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Mensa B, Polizzi NF, Molnar KS, Natale AM, Lemmin T, DeGrado WF. Allosteric mechanism of signal transduction in the two-component system histidine kinase PhoQ. eLife 2021; 10:73336. [PMID: 34904568 PMCID: PMC8719878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling proteins couple extracytosolic sensors to cytosolic effectors. Here, we examine how binding of Mg2+ to the sensor domain of an E. coli two component histidine kinase (HK), PhoQ, modulates its cytoplasmic kinase domain. We use cysteine-crosslinking and reporter-gene assays to simultaneously and independently probe the signaling state of PhoQ’s sensor and autokinase domains in a set of over 30 mutants. Strikingly, conservative single-site mutations distant from the sensor or catalytic site strongly influence PhoQ’s ligand-sensitivity as well as the magnitude and direction of the signal. Data from 35 mutants are explained by a semi-empirical three-domain model in which the sensor, intervening HAMP, and catalytic domains can adopt kinase-promoting or inhibiting conformations that are in allosteric communication. The catalytic and sensor domains intrinsically favor a constitutively ‘kinase-on’ conformation, while the HAMP domain favors the ‘off’ state; when coupled, they create a bistable system responsive to physiological concentrations of Mg2+. Mutations alter signaling by locally modulating domain intrinsic equilibrium constants and interdomain couplings. Our model suggests signals transmit via interdomain allostery rather than propagation of a single concerted conformational change, explaining the diversity of signaling structural transitions observed in individual HK domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Mensa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chemistry and Chemical Biology PhD program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Andrew M Natale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Biophysics PhD program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Euler Institute, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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2
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Li Z, Lou Y, Ding J, Liu BF, Xie GJ, Ren NQ, Xing D. Metabolic regulation of ethanol-type fermentation of anaerobic acidogenesis at different pH based on transcriptome analysis of Ethanoligenens harbinense. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:101. [PMID: 32518589 PMCID: PMC7268672 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol-type fermentation, one of the fermentation types in mixed cultures of acidogenesis with obvious advantages such as low pH tolerance and high efficiency of H2 production, has attracted widespread attentions. pH level greatly influences the establishment of the fermentation of carbohydrate acidogenesis by shaping community assembly and the metabolic activity of keystone populations. To explore the adaptation mechanisms of ethanol-type fermentation to low pH, we report the effects of initial pH on the physiological metabolism and transcriptomes of Ethanoligenens harbinense-a representative species of ethanol-type fermentation. RESULTS Different initial pH levels significantly changed the cell growth and fermentation products of E. harbinense. Using transcriptomic analysis, we identified and functionally categorized 1753 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). By mining information on metabolic pathways, we probed the transcriptional regulation of ethanol-H2 metabolism relating to pH responses. Multiple pathways of E. harbinense were co-regulated by changing gene expression patterns. Low initial pH down-regulated the expression of cell growth- and acidogenesis-related genes but did not affect the expression of H2 evolution-related hydrogenase and ferredoxin genes. High pH down-regulated the expression of H2 evolution- and acidogenesis-related genes. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including chemotaxis, the phosphotransferase system (PTS), and the antioxidant system, were regulated at the transcriptional level under pH stress. CONCLUSIONS Ethanoligenens adapted to low pH by regulating the gene expression networks of cell growth, basic metabolism, chemotaxis and resistance but not H2 evolution-related genes. Regulation based on pH shifts can represent an important approach to establish and enhance ethanol-type fermentation. The complete gene expression network of ethanol fermentative bacteria for pH response provides valuable insights into the acidogenic fermentation, and offers an effective regulation strategy for the sustainable energy recovery from wastewater and solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Yu Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, P.O. Box 2614, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090 China
