis. PPs are clearly equally important as protein kinases to counterbalance the effect of reversible protein phosphorylation. Of the main Ser/Thr PPs, some of the functions of PP1, PP2A and PP2B have been characterised in the context of chondrogenesis. While PP1 and PP2A appear to negatively regulate chondrogenic differentiation and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype, calcineurin is an important stimulatory mediator during chondrogenesis but becomes inhibitory in mature chondrocytes. Furthermore, PPs are implicated to be mediators during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis that makes them potential therapeutic targets to be exploited in the close future. Among the many yet unexplored targets of PPs, modulation of plasma membrane ion channel function and participation in mechanotransduction pathways are emerging novel aspects of signalling during chondrogenesis that should be further elucidated. Besides the regulation of cellular ion homeostasis, other potentially significant novel roles for PPs during the regulation of in vitro chondrogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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26
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Li X, Liu C, Liang W, Ye H, Chen W, Lin R, Li Z, Liu X, Wu M. Millimeter wave promotes the synthesis of extracellular matrix and the proliferation of chondrocyte by regulating the voltage-gated K+ channel. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:367-77. [PMID: 24202060 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that millimeter wave promoted the chondrocyte proliferation by pushing cell cycle progression. Activation of K(+) channels plays an essential role in the stimulating of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and the cell proliferation in chondrocytes. While it is unclear if millimeter wave enhances ECM synthesis and proliferation of chondrocytes by regulating K(+) channel activity, we here investigated the effects of millimeter waves on ECM synthesis, chondrocyte proliferation and ion channels in the primary chondrocyte culture. We found that millimeter waves led to the increase of chondrocyte viability, the morphological changes of chondrocyte, and the F-actin distortion and remodeling. Ultrastructural analysis showed that treated chondrocytes contained an expansion of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum, and a high number of cytoplasmic vesicles in the cytoplasm compared to untreated cells, suggesting millimeter waves increased the energy metabolism and protein synthesis of chondrocytes. The analysis of differential ion channels' genes expression further showed an obvious increase of Kcne1, Kcnj3 and Kcnq2. To determine the role of voltage-gated K(+) channel in chondrocyte, we blocked the voltage-gated K(+) channel with 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) and treated chondrocytes with millimeter waves. The results indicated that TEA significantly negated the promotion of millimeter waves for the ECM synthesis and chondrocyte proliferation. Our results support the hypothesis that millimeter waves promote the synthesis of ECM and the proliferation of chondrocyte by regulating the voltage-gated K(+) channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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27
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Purinergic signalling is required for calcium oscillations in migratory chondrogenic progenitor cells. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:429-42. [PMID: 24841338 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. A migratory stem cell population termed chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPC) with in vitro chondrogenic potential was previously isolated from OA cartilage. Since intracellular Ca(2+) signalling is an important regulator of chondrogenesis, we aimed to provide a detailed understanding of the Ca(2+) homeostasis of CPCs. In this work, CPCs immortalised by lentiviral administration of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and grown in monolayer cultures were studied. Expressions of all three IP3Rs were confirmed, but no RyR subtypes were detected. Ca(2+) oscillations observed in CPCs were predominantly dependent on Ca(2+) release and store replenishment via store-operated Ca(2+) entry; CPCs express both STIM1 and Orai1 proteins. Expressions of adenosine receptor mRNAs were verified, and adenosine elicited Ca(2+) transients. Various P2 receptor subtypes were identified; P2Y1 can bind ADP; P2Y4 is targeted by UTP; and ATP may evoke Ca(2+) transients via detected P2X subtypes, as well as P2Y1 and P2Y2. Enzymatic breakdown of extracellular nucleotides by apyrase completely abrogated Ca(2+) oscillations, suggesting that an autocrine/paracrine purinergic mechanism may drive Ca(2+) oscillations in these cells. As CPCs possess a broad spectrum of functional molecular elements of Ca(2+) signalling, Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory mechanisms can be supposed to influence their differentiation potential.
