Psychometric properties of the Persian version of General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) among substance abusers the year 2019–2020 in Kermanshah city

Job satisfaction and the role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: A cross-sectional study among Iranian nurses

AIM

This study aims to investigate the relationship between nurses' self-efficacy and self-esteem, and their job satisfaction.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study was conducted.

METHODS

Employing a random sampling method that included 234 nurses from three hospitals in Iran enrolled. This study utilized the General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Coppersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation analyses, and linear regression were employed for data analysis.

RESULTS

The mean self-efficacy score for nurses was 26.73 ± 5.62 (out of 40), while self-esteem and job satisfaction scored 37.13 ± 6.87 (out of 50) and 68.27 ± 12.65 (out of 100), respectively. Significant correlations were found between self-efficacy, self-esteem, and job satisfaction. Moreover, self-esteem and the age group >40 years were identified as important predictors of nurses' job satisfaction. This study highlights the influential role of self-esteem in determining nurses' job satisfaction.

Mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and depression symptoms among nursing students participating in blended learning

Background

Blended learning, which comprises a combination of online and classroom-based activities, in nursing education can cause significant academic stress and depression symptoms among students. However, self-esteem may mediate the relationship between academic self-efficacy and depression symptoms. Studies of the relationship between academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, and depression symptoms among nursing students participating in blended learning are limited.

Objectives

To examine the determinants of depression symptoms and the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and depression symptoms among nursing students who participate in blended learning.

Design

Cross-sectional study using convenience sampling.

Settings

Ten universities across five provinces and two major Indonesian islands.

Participants

A total of 534 undergraduate nursing students with a mean age of 20.30 years (standard deviation, ±1.36 years).

Methods

An online survey was conducted between April and August 2022 to collect data from 10 universities applying blended learning. The study instruments included the General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Data were analysed by hierarchical linear regression using PROCESS macro version 4.1.

Results

Of the 534 participants, 213 (39.14 %) experienced moderate-to-severe depression symptoms. Two variables, online learning difficulties (β = 0.10; p = .012) and self-esteem (β = -0.40; p < .001), were significant determinants of depression symptoms. Self-esteem mediated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and depression symptoms.

Conclusions

It is necessary to understand the online learning difficulties experienced by blended learning students and improve their self-esteem by maximising academic self-efficacy to prevent depression symptoms.

Persian Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in Iranian Substance Abusers: Validity and Reliability

Background: The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is widely used as an evaluation tool for mindfulness. Objectives: The present study aimed to validate the Persian version of the MAAS in Iranian substance abusers. Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran during April 2017-December 2018 on 753 male Iranian substance abusers. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Persian version of the MAAS, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), the General Self-efficacy Scale, the Aggression Scale, and the Quality of Mindfulness Scale. The study had two stages of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22, and a single-factor structure was employed to analyze the internal consistency of the MAAS in LISREL version 8.8. Results: The CFA results indicated that the single-factor model had a good fit to the data. In addition, negative correlations were observed between the MAAS, DASS-21, and aggression, while a positive correlation was denoted with self-efficacy (P < 0.01). Conclusions: According to the results, the Persian version of the MAAS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the mindfulness of Iranian substance abusers. Our findings shed light on a new direction for future focus and exploration in this regard.

Sources of Sleep Disturbances and Psychological Strain for Hospital Staff Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Hospital staff members reported increased stress-related workload when caring for inpatients with COVID-19 (“frontline hospital staff members”). Here, we tested if depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with poor sleep and lower general health, and if social support mediated these associations. Furthermore, we compared current insomnia scores and general health scores with normative data. A total of 321 full-time frontline hospital staff members (mean age: 36.86; 58% females) took part in the study during the COVID-19 pandemic. They completed a series of questionnaires covering demographic and work-related information, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, social support, self-efficacy, and symptoms of insomnia and general health. Higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with higher symptoms of insomnia and lower general health. Higher scores of depression, anxiety, and stress directly predicted higher insomnia scores and lower general health scores, while the indirect effect of social support was modest. Compared to normative data, full-time frontline hospital staff members had a 3.14 higher chance to complain about insomnia and a significantly lower general health. Symptoms of insomnia and general health were unrelated to age, job experience, educational level, and gender. Given this background, it appears that the working context had a lower impact on individuals’ well-being compared to individual characteristics.

Suppression May Improve Adaptation to Worry When Facing Uncertainty: Studying COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased uncertainty, fear and worry in everyone's life. The effect of changes in daily life has been studied widely, but we do not know how emotion-regulation strategies influence adaptation to a new situation to help them overcome worry in the face of uncertainty. Here, 1,064 self-selected Farsi speaking participants completed an online battery of questionnaires that measured fear of virus and illness, worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion regulation (two subscales: reappraisal, suppression). We also documented the number of daily COVID-19 cases and deaths due to COVID-19 on the day in which participants completed the questionnaire. Our findings suggest a correlation between contamination fear and the number of daily-confirmed cases (r = 0.11), and the number of reported deaths due to COVID-19 (r = 0.09). Worry mediated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and fear of virus and illness (b = 0.16, 0.1141 < CI < 0.2113). In addition, suppression moderated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and worry (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that suppression (at least in the short term) can be an adaptive response to the worry associated with uncertainty. Suppression can reduce worry, which in turn can decrease fear of contamination and improve adaptation to social distancing requirements. Although, the observed correlations were significant, but considering the sample size, they are not strong, and they should be interpreted cautiously.