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Sakamaki K, Ishii TM, Sakata T, Takemoto K, Takagi C, Takeuchi A, Morishita R, Takahashi H, Nozawa A, Shinoda H, Chiba K, Sugimoto H, Saito A, Tamate S, Satou Y, Jung SK, Matsuoka S, Koyamada K, Sawasaki T, Nagai T, Ueno N. Dysregulation of a potassium channel, THIK-1, targeted by caspase-8 accelerates cell shrinkage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2766-2783. [PMID: 27566292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of caspases is crucial for the execution of apoptosis. Although the caspase cascade associated with activation of the initiator caspase-8 (CASP8) has been investigated in molecular and biochemical detail, the physiological role of CASP8 is not fully understood. Here, we identified a two-pore domain potassium channel, tandem-pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel 1 (THIK-1), as a novel CASP8 substrate. The intracellular region of THIK-1 was cleaved by CASP8 in apoptotic cells. Overexpression of THIK-1, but not its mutant lacking the CASP8-target sequence in the intracellular portion, accelerated cell shrinkage in response to apoptotic stimuli. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous THIK-1 by RNA interference resulted in delayed shrinkage and potassium efflux. Furthermore, a truncated THIK-1 mutant lacking the intracellular region, which mimics the form cleaved by CASP8, led to a decrease of cell volume of cultured cells without apoptotic stimulation and excessively promoted irregular development of Xenopus embryos. Taken together, these results indicate that THIK-1 is involved in the acceleration of cell shrinkage. Thus, we have demonstrated a novel physiological role of CASP8: creating a cascade that advances the cell to the next stage in the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro M Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Takemoto
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ayako Takeuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Yokohama 230-0046, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hajime Shinoda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kumiko Chiba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyo Sugimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tamate
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sang-Kee Jung
- SCOTS, Tensei Suisan Co., Ltd., Karatsu 847-0193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuoka
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Koyamada
- Center for Promotion of Excellence in Higher Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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4
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Heininger A, Yusuf R, Lawrence RJ, Draheim RR. Identification of transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) surfaces important for EnvZ dimerisation and signal output. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1868-75. [PMID: 27155567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli sensor kinase EnvZ modulates porin expression in response to various stimuli, including extracellular osmolarity, the presence of procaine and interaction with an accessory protein, MzrA. Two major outer membrane porins, OmpF and OmpC, act as passive diffusion-limited pores that allow compounds, including certain classes of antibiotics such as β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, to enter the bacterial cell. Even though the mechanisms by which EnvZ detects and processes the presence of various stimuli are a fundamental component of microbial physiology, they are not yet fully understood. Here, we assess the role of TM1 during signal transduction in response to the presence of extracellular osmolarity. Various mechanisms of transmembrane communication have been proposed including rotation of individual helices within the transmembrane domain, dynamic movement of the membrane-distal portion of the cytoplasmic domain and regulated intra-protein unfolding. To assess these possibilities, we have created a library of single-Cys-containing EnvZ proteins in order to facilitate sulfhydryl-reactivity experimentation. Our results demonstrate that the major TM1-TM1' interface falls along a single surface consisting of residue positions 19, 23, 26, 30 and 34. In addition, we show that Cys substitutions within the N- and C-terminal regions of TM1 result in drastic changes to EnvZ signal output. Finally, we demonstrate that core residues within TM1 are responsible for both TM1 dimerisation and maintenance of steady-state signal output. Overall, our results suggest that no major rearrangement of the TM1-TM1' interface occurs during transmembrane communication in response to extracellular osmolarity. We conclude by discussing these results within the frameworks of several proposed models for transmembrane communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Heininger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Rahmi Yusuf
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, England, UK.
| | - Robert J Lawrence
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, England, UK.
| | - Roger R Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, England, UK; Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, England, UK.