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28
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Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel is required for the NFAT-dependent Sox9 expression in tracheal cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1990-8. [PMID: 24778262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323112111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) transient is crucial in initiating the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, but whether voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels are involved remains uncertain. Here, we show that the T-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel Cav3.2 is essential for tracheal chondrogenesis. Mice lacking this channel (Cav3.2(-/-)) show congenital tracheal stenosis because of incomplete formation of cartilaginous tracheal support. Conversely, Cav3.2 overexpression in ATDC5 cells enhances chondrogenesis, which could be blunted by both blocking T-type Ca(2+) channels and inhibiting calcineurin and suggests that Cav3.2 is responsible for Ca(2+) influx during chondrogenesis. Finally, the expression of sex determination region of Y chromosome (SRY)-related high-mobility group-Box gene 9 (Sox9), one of the earliest markers of committed chondrogenic cells, is reduced in Cav3.2(-/-) tracheas. Mechanistically, Ca(2+) influx via Cav3.2 activates the calcineurin/nuclear factor of the activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway, and a previously unidentified NFAT binding site is identified within the mouse Sox9 promoter using a luciferase reporter assay and gel shift and ChIP studies. Our findings define a previously unidentified mechanism that Ca(2+) influx via the Cav3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channel regulates Sox9 expression through the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway during tracheal chondrogenesis.
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29
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) signalling exerts chondrogenesis promoting and protecting effects: implication of calcineurin as a downstream target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91541. [PMID: 24643018 PMCID: PMC3958376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an important neurotrophic factor influencing differentiation of neuronal elements and exerting protecting role during traumatic injuries or inflammatory processes of the central nervous system. Although increasing evidence is available on its presence and protecting function in various peripheral tissues, little is known about the role of PACAP in formation of skeletal components. To this end, we aimed to map elements of PACAP signalling in developing cartilage under physiological conditions and during oxidative stress. mRNAs of PACAP and its receptors (PAC1,VPAC1, VPAC2) were detectable during differentiation of chicken limb bud-derived chondrogenic cells in micromass cell cultures. Expression of PAC1 protein showed a peak on days of final commitment of chondrogenic cells. Administration of either the PAC1 receptor agonist PACAP 1-38, or PACAP 6-38 that is generally used as a PAC1 antagonist, augmented cartilage formation, stimulated cell proliferation and enhanced PAC1 and Sox9 protein expression. Both variants of PACAP elevated the protein expression and activity of the Ca-calmodulin dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase calcineurin. Application of PACAPs failed to rescue cartilage formation when the activity of calcineurin was pharmacologically inhibited with cyclosporine A. Moreover, exogenous PACAPs prevented diminishing of cartilage formation and decrease of calcineurin activity during oxidative stress. As an unexpected phenomenon, PACAP 6-38 elicited similar effects to those of PACAP 1-38, although to a different extent. On the basis of the above results, we propose calcineurin as a downstream target of PACAP signalling in differentiating chondrocytes either in normal or pathophysiological conditions. Our observations imply the therapeutical perspective that PACAP can be applied as a natural agent that may have protecting effect during joint inflammation and/or may promote cartilage regeneration during degenerative diseases of articular cartilage.
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30
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Matta C, Mobasheri A. Regulation of chondrogenesis by protein kinase C: Emerging new roles in calcium signalling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:979-1000. [PMID: 24440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis, complex intracellular signalling pathways regulate an intricate series of events including condensation of chondroprogenitor cells and nodule formation followed by chondrogenic differentiation. Reversible phosphorylation of key target proteins is of particular importance during this process. Among protein kinases known to be involved in these pathways, protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes play pivotal roles. However, the precise function of PKC isoenzymes during chondrogenesis and in mature articular chondrocytes is still largely unclear. In this review, we provide a historical overview of how the concept of PKC-mediated chondrogenesis has evolved, starting from the first discoveries of PKC isoform expression and activity. Signalling components upstream and downstream of PKC, leading to the stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation, are also discussed. Although it is evident that we are only at the beginning to understand what roles are assigned to PKC subtypes during chondrogenesis and how they are regulated, there are many yet unexplored aspects in this area. There is evidence that calcium signalling is a central regulator in differentiating chondroprogenitors; still, clear links between intracellular calcium signalling and prototypical calcium-dependent PKC subtypes such as PKCalpha have not been established. Exploiting putative connections and shedding more light on how exactly PKC signalling pathways influence cartilage formation should open new perspectives for a better understanding of healthy as well as pathological differentiation processes of chondrocytes, and may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Juhász T, Matta C, Somogyi C, Katona É, Takács R, Soha RF, Szabó IA, Cserháti C, Sződy R, Karácsonyi Z, Bakó E, Gergely P, Zákány R. Mechanical loading