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5
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Yusuf R, Draheim RR. Employing aromatic tuning to modulate output from two-component signaling circuits. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:7. [PMID: 26000034 PMCID: PMC4440246 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-015-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component signaling circuits (TCSs) govern the majority of environmental, pathogenic and industrial processes undertaken by bacteria. Therefore, controlling signal output from these circuits in a stimulus-independent manner is of central importance to synthetic microbiologists. Aromatic tuning, or repositioning the aromatic residues commonly found at the cytoplasmic end of the final TM helix has been shown to modulate signal output from the aspartate chemoreceptor (Tar) and the major osmosensor (EnvZ) of Escherichia coli. Aromatic residues are found in a similar location within other bacterial membrane-spanning receptors, suggesting that aromatic tuning could be harnessed for a wide-range of applications. Here, a brief synopsis of the data underpinning aromatic tuning, the initial successes with the method and the inherent advantages over those previously employed for modulating TCS signal output are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Yusuf
- Division of Pharmacy, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH England UK
| | - Roger R Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, England UK
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6
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Botelho SC, Enquist K, von Heijne G, Draheim RR. Differential repositioning of the second transmembrane helices from E. coli Tar and EnvZ upon moving the flanking aromatic residues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:615-21. [PMID: 25445668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic tuning, i.e. repositioning aromatic residues found at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane (TM) domains within bacterial receptors, has been previously shown to modulate signal output from the aspartate chemoreceptor (Tar) and the major osmosensor EnvZ of Escherichia coli. In the case of Tar, changes in signal output consistent with the vertical position of the native Trp-Tyr aromatic tandem within TM2 were observed. In contrast, within EnvZ, where a Trp-Leu-Phe aromatic triplet was repositioned, the surface that the triplet resided upon was the major determinant governing signal output. However, these studies failed to determine whether moving the aromatic residues was sufficient to physically reposition the TM helix within a membrane. Recent coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations predicted displacement of Tar TM2 upon moving the aromatic residues at the cytoplasmic end of the helix. Here, we demonstrate that repositioning the Trp-Tyr tandem within Tar TM2 displaces the C-terminal boundary of the helix relative to the membrane. In a similar analysis of EnvZ, an abrupt initial displacement of TM2 was observed but no subsequent movement was seen, suggesting that the vertical position of TM2 is not governed by the location of the Trp-Leu-Phe triplet. Our results also provide another set of experimental data, i.e. the resistance of EnvZ TM2 to being displaced upon aromatic tuning, which could be useful for subsequent refinement of the initial CG-MD simulations. Finally, we discuss the limitations of these methodologies, how moving flanking aromatic residues might impact steady-state signal output and the potential to employ aromatic tuning in other bacterial membrane-spanning receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé C Botelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Enquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger R Draheim
- Division of Pharmacy, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, England, UK; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH, England, UK.
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7
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Reimer A, Yagur-Kroll S, Belkin S, Roy S, van der Meer JR. Escherichia [corrected] coli ribose binding protein based bioreporters revisited. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5626. [PMID: 25005019 PMCID: PMC4088097 DOI: 10.1038/srep05626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreporter bacteria, i.e., strains engineered to respond to chemical exposure by production of reporter proteins, have attracted wide interest because of their potential to offer cheap and simple alternative analytics for specified compounds or conditions. Bioreporter construction has mostly exploited the natural variation of sensory proteins, but it has been proposed that computational design of new substrate binding properties could lead to completely novel detection specificities at very low affinities. Here we reconstruct a bioreporter system based on the native Escherichia coli ribose binding protein RbsB and one of its computationally designed variants, reported to be capable of binding 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Our results show in vivo reporter induction at 50 nM ribose, and a 125 nM affinity constant for in vitro ribose binding to RbsB. In contrast, the purified published TNT-binding variant did not bind TNT nor did TNT cause induction of the E. coli reporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Reimer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Yagur-Kroll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shantanu Roy
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Roelof van der Meer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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The S helix mediates signal transmission as a HAMP domain coiled-coil extension in the NarX nitrate sensor from Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2009; 192:734-45. [PMID: 19966007 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00172-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nitrate-responsive, homodimeric NarX sensor, two cytoplasmic membrane alpha-helices delimit the periplasmic ligand-binding domain. The HAMP domain, a four-helix parallel coiled-coil built from two alpha-helices (HD1 and HD2), immediately follows the second transmembrane helix. Previous computational studies identified a likely coiled-coil-forming alpha-helix, the signaling helix (S helix), in a range of signaling proteins, including eucaryal receptor guanylyl cyclases, but its function remains obscure. In NarX, the HAMP HD2 and S-helix regions overlap and apparently form a continuous coiled-coil marked by a heptad repeat stutter discontinuity at the distal boundary of HD2. Similar composite HD2-S-helix elements are present in other sensors, such as Sln1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We constructed deletions and missense substitutions in the NarX S helix. Most caused constitutive signaling phenotypes. However, strongly impaired induction phenotypes were conferred by heptad deletions within the S-helix conserved core and also by deletions that remove the heptad stutter. The latter observation illuminates a key element of the dynamic bundle hypothesis for signaling across the heptad stutter adjacent to the HAMP domain in methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (Q. Zhou, P. Ames, and J. S. Parkinson, Mol. Microbiol. 73:801-814, 2009). Sequence comparisons identified other examples of heptad stutters between a HAMP domain and a contiguous coiled-coil-like heptad repeat sequence in conventional sensors, such as CpxA, EnvZ, PhoQ, and QseC; other S-helix-containing sensors, such as BarA and TorS; and the Neurospora crassa Nik-1 (Os-1) sensor that contains a tandem array of alternating HAMP and HAMP-like elements. Therefore, stutter elements may be broadly important for HAMP function.