stimulates chondrogenesis via the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and PP2A pathways in chicken micromass cultures. Cell Signal 2013; 26:468-82. [PMID: 24333667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical stimuli play important roles in the formation of articular cartilage during early foetal life, and optimal mechanical load is a crucial regulatory factor of adult chondrocyte metabolism and function. In this study, we undertook to analyse mechanotransduction pathways during in vitro chondrogenesis. Chondroprogenitor cells isolated from limb buds of 4-day-old chicken embryos were cultivated as high density cell cultures for 6 days. Mechanical stimulation was carried out by a self-designed bioreactor that exerted uniaxial intermittent cyclic load transmitted by the culture medium as hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear to differentiating cells. The loading scheme (0.05 Hz, 600 Pa; for 30 min) was applied on culturing days 2 and 3, when final commitment and differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells occurred in this model. The applied mechanical load significantly augmented cartilage matrix production and elevated mRNA expression of several cartilage matrix constituents, including collagen type II and aggrecan core protein, as well as matrix-producing hyaluronan synthases through enhanced expression, phosphorylation and nuclear signals of the main chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9. Along with increased cAMP levels, a significantly enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activity was also detected and CREB, the archetypal downstream transcription factor of PKA signalling, exhibited elevated phosphorylation levels and stronger nuclear signals in response to mechanical stimuli. All the above effects were diminished by the PKA-inhibitor H89. Inhibition of the PKA-independent cAMP-mediators Epac1 and Epac2 with HJC0197 resulted in enhanced cartilage formation, which was additive to that of the mechanical stimulation, implying that the chondrogenesis-promoting effect of mechanical load was independent of Epac. At the same time, PP2A activity was reduced following mechanical load and treatments with the PP2A-inhibitor okadaic acid were able to mimic the effects of the intervention. Our results indicate that proper mechanical stimuli augment in vitro cartilage formation via promoting both differentiation and matrix production of chondrogenic cells, and the opposing regulation of the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and the PP2A signalling pathways is crucial in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Ferenc Soha
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István A Szabó
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserháti
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Sződy
- Péterfy Hospital Trauma Centre, Péterfy Sándor utca 8-20, H-1076 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karácsonyi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Bakó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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32
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Fodor J, Matta C, Oláh T, Juhász T, Takács R, Tóth A, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Zákány R. Store-operated calcium entry and calcium influx via voltage-operated calcium channels regulate intracellular calcium oscillations in chondrogenic cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:1-16. [PMID: 23664335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is known to be regulated by calcium-dependent signalling pathways in which temporal aspects of calcium homeostasis are of key importance. We aimed to better characterise calcium influx and release functions with respect to rapid calcium oscillations in cells of chondrifying chicken high density cultures. We found that differentiating chondrocytes express the α1 subunit of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) at both mRNA and protein levels, and that these ion channels play important roles in generating Ca(2+) influx for oscillations as nifedipine interfered with repetitive calcium transients. Furthermore, VOCC blockade abrogated chondrogenesis and almost completely blocked cell proliferation. The contribution of internal Ca(2+) stores via store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) seems to be indispensable to both Ca(2+) oscillations and chondrogenesis. Moreover, this is the first study to show the functional expression of STIM1/STIM2 and Orai1, molecules that orchestrate SOCE, in chondrogenic cells. Inhibition of SOCE combined with ER calcium store depletion abolished differentiation and severely diminished proliferation, suggesting the important role of internal pools in calcium homeostasis of differentiating chondrocytes. Finally, we present an integrated model for the regulation of calcium oscillations of differentiating chondrocytes that may have important implications for studies of chondrogenesis induced in various stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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33
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Ruzsnavszky O, Dienes B, Oláh T, Vincze J, Gáll T, Balogh E, Nagy G, Bátori R, Lontay B, Erdődi F, Csernoch L. Differential effects of phosphatase inhibitors on the calcium homeostasis and migration of HaCaT keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61507. [PMID: 23646108 PMCID: PMC3640006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) as well as in the phosphorylation state of proteins have been implicated in keratinocyte wound healing revealed in scratch assays. Scratching confluent HaCaT monolayers decreased the number of cells displaying repetitive Ca2+ oscillations as well as the frequency of their Ca2+-transients in cells close to the wounded area and initiated migration of the cells into the wound bed. In contrast, calyculin-A (CLA) and okadaic acid (OA), known cell permeable inhibitors of protein phosphatase-1 and 2A, increased the level of resting [Ca2+]i and suppressed cell migration and wound healing of HaCaT cells. Furthermore, neither CLA nor OA influenced how scratching affected Ca2+ oscillations. It is assumed that changes in and alterations of the phosphorylation level of Ca2+-transport and contractile proteins upon phosphatase inhibition mediates cell migration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ruzsnavszky
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Vincze
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gáll
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikő Balogh
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bátori
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The degenerative joint disease osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of chronic musculoskeletal disease worldwide, and it commonly afflicts the elderly population. OA-induced impairment of joint function can debilitate normal physical activity, and in more severe cases, it can lead to complete joint destruction and loss of independence or even mobility. The pathophysiology of OA remains to be fully elucidated, despite the extensive research efforts into this complex disease. Studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can contribute to the onset and progression of OA by inducing indispensable chondrocyte death and matrix degradation. However, ROS are also key components of many normal physiological processes, and at moderate levels, they act as indispensable second messengers. This review focuses on the dual role of ROS in cartilage, with the aim of gaining insights into how ROS can be regulated such that its beneficial effects are maintained and its detrimental effects are eliminated.
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36
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van der Windt AE, Haak E, Kops N, Verhaar JAN, Weinans H, Jahr H. Inhibiting calcineurin activity under physiologic tonicity elevates anabolic but suppresses catabolic chondrocyte markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Hdud IM, El-Shafei AA, Loughna P, Barrett-Jolley R, Mobasheri A. Expression of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) channels in different passages of articular chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4433-4445. [PMID: 22605988 PMCID: PMC3344224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels play important roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subfamily of ion channels consists of six members. TRPV1-4 are temperature sensitive calcium-permeable, relatively non-selective cation channels whereas TRPV5 and TRPV6 show high selectivity for calcium over other cations. In this study we investigated the effect of time in culture and passage number on the expression of TRPV4, TRPV5 and TRPV6 in articular chondrocytes isolated from equine metacarpophalangeal joints. Polyclonal antibodies raised against TRPV4, TRPV5 and TRPV6 were used to compare the expression of these channels in lysates from first expansion chondrocytes (P0) and cells from passages 1–3 (P1, P2 and P3) by western blotting. TRPV4, TRPV5 and TRPV6 were expressed in all passages examined. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of these channels in sections of formalin fixed articular cartilage and monolayer cultures of methanol fixed P2 chondrocytes. TRPV5 and TRPV6 were upregulated with time and passage in culture suggesting that a shift in the phenotype of the cells in monolayer culture alters the expression of these channels. In conclusion, several TRPV channels are likely to be involved in calcium signaling and homeostasis in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M. Hdud
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; E-Mails: (I.M.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Abdelrafea A. El-Shafei
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; E-Mail:
| | - Paul Loughna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; E-Mails: (I.M.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3GA, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; E-Mails: (I.M.H.); (P.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-115-951-6449; Fax: +44-115-951-6440
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Switch of voltage-gated K+ channel expression in the plasma membrane of chondrogenic cells affects cytosolic Ca2+-oscillations and cartilage formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27957. [PMID: 22132179 PMCID: PMC3221679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the key elements of signaling of chondroprogenitor cells at the earliest steps of differentiation may substantially improve our opportunities for the application of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering, which is a promising approach of regenerative therapy of joint diseases. Ion channels, membrane potential and Ca2+-signaling are important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Our aim was to identify such plasma membrane ion channels involved in signaling during chondrogenesis, which may serve as specific molecular targets for influencing chondrogenic differentiation and ultimately cartilage formation. Methodology/Principal Findings Using patch-clamp, RT-PCR and Western-blot experiments, we found that chondrogenic cells in primary micromass cell cultures obtained from embryonic chicken limb buds expressed voltage-gated NaV1.4, KV1.1, KV1.3 and KV4.1 channels, although KV1.3 was not detectable in the plasma membrane. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the inhibitor of NaV1.4 channels, had no effect on cartilage formation. In contrast, presence of 20 mM of the K+ channel blocker tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA) during the time-window of the final commitment of chondrogenic cells reduced KV currents (to 27±3% of control), cell proliferation (thymidine incorporation: to 39±4.4% of control), expression of cartilage-specific genes and consequently, cartilage formation (metachromasia: to 18.0±6.4% of control) and also depolarized the membrane potential (by 9.3±2.1 mV). High-frequency Ca2+-oscillations were also suppressed by 10 mM TEA (confocal microscopy: frequency to 8.5±2.6% of the control). Peak expression of TEA-sensitive KV1.1 in the plasma membrane overlapped with this period. Application of TEA to differentiated chondrocytes, mainly expressing the TEA-insensitive KV4.1 did not affect cartilage formation. Conclusions/Significance These data demonstrate that the differentiation and proliferation of chondrogenic cells depend on rapid Ca2+-oscillations, which are modulated by KV-driven membrane potential changes. KV1.1 function seems especially critical during the final commitment period. We show the critical role of voltage-gated cation channels in the differentiation of non-excitable cells with potential therapeutic use.