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Möglich A, Ayers RA, Moffat K. Design and signaling mechanism of light-regulated histidine kinases. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:1433-44. [PMID: 19109976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction proteins are organized into sensor (input) domains that perceive a signal and, in response, regulate the biological activity of effector (output) domains. We reprogrammed the input signal specificity of a normally oxygen-sensitive, light-inert histidine kinase by replacing its chemosensor domain by a light-oxygen-voltage photosensor domain. Illumination of the resultant fusion kinase YF1 reduced net kinase activity by approximately 1000-fold in vitro. YF1 also controls gene expression in a light-dependent manner in vivo. Signals are transmitted from the light-oxygen-voltage sensor domain to the histidine kinase domain via a 40 degrees -60 degrees rotational movement within an alpha-helical coiled-coil linker; light is acting as a rotary switch. These signaling principles are broadly applicable to domains linked by alpha-helices and to chemo- and photosensors. Conserved sequence motifs guide the rational design of light-regulated variants of histidine kinases and other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Möglich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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10
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Zhou YF, Nan B, Nan J, Ma Q, Panjikar S, Liang YH, Wang Y, Su XD. C4-dicarboxylates sensing mechanism revealed by the crystal structures of DctB sensor domain. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:49-61. [PMID: 18725229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C(4)-dicarboxylates are the major carbon and energy sources during the symbiotic growth of rhizobia. Responses to C(4)-dicarboxylates depend on typical two-component systems (TCS) consisting of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. The DctB-DctD system is the first identified TCS for C(4)-dicarboxylates sensing. Direct ligand binding to the sensor domain of DctB is believed to be the first step of the sensing events. In this report, the water-soluble periplasmic sensor domain of Sinorhizobium meliloti DctB (DctBp) was studied, and three crystal structures were solved: the apo protein, a complex with C(4) succinate, and a complex with C(3) malonate. Different from the two structurally known CitA family of carboxylate sensor proteins CitA and DcuS, the structure of DctBp consists of two tandem Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domains and one N-terminal helical region. Only the membrane-distal PAS domain was found to bind the ligands, whereas the proximal PAS domain was empty. Comparison of DctB, CitA, and DcuS suggests a detailed stereochemistry of C(4)-dicarboxylates ligand perception. The structures of the different ligand binding states of DctBp also revealed a series of conformational changes initiated upon ligand binding and propagated to the N-terminal domain responsible for dimerization, providing insights into understanding the detailed mechanism of the signal transduction of TCS histidine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zhou
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Yoshida T, Phadtare S, Inouye M. Functional and structural characterization of EnvZ, an osmosensing histidine kinase of E. coli. Methods Enzymol 2008; 423:184-202. [PMID: 17609132 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)23008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
EnvZ is an osmosensing histidine kinase located in the inner membrane, and one of the most extensively studied Escherichia coli histidine kinases. Because of its structural complexity, functional and structural studies have been quite challenging. It is a multidomain transmembrane protein consisting of 450 amino acid residues. In addition, it must form a dimer to function as a histidine kinase like all the other histidine kinases. EnvZ consists of the 115-residue periplasmic domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and the cytoplasmic domain consisting of the 43-residue linker (HAMP) domain and the 228-residue kinase domain. It has been shown that the kinase domain of EnvZ, responsible for its enzymatic activities, contains all of the conserved regions of histidine kinases such as H, F, N, G1, G2, and G3 boxes. Therefore, the 271-residue cytoplasmic domain of EnvZ (termed EnvZc) has been used as a model system to establish fundamental characteristics of histidine kinases. The DNA fragment encoding EnvZc was cloned in pET vector and EnvZc was expressed and purified. It is highly soluble and retains all the enzymatic activities of EnvZ. We demonstrated that it consists of two functional domains, domain A and domain B. NMR spectroscopic studies of these two domains revealed, for the first time, the structure of a histidine kinase. Domain A is responsible for dimerization of EnvZc forming a four-helical bundle containing two alpha-helical hairpin structures, while domain B is a monomer and has an ATP-binding pocket formed by regions conserved among the histidine kinases. In this chapter, we describe functional and structural studies of EnvZc, which can be applied to characterize other histidine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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