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Abstract
AbstractWe aimed to find a transfection method which provides high efficiency with minimal cytotoxic and/or apoptotic effects for gene transfer into multilayer primary chondrogenic cell cultures. The pEGFP-C1 plasmid was introduced into the cell culture and the efficiency of transformation quantified by GFP fluorescence; the resulting nucleofection was effective but resulted in severe apoptosis. Two liposomal reagents designed to allow transfection into adherent cells did not deliver the plasmids sufficiently and cartilage formation did not occur. In addition, a third liposomal compound, recommended for transfection into either adherent or suspension cell cultures, lead to acceptable transfection efficiency but no cartilage formation. When an amphiphilic reagent was used however, there was acceptable transfection efficiency as well as cartilage formation. The viability of the cells which were transfected using the amphiphilic reagent remained unaffected but proliferation was severely diminished, particularly in the presence of GFP. In addition, the amount of cartilage decreased when GFP was expressed, despite unchanged levels of mRNAs of sox9 and aggrecan core protein, factors reflecting on the efficiency of chondrogenesis. Overexpression of both the constitutively active delta and gamma isoforms of catalytic subunit of calcineurin, a protein phosphatase described as a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, decreased protein level of Sox9 and subsequent cartilage formation. In conclusion, we found that amphiphilic reagent applied prior to the adhesion of cells provides a useful means to transfer plasmids to primary differentiating chondrogenic cells.
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White R, Gibson JS. The effect of oxygen tension on calcium homeostasis in bovine articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Surg Res 2010; 5:27. [PMID: 20420658 PMCID: PMC2873548 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Articular chondrocytes normally experience a lower O2 tension compared to that seen by many other tissues. This level may fall further in joint disease. Ionic homeostasis is essential for chondrocyte function but, at least in the case of H+ ions, it is sensitive to changes in O2 levels. Ca2+ homeostasis is also critical but the effect of changes in O2 tension has not been investigated on this parameter. Here we define the effect of hypoxia on Ca2+ homeostasis in bovine articular chondrocytes. Methods Chondrocytes from articular cartilage slices were isolated enzymatically using collagenase. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) were followed fluorimetrically using Fura-2 to determine the effect of changes in O2 tension. The effects of ion substitution (replacing extracellular Na+ with NMDG+ and chelating Ca2+ with EGTA) were tested. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial membrane potential were measured and correlated with [Ca2+]i. Results A reduction in O2 tension from 20% to 1% for 16-18 h caused [Ca2+]i to approximately double, reaching 105 ± 23 nM (p < 0.001). Ion substitutions indicated that Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity was not inhibited at low O2 levels. At 1% O2, ROS levels fell and mitochondria depolarised. Restoring ROS levels (with an oxidant H2O2, a non-specific ROS generator Co2+ or the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor antimycin A) concomitantly reduced [Ca2+]i. Conclusions O2 tension exerts a significant effect on [Ca2+]i. The proposed mechanism involves ROS from mitochondria. Findings emphasise the importance of using realistic O2 tensions when studying the physiology and pathology of articular cartilage and the potential interactions between O2, ROS and Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel White
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK.
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van der Windt AE, Jahr H, Farrell E, Verhaar JAN, Weinans H, van Osch GJVM. Calcineurin inhibitors promote chondrogenic marker expression of dedifferentiated human adult chondrocytes via stimulation of endogenous TGFbeta1 production. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1-10. [PMID: 19604038 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro chondrocyte expansion is required for several cell-based approaches for the repair of chondral lesions. During expansion, loss of chondrogenic phenotype takes place (dedifferentiation). The objective of this study was to investigate calcineurin (Cn) as a potential target to improve chondrocyte phenotype for cartilage repair purposes. Cn activity in human articular chondrocytes was significantly increased during dedifferentiation and decreased during redifferentiation in vitro. Inhibition of Cn activity by FK506 increased the expression of chondrogenic markers collagen type 2, aggrecan, and SOX9 in culture-expanded cells. Addition of FK506 increased endogenous transforming growth factor 2 (TGF) beta1 expression on both mRNA and protein level. The effect of FK506 on chondrogenic markers was abolished by addition of anti-TGFbeta1 antibody, indicating that the endogenous TGFbeta1 was necessary to increase chondrogenic marker expression. We also showed that chondrocyte redifferentiation by TGFbeta requires calcium influx and does not depend on changes in Cn activity. In conclusion, inhibition of Cn activity by FK506 increases the expression of chondrogenic markers via endogenous TGFbeta1 production in human articular chondrocytes. Cn inhibitors might be an alternative for the application of (recombinant) TGFbeta, to promote chondrocyte phenotype for cell-based cartilage repair procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E van der Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ghosh S, Laha M, Mondal S, Sengupta S, Kaplan DL. In vitro model of mesenchymal condensation during chondrogenic development. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6530-40. [PMID: 19732950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal condensation is a pre-requisite of chondrogenesis during embryonic development. The current understanding of chondrogenesis is limited in terms of chondrogenic condensation mechanisms. In particular, the role of matrix stiffness on homotypic cell-cell interactions leading to the establishment of distinct aggregated chondrogenic morphology from mesenchymal cells is unclear. An in vitro biomaterials-based model to assess the interactions of matrix stiffness on chondrogensis is described herein, where by sensing subtle variation in morphology and stiffness of nanofibrous silk protein matrixes human mesenchymal stem cells migrated and assumed aggregated morphologies, mimicking early stage chondrogenesis. This simple in vitro model system has potential to play a significant role to gain insight into underlying mechanisms of mesenchymal condensation steps during chondrogenesis, integrating concepts of developmental biology, biomaterials and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Fodor J, Matta C, Juhász T, Oláh T, Gönczi M, Szíjgyártó Z, Gergely P, Csernoch L, Zákány R. Ionotropic purinergic receptor P2X4 is involved in the regulation of chondrogenesis in chicken micromass cell cultures. Cell Calcium 2009; 45:421-30. [PMID: 19297018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that elevation of free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration at the time of differentiation of chondroblasts was mainly due to a Ca(2+) influx and it was indispensable to cartilage formation in chicken high density mesenchymal cell cultures (HDC) [C. Matta, J. Fodor, Z. Szijgyarto, T. Juhasz, P. Gergely, L. Csernoch, R. Zakany, Cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration exhibits a characteristic temporal pattern during in vitro cartilage differentiation: a possible regulatory role of calcineurin in Ca-signalling of chondrogenic cells, Cell Calcium 44 (2008) 310-323]. Here, we report that chondrogenic cells secreted ATP and administration of ATP to the culture medium evoked Ca(2+) transients exclusively in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) and only on day 3 of culturing, when the final commitment of chondroblasts occurs. Moreover, ATP caused elevated protein expression of the chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9 and stimulated cartilage matrix production. Expression pattern of different types of both ionotropic and metabotropic purinergic receptors was detected. Agonists of metabotropic receptors, ADP and UDP did not evoke any Ca(2+) transients and had no influence on cartilage formation, while UTP caused transient elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in 3-day-old HDC without stimulating matrix production. Suramin, which blocks all P2X receptors but not P2X(4) did not impede the effects of ATP, furthermore, P2X(4) appeared in the plasma membrane fraction and gave signals with immunocytochemistry only from day 3. In summary, we suggest a role of ionotropic purinergic signalling of P2X(4) in the generation of ATP-dependent Ca(2+) transients of differentiating chondroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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